Fates of fruits and seeds of Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Ait. and L. sinense Lour. maintained under natural rainfall or irrigation

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Panetta
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Ligustrum Lucidum ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Regimes ◽  
Seeds And Fruits

Factors influencing germination and seed survival of Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Ait. and L. sinense Lour., two serious environmental weeds in subcoastal eastern Australia, were investigated in a series of experiments conducted under natural rainfall regimes (field experiments) and under irrigation in a growth tunnel. In the field experiments, no seedlings of either species were observed where seeds and intact fruits had been surface-sown; seedlings originated only from shallowly buried seeds and fruits, with generally higher levels of emergence from seeds. Where soil moisture levels were maintained at or above field capacity, however, moderate to high levels of germination occurred from surface-sown seeds and fruits of both species. Total seedling emergence varied considerably between years for each moisture regime. Seeds of both species were short-lived, with most (>95%) not persisting for 12 months in any case.

Relationship between vigour tests and emergence of soybean when grown under a range of seedbed moisture conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
SW Adkins ◽  
M Boersma ◽  
M Law
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Accelerated Aging Test ◽  
Aging Test ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Laboratory vigour tests were performed on seed from 4 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars coming from commercial crops grown in eastern Australia. The seed from each cultivar had greater than 80% germination and a range in vigour. Vigour tests consisted of the accelerated aging (with or without a seed protectant, Thiram), cold, saturation and hypocotyl length tests. Results were compared with seedling emergence from the same cultivar when planted under growth room conditions (25/20 � 1�C, 14/10 h day/night) at 3 seedbed moisture levels (field capacity, -0.01 MPa; dry, -0.30 MPa; and saturated soil, soil saturated for 48 h, planted then allowed to dry to field capacity). The modified accelerated aging test with Thiram was significantly (P<0.01) correlated with emergence in all 3 seedbed moisture conditions. High vigour seed samples with high accelerated aging germinations emerged well. Overall, the vigour test which ranked the seed samples to give the best indicator of performance under a range of seedbed moisture conditions was the modified accelerated aging test with thiram.

Soybean (Glycine max) Response to Chlorimuron and Imazaquin as Influenced by Soil Moisture

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry J. Newsom ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soybean Cultivar ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Moisture Regimes

Field experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate differential soybean cultivar tolerance to chlorimuron and imazaquin applied PPI, as influenced by soil moisture. Natural rainfall was supplemented with irrigation to achieve three moisture regimes: low (nonirrigated), optimum (5 cm wk–1), and excessive (15 cm wk–1). Imazaquin at 140 g ai ha–1did not adversely affect height or yield of cultivars under any of the moisture regimes. Excessive moisture, regardless of herbicide treatment, reduced height and yield with many of the cultivars. Chlorimuron at 80 g ai ha–1caused additional plant height reductions of 8 cm or more with ‘Asgrow 5403% ‘Asgrow 5979’, ‘Coker 686’, ‘Asgrow 6785’, ‘Hartz 6686’, and 'Sharkey’ in the excessive moisture regime, and yield was reduced 450 kg ha–1or more with ‘Hutcheson’, ‘Terra-Vig 515’, Coker 686, Asgrow 6785, and Hartz 6686. Chlorimuron in the optimum moisture regime reduced the height of Coker 686 and ‘Deltapine 566’ 10 and 11 cm, respectively; however, no yield reductions were noted.

Soybean (Glycine max) Response to AC 263,222 and Chlorimuron as Influenced by Soil Moisture

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry J. Newsom ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Field experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993 evaluated differential response of 20 soybean cultivars to POST application of AC 263,222 or chlorimuron, as influenced by soil moisture. Natural rainfall was supplemented with overhead sprinkler irrigation to achieve three moisture regimes: excessive (12.5 cm/wk), optimum (5 cm/wk), and low (non-irrigated). Chlorimuron and AC 263,222 injured soybean. Excessive moisture did not increase soybean injury with chlorimuron for any of the cultivars tested compared to optimum moisture; however, 17 of 20 cultivars were injured more by AC 263,222 in combination with excessive moisture than optimum moisture. AC 263,222 reduced the height of five cultivars. Photosynthetic rate of several cultivars was reduced by both AC 263,222 and chlorimuron. Neither herbicide affected the number of nodes per main stem or seed weight; however, pod numbers were reduced for several cultivars with both herbicides. In the low moisture regime, AC 263,222 delayed the maturity of 18 of 20 cultivars with ‘Hutcheson’ maturity delayed 7.1 d. Excessive moisture when combined with AC 263,222 reduced yields for 12 cultivars, compared to five cultivars with chlorimuron. Under optimum moisture conditions, AC 263,222 reduced the yield of 10 cultivars, whereas chlorimuron reduced the yield of 9 cultivars. Low moisture stress only resulted in a yield reduction with 3 cultivars treated with AC 263,222.

Assessment of soybean seed vigour tests for eastern Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
M Boersma ◽  
M Law ◽  
SW Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Accelerated Aging Test ◽  
Aging Test ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Controlled Deterioration

Vigour testing was undertaken on seed from 4 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars taken from field trials in eastern Australia. The seed from each cultivar exhibited moderate to good germination and a range in vigour. Vigour tests consisted of the controlled deterioration and modified versions of the accelerated aging test. Accelerated aging was carried out in 4 ways using 2 periods of incubation (76 and 96 h), with or without the seed protectant Thiram to control saprophytic fungi. Results were compared with seedling emergence from the same seed samples when planted in a controlled environment glasshouse. A combination of 2 day/night temperatures, cold (18/13�C), warm (33/28�C), and 3 soil moisture regimes, dry (-0.3 MPa), field capacity (-0.01 MPa) and saturated soil, produced a total of 6 different environments. Emergence was also recorded under a moderate daylnight temperature of 23/18�C in soil at field capacity. The standard germination test and modified accelerated aging test with a 72-h incubation period with Thiram were significantly (P<0.01) correlated with emergence from all 7 soil environments. A 96-h period of accelerated aging (with or without Thiram) tended to suppress germination and there was no correlation with emergence from most soil environments. The controlled deterioration test correlated with seedling emergence from most soil environments except for dry soil. The vigour test which gave the best indicator of performance under a range of different seedbed moisture and temperature conditions was the modified accelerated aging test using a 72-h incubation period with Thiram.

scholarly journals PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION OF SOYBEANS AS AFFECTED BY PLACEMENT OF FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. BULLEN ◽  
R. J. SOPER ◽  
L. D. BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Chamber Experiment ◽  
Glycine Max L

Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted on Southern Manitoba soils, low in available soil phosphorus, to investigate the effects of various placement methods and levels of phosphorus fertilizer on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill ’Maple Presto’). It was found that soybean responded well to applied phosphorus on low-P soil in growth chamber studies. In the first growth chamber experiment, P was applied in solution to 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 1% of the total soil volume. Dry matter yields, total phosphorus uptake and utilization of fertilizer P increased at each level of applied P as the size of the phosphated band was decreased. The results were partly attributed to greater chemical availability of P in the smaller zones of P fertilizer reaction. In a second growth chamber experiment, soybeans responded differently to phosphorus banded in six different locations. Placement of the fertilizer 2.5 cm directly below the seed was more effective in increasing dry matter yield, total phosphorus uptake and fertilizer P utilization than placement 2.5 cm and 5 cm away at the same depth or placement 5 cm below the seed, whether the band was directly below, 2.5 cm away or 5 cm away. Soybean yield responses in the field were greatest with P banded 2.5 cm directly below the seed on low-P soils. Placement of P 2.5 cm below the seed resulted in grain yields that were 64% and 50% higher (at the two sites) than those obtained in control plots. Sidebanding P, 2.5 cm below and 2.5 cm away from the seed at the same level of application, improved grain yields of control plots by 40% and 39%. Seed placement and broadcast applications of P were not as effective in increasing grain yields. Broadcasting P in fall or in spring at rates of up to 52.38 kg P/ha did not result in significantly higher grain yields than those obtained in control plots. Placement of P in contact with the seed appeared to reduce seedling emergence, resulting in depressed yields when 52.38 kg P/ha were applied. Key words: Glycine max L. Merrill, ’Maple Presto’

THE RULE OF COMBINING A PRIORI AND EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION IN THE TASKS OF MANAGING TESTS OF COMPLEX TECHNICAL PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO THE BERNOULLI SCHEME

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Buryak ◽  
A. A. Skrynnikov
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Testing Complex ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Technical Products

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the procedure for testing complex technical systems to assess the probability of performing the task, taking into account a priori data obtained from the results of modeling, field tests of components and prototypes, operation of analogues, etc. The conditions for the formation of a combined sample consisting of field experiments and experiments counted on the results of modeling are justified. Data uniformity is checked using the Student's criterion. The minimum volume of full-scale tests is determined by the requirement of equality of the amount of Fischer information about the estimated parameter obtained during full-scale tests and at the expense of a priori data A strategy for conducting field experiments is proposed, in which the required quality of evaluating the probability of completing the task is achieved with the minimum possible number of field experiments. At the first stage, a series of experiments with a volume equal to half of the required sample size is performed. At the second stage, the experiments are conducted sequentially with an assessment after each experiment of the requirements for the amount of information about the evaluated parameter and for the uniformity of data. Experiments are terminated when the specified requirements are met, and then a combined sample is formed, which is used to evaluate the probability of the system performing the task. A model example is considered. The estimation of the gain in the number of experiments performed at different probability values was carried out.

Effects of heat and smoke on germination of soil-stored seed in a south-eastern Australian sand heathland

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Wills ◽  
Jennifer Read
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Type Systems ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
And Control

Various fire-related agents, including heat, smoke, ash and charred wood, have been shown to break dormancy and promote germination of soil-stored seed in a broad range of species in mediterranean-type systems. However, relatively little work has been conducted in south-eastern Australian heathlands. This study examined the effects of heat and smoked water on germination of the soil seed bank in a mature sand heathland within the Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park, in south-eastern Australia. Heat was clearly the most successful treatment for promoting seed germination, followed by smoked water, then controls, with 55% of species present in the germinable soil seed bank requiring a heat or smoke stimulus to promote seed germination. Mean species richness of the germinable soil seed bank was found to be significantly higher in heat-treated soil than in smoke and control treatments. Seedling density of heat-treated soil was almost 10 times that of controls, while smoke-treated soil was almost five times that of controls. Seedling emergence was fastest in heat-treated soil, followed by smoke and control soils. Of the species found in the soil seed bank, 25% were absent from the extant vegetation, suggesting the existence of post-fire colonisers in the soil seed bank. The results have implications for the design of soil seed bank experiments and the use of fire as a tool in vegetation management.

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Factors on Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Lei Chu ◽  
Yiping Gao ◽  
Lingling Chen ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
David Jespersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is cultivated as a forage crop and planted in various landscapes for soil conservation. There are numerous reports of failed white clover stands each year. A good understanding of the seed germination biology of white clover in relation to environmental factors is essential to achieve successful stand establishment. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of light, temperature, planting depth, drought, and salt stress on seed germination and the emergence of white clover. White clover is negatively photoblastic, and seed germination averaged 63 and 66% under light and complete dark conditions 4 weeks after planting (WAP), respectively. Temperature affected the seed germination speed and rate. At 1 WAP, seeds incubated at 15 to 25 °C demonstrated a significantly higher germination rate than the low temperatures at 5 and 10 °C; however, the germination rate did not differ among the temperature treatments at 4 WAP. The results suggest that white clover germination decreases with increasing sowing depths, and the seeds should be sown on the soil surface or shallowly buried at a depth ≤1 cm to achieve an optimal emergence. White clover seeds exhibited high sensitivity to drought and salinity stress. The osmotic potential and NaCl concentration required to inhibit 50% seed germination were −0.19 MPa and 62.4 mM, respectively. Overall, these findings provide quantifiable explanations for inconsistent establishment observed in field conditions. The results obtained in this research can be used to develop effective planting strategies and support the successful establishment of white clover stands.

scholarly journals Dynamics of mineral nitrogen in the gray forest soil under malt barley on the background of mineral fertilizers in the forest steppe of the east Prisayan

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 06005
Author(s):  
Viktor Grebenshchikov ◽  
Nikolay Tyutrin ◽  
Vasily Verkhoturov
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Gray Forest Soil ◽  
Heavy Particle ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Moisture Regime

The content of mineral nitrogen was studied when it was applied at a dose of 60 kg / ha on gray forest soil of heavy particle- size distribution at various levels of phosphorus-potassium nutrition in field experiments with barley. Fertilizer doses were determined by the normative method according to the CINAS method for a planned yield of 3 t / ha. It was shown that the dynamics of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen depended on the moisture regime during the vegetation period. With excessive moisture, nitrate nitrogen, with its initial content of 4-5 mg / kg, is not detected in the arable layer by the middle of the growing season, and with a moisture deficit, less dynamism is noted. It is found in an amount of 5-7 mg / kg by the end of vegetation. The N – NH4 + dynamics turned out to be less pronounced. With an excess of moisture, its content increased to 15.6 mg / kg, and with a deficit, it decreased more than by four times from the maximum during the vegetation. In general, the content of mineral nitrogen in gray forest soil is highly dynamic, which depends on the moisture regime and the nature of its consumption by barley.

Optimising canola establishment and yield in south-eastern Australia with hybrids and large seed

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Brill ◽  
M. L. Jenkins ◽  
M. J. Gardner ◽  
J. M. Lilley ◽  
B. A. Orchard
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Seed Characteristics

April sowing of canola is considered optimal for grain yield in many regions of Australia; however, there is often insufficient rainfall in April to sow seed into moisture at the ideal depth of 15–30 mm. We report a series of experiments that investigated the seed characteristics (cultivar type and seed size) that would facilitate successful canola emergence from relatively deep sowing (>30 mm). Ten canola cultivar by sowing depth experiments, each with three hybrid and three open-pollinated cultivars, found hybrid cultivars were able to maintain higher emergence rates and grain yield compared with open-pollinated cultivars from deep sowing. Further investigations in the glasshouse showed that the emergence advantage of the hybrid cultivars was largely due to their inherently large seed size, as increased seed size also improved emergence of open-pollinated canola. Early biomass accumulation also improved with larger seeds. In a field experiment, larger seed size of both hybrid and open-pollinated canola increased early biomass accumulation and final grain yield. Simulation modelling in New South Wales demonstrated the importance of timely sowing of canola, as delayed sowing caused a larger reduction in grain yield than reduced plant population. Although ‘moisture-seeking’ (placing seed into moist soil below a layer of dry soil) reduced the emergence rate of canola, the reduction could be offset by planting large seed (>2 mm diameter). This practice of ‘moisture-seeking’ large-seeded canola should be considered as a strategy to improve the timeliness of establishment and subsequent grain yield of canola when rainfall for crop establishment is marginal yet there is moisture available deeper in the seedbed.

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