Effect of cultural conditions on the synthesis of violacein in mesophilic and psychrophilic strains of Chromobacterium

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Kimmel ◽  
Siegfried Maier
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Complex Media ◽  
Purple Pigment ◽  
Facultatively Anaerobic ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Simple Medium

A stimulatory function of tryptophan was indicated in the synthesis of the purple pigment, violacein, in nine strains of Chromobacterium. In complex media, tryptophan increased the production of pigment, but the addition of glucose to a complex tryptophan medium supported considerably more pigmentation/cell mass. In a simple medium such as Koser citrate broth, tryptophan was essential for pigment production; however, pigment was produced in casein hydrolysate, indicating that other amino acids could replace the tryptophan requirement. Both mesophilic and psychrophilic strains were facultatively anaerobic in growth but required oxygen for pigmentation.

Promotion of stipe elongation in isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies by carbohydrates, natural extracts, and amino acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen ◽  
Sheue-heng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Stipe Elongation ◽  
Other Substances

Isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies were cultured under sterile conditions with the cut base immersed in water or solutions. Stipe elongation on water was only 6% of normal for fruit bodies isolated at 1.1–2.0 cm length, 19% at 5.1–6.0 cm, and the same as for fruit bodies attached to mycelium at 9.1–10.0 cm. Fruit bodies not immersed in water grew less in a saturated atmosphere than those in water. The mycelium must supply other substances than water for normal elongation during about two-thirds of the growth period, and only water thereafter. Isolated fruit bodies fed with filtered glucose, trehalose, sucrose, or mannitol grew better than on water. Maltose and fructose increased elongation only slightly, and sorbose had no effect. Potato extract, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate gave no or very little growth promotion, but addition of glucose strongly increased growth on the natural extracts compared to glucose alone. Of 21 amino acids added separately to glucose, only asparagine, hydroxyproline, arginine, and to a lesser extent glutamine, stimulated growth of isolated fruit bodies. Growth was not promoted by pure asparagine, glutamine, and serine, or by thiamin or indoleacetic acid. Growth was inhibited by urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium tartrate with or without glucose.Growth promoting substances were most effective in young fruit bodies and except for glucose the promotion disappeared in fruit bodies isolated at 6.1–7.0 cm length, which corresponds to the end of the period of rapid elongation. Apical portions of fruit bodies with caps grew better on glucose than whole fruit bodies. Growth of decapitated isolated stipes was not promoted by nutrients.

Protection of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) seedlings from salinity stress following seed priming with L-methionine and casein hydrolysate

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Keum-Ah Lee ◽  
Youngnam Kim ◽  
Hossein Alizadeh ◽  
David W.M. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Abstract Seed priming with water (hydropriming or HP) has been shown to be beneficial for seed germination and plant growth. However, there is little information on the effects of seed priming with amino acids and casein hydrolysate (CH) compared with HP, particularly in relation to early post-germinative seedling growth under salinity stress. In this study, Italian ryegrass seeds (Lolium multiflorum L.) were primed with 1 mM of each of the 20 protein amino acids and CH (200 mg l−1) before they were germinated in 0, 60 and 90 mM NaCl in Petri dishes for 4 d in darkness. Germination percentage (GP), radicle length (RL) and peroxidase (POD) activity in the root of 4-d-old Italian ryegrass seedlings were investigated. Generally, when the seeds were germinated in 0, 60 and 90 mM NaCl, there was no significant difference in GP of seeds among various priming treatments, except that a higher GP was observed in seeds of HP treatment compared with the non-primed seeds when incubated in 60 mM NaCl. When incubated in 60 and 90 mM NaCl, seedlings from seeds primed with L-methionine or CH exhibited greater RL (greater protection against salinity stress) and higher root POD activity than those from non-primed and hydro-primed seeds. Under salinity stress, there were higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the root of 4-d-old Italian ryegrass seedlings, a marker of oxidative stress, but seed priming with CH was effective in reducing the salinity-triggered increase in MDA content. These results suggest that priming with L-methionine or CH would be better than HP for the protection of seedling root growth under salinity stress and might be associated with enhanced antioxidative defence against salinity-induced oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Amino Acids Rather than Glucose Account for the Majority of Cell Mass in Proliferating Mammalian Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 540-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Hosios ◽  
Vivian C. Hecht ◽  
Laura V. Danai ◽  
Marc O. Johnson ◽  
Jeffrey C. Rathmell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Mass

scholarly journals Metabolic characterization of the bovine blastocyst, inner cell mass, trophectoderm and blastocoel fluid

Reproduction ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Gopichandran ◽  
HJ Leese
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Lower Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid Consumption ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Acid Consumption

The formation of a viable blastocyst is dependent upon the establishment of a correct inner cell mass (ICM):trophectoderm cell ratio but little is known about the metabolism of the two cell populations or about the composition of blastocoel fluid. In this study, the metabolism of intact bovine blastocysts, isolated ICM and trophectoderm was examined in terms of glucose and pyruvate uptake, lactate production, and amino acid consumption or production. The concentration of these nutrients in blastocoel fluid was also determined. The metabolism of glucose, pyruvate and lactate differed significantly between the isolated ICM and trophectoderm. Isolated trophectoderm had a higher pyruvate (P<0.001) and lower glucose (P<0.05) consumption, and higher lactate production (P<0.05) than did ICM. The consumption or production of amino acids by ICM and trophectoderm also differed, with the trophectoderm displaying a higher turnover (the sum of production and consumption). The ICM and trophectoderm both depleted arginine, aspartate and leucine, whereas the production of alanine was consistent. Isolated ICM depleted a further six amino acids, which appeared during trophectoderm culture; the reverse trend was observed for the remaining amino acids. The concentration of lactate in blastocoel fluid was significantly higher than in synthetic oviductal fluid supplemented with amino acids and BSA (SOFaaBSA; P<0.05). However, glucose (P<0.05) and pyruvate (P<0.001) concentrations were both lower. Aspartate, glutamate, glycine, alanine and tryptophan were present at significantly higher concentrations in blastocoel fluid than in SOFaaBSA, whereas threonine and asparagine concentrations were significantly lower. The metabolism of composite blastocysts, obtained by summing the consumption and production profiles of the ICM and trophectoderm, and taking into account their respective number of cells, was higher than that of intact blastocysts, indicating that upon isolation of the two cell populations there may be disruption to paracrine interactions or the onset of culture-induced cellular stress or both.

Abstract A36: Amino acids rather than glucose accounts for the majority of cell mass in rapidly proliferating mammalian cells

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Hosios ◽  
Vivian C. Hecht ◽  
Marc Johnson ◽  
Jeffrey C. Rathmell ◽  
Scott R. Manalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Mass

109 EFFECTS OF LIPOLYTIC AGENTS FORSKOLIN, EPINEPHRINE AND CAFFEINE ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND LIPID CONTENT OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN VITRO

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barcelo-Fimbres ◽  
G. E. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Essential Amino Acids

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate lipid accumulation and embryonic development of bovine morulae treated with different chemicals. A total of 2619 slaughterhouse oocytes from heifers and mature cows were matured in CDM medium (similar to SOF) plus 0.5% fatty acid-free BSA and hormones (M-CDM) for 23 h at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air. Frozen–thawed sperm were centrifuged through a Percoll gradient and co-cultured with matured oocytes for 18 h in F-CDM (CDM+heparin). Zygotes were cultured at 38.5°C in 5% CO2/5% O2/90% N2 in CDM-1 with nonessential amino acids, 10 μm EDTA, 0.5% fatty acid free BSA, and 0.5 mm fructose. After 60 h, resulting 8-cell embryos were cultured 120 h in CDM-2 (CDM-1+essential amino acids and 2 mm fructose). A factorial design was used with 7 treatments, 2 ovary sources (cows v. heifers), and 3 bulls (A, B and C) replicated twice for each bull (6 replicates). At Day 2.5 embryo cleavage and 8-cell rates were evaluated, and on Day 6 a total of 755 morulae were randomly assigned to the 7 treatments (control, 2 and 8 mm caffeine, 1 and 4 μm epinephrine, and 10 and 40 μm forskolin). To quantify lipid accumulation, Day 7 blastocysts were fixed and stained with 1 μg mL–1 Nile red dye, after which a digital photograph of the equatorial part of the embryo (including the inner cell mass) was taken at 200×, and fluorescence intensity was measured with Image Pro software from 0 to 255 shades for each pixel (0 = no lipids; 255 = greatest lipid accumulation), as previously reported (Biol. Reprod. 2007 (Suppl. 1), 87–88). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. No differences in cleavage rates (75 v. 68 ± 3.6%) or eight cell rates (61 ± v. 57 ± 2.8%) were found for heifer v. cow oocytes (P > 0.1); however, blastocyst rates per oocyte and per 8-cell embryo were greater for cows than heifers (20 v. 10 ± 2.1%, and 68 v. 35 ± 3.8%, respectively; P < 0.05). Treatments: 2 and 8 mm caffeine produced fewer blastocysts per morula than 1 and 4 μm epinephrine, 10 and 40 μm forskolin and the control (39, 5 v. 54, 49, 48, 54 and 52 ± 5.8%; respectively) (P < 0.01). More lipid content was found in whole embryos and trophoblast of heifer-derived than cow blastocysts (P < 0.05), and forskolin resulted in less lipid content than control, caffeine- and epinephrine-treated morulae in whole embryos, embryonic mass and trophoblasts (P < 0.05; Table 1). In conclusion, mature cows were a better source of oocytes than feedlot heifers for embryonic development. High doses of caffeine were detrimental to embryos, and the addition of the lypolitic agent forskolin reduced lipid content relative to control, caffeine and epinephrine-treated embryos. Table 1.Main effect treatment means of lipid content (arbitrary fluorescence units)

scholarly journals FT-IR spectroscopic characteristics of differently cultivated Escherichia coli

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 458-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Filip ◽  
S. Hermann ◽  
K. Demnerová
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Spectroscopic Characteristics ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Ir Spectroscopic

FT-IR spectra were recorded of <i>Escherichia coli</i> cell mass with the aim of obtaining spectral traits possibly useful in a rapid detection and characterisation of this indicator bacterium. A well differentiated spectrum was obtained from the cell mass harvested in a stationary phase of growth, e.g., after 24 h, from a minimum nutrient broth. The cell mass, harvested either earlier or grown in nutrient solutions which contained an enhanced carbon or nitrogen concentrations delivered somewhat different IR spectra, apparently due to a higher content of nucleic acid components as related to other structural constituents of bacterial cells. Consequently, the FT-IR spectra of <i>E. coli</i>, although rather rapidly to collect, seem only capable of delivering useful and reproducible information if the cell mass is obtained under standardised cultural conditions.

Cell growth and pigment production in suspension cultures of a mycobiont isolated from the lichen Cladonia cristaiella

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 590-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yamamoto ◽  
Y. Kinoshita ◽  
T. Kurokawa ◽  
I. Yoshimura ◽  
V. Ahmadjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
Affect Cell Growth

This is the first study on the factors that affect cell growth and the production of secondary metabolites of a lichen mycobiont in liquid culture. An ascospore-derived strain of Cladonia cristatella mycobiont accumulated and excreted red pigments into a liquid medium. Growth of the mycobiont was increased by using liquid Lilly–Barnett medium containing 16% (w/v) sucrose as a carbon source, 0.2% (w/v) L-glutamine as a nitrogen source, and 0.2% (w/v) polypeptone, adjusting pH to 5.0 before autoclaving, and incubating cultures at 20 °C. Pigment production by the mycobiont was increased by using liquid Lilly–Barnett medium containing 4% (w/v) sucrose as a carbon source, 0.2% (w/v) L-asparagine as a nitrogen source, and 0.2% (w/v) malt extract, adjusting pH to 5.0 before autoclaving and incubating cultures at 20 °C. All acetone extracts under any cultural conditions yielded similar HPLC chromatograms. We proved no relationship between cell growth and secondary metabolism based on the nutritional factors in the cultured C. cristatella mycobiont. Key words: lichen, suspension culture, Cladonia cristatella mycobiont, red pigment, production, and growth factor.

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