Histochemistry of Reaction Wood Cell Walls in Two Species of Eucalyptus and in Tristania Conferta R.Br

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structural Heterogeneity ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Cell Wall Layer ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Marked Tendency

The results of extensive histochemical tests carried out on the walls of reaction wood cells in the stems of Eucalyptus spp. and Tristania conferta are presented. They are interpreted on the basis of the known chemistry and structure of such walls. These, in their turn, are related to the location of the cells in the stems. Of particular interest is the histochemical and structural heterogeneity of cell wall layer G. This heterogeneity is discussed in relation to the penetration of G by lignin precursors of extracellular origin and the possible release of phenolic substances from the protoplasts of living reaction wood, ray, and xylem parenchyma cells. The presence of peroxidase in the G layer is confirmed, and the marked tendency of G to stain when supplied with certain phenols and hydrogen peroxide demonstrated. Reduced lignification of G is tentatively attributed to retardation of lignin precursor penetration of G rather than to a lack of precursor availability.

Histochemistry of reaction wood differentiation in Pinus radiata D. Don

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Histochemical tests have been applied to a study of the differentiation of the cell walls in reaction wood (compression wood) formed in the stems of horizontally grown seedlings of Pinus radiata. The results are discussed on the basis of the chemical specificity of the tests and the information they provide as to the chemical changes which occur in the cell walls.

Variability in the Distribution of Middle Lamella Lignin in Secondary Vascular Tissues of Kenaf Stems

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Seung Gon Wi ◽  
Kwang Ho Lee ◽  
Hyeun Jong Bae ◽  
Byung Dae Park ◽  
Adya P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements

Lignin in the middle lamella of the secondary xylem of angiosperms appears to be inhomogeneously distributed, based on studies where the focus is on a close examinantion of the middle lamella region of fibre cell walls by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This is in contrast to the secondary xylem of gymnosperms which often display a more uniform distribution of lignin in the middle lamella of secondary xylem elements. The aim of our study was to undertake TEM examination of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), an angiosperm plant mainly cultivated for its high quality secondary phloem fibres, to investigate lignin distribution in the middle lamella of secondary vascular tissues, including secondary phloem fibres. The middle lamella displayed considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of lignin in all lignified secondary vascular tissues, including xylem and phloem fibres, vessels and axial xylem parenchyma cells. The results provided evidence of lignin inhomogeneity in the secondary phloem fibres as well as in other lignified elements of kenaf vascular tissues, extending previous observations which were confined only to fibre cells.

scholarly journals Cell Wall Layer Induced in Xylem Fibers of Flax Upon Gravistimulation Is Similar to Constitutively Formed Cell Walls of Bast Fibers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Petrova ◽  
Liudmila Kozlova ◽  
Oleg Gorshkov ◽  
Alsu Nazipova ◽  
Marina Ageeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Cell Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Secondary Cell Walls ◽  
Phloem Fibers ◽  
Xylem Fibers ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition

In the fibers of many plant species after the formation of secondary cell walls, cellulose-enriched cell wall layers (often named G-layers or tertiary cell walls) are deposited which are important in many physiological situations. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) phloem fibers constitutively develop tertiary cell walls during normal plant growth. During the gravitropic response after plant inclination, the deposition of a cellulose-enriched cell wall layer is induced in xylem fibers on one side of the stem, providing a system similar to that of tension wood in angiosperm trees. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), immunochemistry, and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that the G-layer induced in flax xylem fibers was similar to the constitutively formed tertiary cell wall of bast (phloem) fibers but different from the secondary cell wall. The tertiary cell walls, independent of tissue of origin and inducibility, were twice as stiff as the secondary cell walls. In the gravitropic response, the tertiary cell wall deposition rate in xylem was higher than that of the secondary cell wall. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) with galactan side chains was a prominent component in cellulose-rich layers of both phloem and xylem flax fibers. Transcriptomic events underlying G-layer deposition in phloem and xylem fibers had much in common. At the induction of tertiary cell wall deposition, several genes for rhamnosyltransferases of the GT106 family were activated in xylem samples. The same genes were expressed in the isolated phloem fibers depositing the tertiary cell wall. The comparison of transcriptomes in fibers with both inducible and constitutive tertiary cell wall deposition and xylem tissues that formed the secondary cell walls is an effective system that revealed important molecular players involved in the formation of cellulose-enriched cell walls.

Association of phenol-containing structures with Apium graveolens resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 3153-3163 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Jordan ◽  
L. S. Jordan ◽  
R. M. Endo
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Cell Periphery ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Race 2

Electron-opaque (EO) structures were studied, using light and electron microscopy, in the xylem parenchyma cells and vessels of both incompatible and compatible Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (celeriac) and compatible Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (celery) roots 24 h after inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2. Few small EO bodies were observed in the noninoculated hosts. Histological, cytochemical, and chemical tests indicated the presence of phenolic substances and polysaccharides in the EO materials. These EO structures increased both in number and size as infection progressed. The incompatible host produced three and five times more of the EO materials than the compatible celeriac and celery, respectively. The amount of the EO materials and host compatibility were related to the absence and presence of fungal hyphae in the vascular system. Hyphae either associated with or enveloped by the EO structures were vacuolated; their cytoplasm was restricted to the cell periphery. Occlusion of the xylem vessel pores of the incompatible host with the EO structures likely prevented upward spread of the pathogen throughout the entire plant.

Roles of cell walls and intracellular contents in supercooling capability of xylem parenchyma cells of boreal trees

2012 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Kasuga ◽  
Keita Endoh ◽  
Megumi Yoshiba ◽  
Ippei Taido ◽  
Keita Arakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The morphology of grain abscission in Zizania aquatica

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (21) ◽  
pp. 2269-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Hanten ◽  
G. E. Ahlgren ◽  
J. B. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

The anatomical development of the abscission zone in grains of Zizania aquatica L. was correlated with development of the embryo. The abscission zone is well developed when the embryo sac is mature. Soon after pollination, the first anatomical evidence of abscission appears as plasmolysis of the separation layer parenchyma cells. This is followed by separation of the layers by dissolution of the middle lamella and fragmentation of cell walls. Persistence of intact vascular tissue and presence of a surrounding cone-shaped mass of lignified cells may be involved in abscission of wild rice grains.

Using Modeling to Understand the Hygromechanical and Hysteretic Behavior of the S2 Cell Wall Layer of Wood

2018 ◽  
pp. 247-269
Author(s):  
Dominique Derome ◽  
Karol Kulasinski ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Mingyang Chen ◽  
Jan Carmeliet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Hysteretic Behavior ◽  
Cell Wall Layer
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