Studies on the camparative physiology of Chara corallina. III. Nitrogen relations of internodal cell components during internodal cell expansion

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Mercer ◽  
FV Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Internodal Cell ◽  
Wall Cell ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Chloroplast Fraction

Changes in the total nitrogen content of single internodal cells and in the nitrogen content of the cell wall, chloroplast fraction, TCA-insoluble cytoplasmic fraction, cytoplasmic sap, and vacuolar sap during the growth of the internodal cell are described. The nitrogen content of all fractions increases as the cells expand from c. 10 �l to over 200 �l in volume, and protein increases in the cytoplasm, the chloroplast fraction, and the cell wall. Cell wall nitrogen accounts for over half the total nitrogen of the cell and the bulk of the soluble nitrogen is present in the cytoplasm; only about 1% is found in the vacuole. The observations are discussed in relation to the cells of higher plants.

Studies on the soluble nitrogen content of dried samples of grass silage

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. John ◽  
G. Barnett ◽  
T. B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Potential Usefulness ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Relationship

1. The relationship between the soluble nitrogen content (soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen) of samples of dried silage and the pH of the corresponding wet samples has been investigated. It has been shown that a relationship exists between the two, and that when Ns/Nd is high the pH is low and vice versa. Moreover, the product Ns/Nd × d.m. is also related to the pH.2. Again it has been shown that the ratio Ns/Nd bears a relationship to the digestibility of the silage as measured by the Wedemeyer Method in the laboratory. The potential usefulness of the ratio in this connexion is being further investigated.

The nitrogen nutrition of the peach tree. IV. Storage and mobilization of nitrogen in mature trees

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
den Ende B van
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Status ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Peach Trees

An experiment was carried out on 8-year-old peach trees in the field to further study the chemical composition of storage nitrogen in mature trees and to relate tree performance in one growing season to the level of storage nitrogen in tree tissues during the previous winter. Storage nitrogen in dormant trees consisted mainly of soluble organic nitrogen, and free arginine was a principal constituent of this fraction. The arginine nitrogen content of the soluble nitrogen fraction increased with increasing nitrogen supply, but values were low compared with those found in young peach trees. The concentration of arginine in roots of dormant trees was the most sensitive indicator of the nitrogen status of the trees. In comparison, conventional leaf analysis for total nitrogen in midsummer was only about one-half as sensitive as an index of nitrogen status. Since there could be objections to using root tissue for analysis it is of interest to note that the next best estimate of the nitrogen status of the trees was given by the level of arginine nitrogen in leaf + flower buds. The growth of new shoots and especially the nitrogen content of leaves were in proportion to the levcl of storage nitrogen in dormant trees before growth commenced. However, flowering performance and fruit set per tree were not dependent upon the level of storage nitrogen in the trees. Flowers at full bloom from nil nitrogen and plus nitrogen treatments contained approximately the same content of total nitrogen and this may be the reason why nitrogen treatments did not influence fruit set. Nitrogen analyses and field observations indicated that stored nitrogen in nil nitrogen trees was preferentially used for reproductive processes rather than for vegetative growth. The amount of total nitrogen per leaf first increased and then decreased with elapsed time during the growing season. This latter loss was attributed to migration of nitrogen from ageing leaves to fruits and/or woody tissues in late summer and early autumn. Nitrogen treatment did not significantly alter the proportion of total nitrogen lost per leaf at this time, but the amount of total nitrogen lost per leaf usually increased with increasing nitrogen supply. Results are compared with those obtained in earlier work and the importance of reaccumulation of nitrogen from abscising leaves in the nitrogen economy of the trees is briefly discussed.

UREA FOR THE PRESERVATION OF MOIST HAY IN BIG ROUND BALES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BÉLANGER ◽  
A.-M. ST-LAURENT ◽  
C. A. ESAU ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
R. E. McQUEEN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Ammonia Loss ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Urea Addition

Urea was evaluated in two experiments as a preservative of moist grass hay stored in big round bales. Three levels of urea: 0, 24 and 46 g urea kg−1 forage (wet weight basis) were applied to hay at two moisture levels (23 and 29%) in exp. 1. The effects of applying 40 g urea per kilogram forage having 23% moisture and of a plastic cover over the bales during storage were evaluated in exp. 2. Hay baled at 29% moisture in exp. 1 lost more moisture during storage, had a greater temperature increase and a higher ratio of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen to total nitrogen after storage than hay baled at 23% moisture. The addition of urea at a rate of 40 g kg−1 forage and above (wet weight basis) reduced microbial activity as indicated by lower bale temperatures during storage, subsequent lower cell wall concentration after storage and visual appraisal even though less than 45% of the urea was hydrolyzed. Urea addition also improved the digestibility of moist hay. The nitrogen content of hay was increased by approximately 14.5 g kg−1. The plastic cover over the bales did not increase the effect of urea even though it slightly reduced the ammonia loss to the air. Key words: Urea, moist hay, round bales, preservation

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: V. WORT NITROGEN AND MALT EXTRACT AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH BARLEY NITROGEN FRACTIONS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Anderson ◽  
C. A. Ayre ◽  
W. O. S. Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Nitrogen Distribution ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Partial Correlations

Data representing 12 barley varieties grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada were used to examine relations among wort nitrogen (w), malt extract (e), barley nitrogen fractions (x), and total barley nitrogen (n).Significant inter-varietal partial correlations, independent of total nitrogen, were found between wort nitrogen and salt-soluble nitrogen (rwx.n = 0.88), and between extract and salt-soluble and insoluble nitrogen fractions (rex.n = 0.60 and − 0.65). Partial correlations between wort nitrogen and alcohol-soluble and insoluble nitrogen were negative but insignificant (rwx.n = − 0.54 and − 0.32).Intra-varietal simple correlations between wort nitrogen and insoluble, alcohol-soluble, and salt-soluble nitrogen fractions were all positive and significant (rwx = 0.77, 0.74, and 0.61), and those between extract and each fraction were all negative and significant (rex = − 0.88, − 0.96 and − 0.77). All of the corresponding partial correlation coefficients were insignificant.The differences between the inter- and intra-varietal relations can be summed up as follows: between varieties, total nitrogen and factors associated with it have little influence on wort nitrogen or extract, whereas nitrogen distribution and factors associated with it have a measurable effect; within varieties, total nitrogen and factors associated with it are largely responsible for the control of wort nitrogen and extract, and one of these factors is nitrogen distribution. The differences result mainly from the fact that whereas within varieties nitrogen distribution is closely related to total nitrogen content, between varieties nitrogen distribution is independent of total nitrogen content.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Operational Results of the Wolfsburg Wastewater Treatment Plant

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kayser ◽  
G. Stobbe ◽  
M. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Activated Sludge Process

At Wolfsburg for a load of 100,000 p.e., the step-feed activated sludge process for nitrogen removal is successfully in operation. Due to the high denitrification potential (BOD:TKN = 5:1) the effluent total nitrogen content can be kept below 10 mg l−1 N; furthermore by some enhanced biological phosphate removal about 80% phosphorus may be removed without any chemicals.

scholarly journals Effect of Exogenously Applied 24-Epibrassinolide and Brassinazole on Xylogenesis and Microdistribution of Cell Wall Polymers in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pramod ◽  
M. Anju ◽  
H. Rajesh ◽  
A. Thulaseedharan ◽  
Karumanchi S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

AbstractPlant growth regulators play a key role in cell wall structure and chemistry of woody plants. Understanding of these regulatory signals is important in advanced research on wood quality improvement in trees. The present study is aimed to investigate the influence of exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) and brassinosteroid inhibitor, brassinazole (BRZ) on wood formation and spatial distribution of cell wall polymers in the xylem tissue of Leucaena leucocephala using light and immuno electron microscopy methods. Brassinazole caused a decrease in cambial activity, xylem differentiation, length and width of fibres, vessel element width and radial extent of xylem suggesting brassinosteroid inhibition has a concomitant impact on cell elongation, expansion and secondary wall deposition. Histochemical studies of 24-epibrassinolide treated plants showed an increase in syringyl lignin content in the xylem cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the inhomogenous pattern of lignin distribution in the cell corners and middle lamellae region of BRZ treated plants. Immunolocalization studies using LM10 and LM 11 antibodies have shown a drastic change in the micro-distribution pattern of less substituted and highly substituted xylans in the xylem fibres of plants treated with EBR and BRZ. In conclusion, present study demonstrates an important role of brassinosteroid in plant development through regulating xylogenesis and cell wall chemistry in higher plants.

scholarly journals Exploring the role of macroalgal traits on the feeding behaviour of a generalist herbivore in Malaysian waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-417
Author(s):  
Lim Wai Yin ◽  
Lim Phaik Eem ◽  
Affendi Yang Amri ◽  
Song Sze Looi ◽  
Acga Cheng
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
South China ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Generalist Herbivore ◽  
Macroalgal Species ◽  
Straits Of Malacca

AbstractWith the potential adverse effects of climate change, it is essential to enhance the understanding of marine ecosystem dynamics, which can be driven by the co-evolutionary interaction between autotrophs and herbivores. This study looked into the autotroph-herbivore interactions in Malaysian waters, mainly to determine if autotroph nutritional quality significantly influences herbivore consumption rates. We documented the relative consumption rate of a generalist herbivore (Chanos chanos Forsskål) obtained from the Straits of Malacca through multiple feeding trials using 12 macroalgal species collected from different coastal areas of the Straits of Malacca, the Straits of Johor, and the South China Sea. The herbivore fed selectively on the tested macroalgal species, with the most and least consumed species having the lowest and highest total nitrogen content, respectively. Besides total nitrogen content, the least consumed species also had the highest total phenolic content. Interestingly, we observed that the herbivore generally preferred to consume filamentous macroalgae, especially those collected from the South China Sea. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the feeding behaviour of a generalist herbivore could be influenced by the nutritional quality of the autotrophs, which may depend directly or indirectly on other factors such as autotroph morphology and geography.

Advances in the study of egg activation of higher plants

Zygote ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Peng ◽  
Zhen Kai Li ◽  
Xiao Li Ding ◽  
Hui Qiao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Egg Activation ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Polarity Change ◽  
Fertilized Egg

SummaryFertilization in higher plants induces many structural and physiological changes in the fertilized egg, and represents the transition from the haploid female gamete to the diploid zygote, the first cell of a sporophyte. Some changes are induced extremely rapidly following fusion with sperm cells and are the preclusions of egg activation. This review focuses on the early changes that occur in the egg after fusion with sperm cells, but before nuclear fusion. Reported changes include cell shrinkage, cell wall formation, polarity change, oscillation in Ca2+ concentration, and DNA synthesis. In addition, the current understanding of egg activation is summarized and the possible functional relevance of the changes is explored.

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