scholarly journals Phenotypic Variation and Plasticity in the Colonizing Species Xanthium Strumarium L. (Noogoora Burr)

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
GF Moran ◽  
DR Marshall ◽  
WJ Müller
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Major Mode ◽  
Varying Environments ◽  
Colonizing Ability

Levels of genotypic (O'G 2) and environmentally induced (O'E2) variation for 15 quantitative characters were estimated in seven populations of the four naturalized races of X. strumarium in Australia. Estimates of O'G2 indicated that populations of X. strumarium were often genetically variable for quantitative traits. However, for the majority of the characters studied, O'E2 was a larger component of the total phenotypic variation than was O'G 2 , indicating that phenotypic plasticity is the major mode of adaptation of this species to variable and varying environments. Few significant differences were found among the races, or among populations within a race, in either O'G2 or O'E2. This suggests that marked differences in colonizing ability of the four races of X. strumarium are probably not .due to differences in phenotypic plasticity (individual buffering) or genotypic variation (populational buffering) but to differences in such factors as their reproductive strategies and photoperiodic requirements for flowering.

scholarly journals The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions during Vegetative Propagation on Growth, Survival, and Biochemical Characteristics in Populus Hybrids in Clonal Field Trial

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 892
Author(s):  
Valda Gudynaitė-Franckevičienė ◽  
Alfas Pliūra
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Growing Conditions

To have a cleaner environment, good well-being, and improve the health of citizens it is necessary to expand green urban and suburban areas using productive and adapted material of tree species. The quality of urban greenery, resistance to negative climate change factors and pollution, as well as efficiency of short-rotation forestry in suburban areas, depends primarily on the selection of hybrids and clones, suitable for the local environmental conditions. We postulate that ecogenetic response, phenotypic plasticity, and genotypic variation of hybrid poplars (Populus L.) grown in plantations are affected not only by the peculiarities of hybrids and clones, but also by environmental conditions of their vegetative propagation. The aim of the present study was to estimate growth and biochemical responses, the phenotypic plasticity, genotypic variation of adaptive traits, and genetically regulated adaptability of Populus hybrids in field trials which may be predisposed by the simulated contrasting temperature conditions at their vegetative propagation phase. The research was performed with the 20 cultivars and experimental clones of one intraspecific cross and four different interspecific hybrids of poplars propagated under six contrasting temperature regimes in phytotron. The results suggest that certain environmental conditions during vegetative propagation not only have a short-term effect on tree viability and growth, but also can help to adapt to climate change conditions and grow successfully in the long-term. It was found that tree growth and biochemical traits (the chlorophyll A and B, pigments content and the chlorophyll A/B ratio) of hybrid poplar clones grown in field trials, as well as their traits’ genetic parameters, were affected by the rooting-growing conditions during vegetative propagation phase. Hybrids P. balsamifera × P. trichocarpa, and P. trichocarpa × P. trichocarpa have shown the most substantial changes of biochemical traits across vegetative propagation treatments in field trial. Rooting-growing conditions during vegetative propagation had also an impact on coefficients of genotypic variation and heritability in hybrid poplar clones when grown in field trials.

Morphological and molecular characterization of teosinte derived maize population

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarjeet Kumar ◽  
N. K. Singh ◽  
Sneha Adhikari ◽  
Anjali Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Germplasm Enhancement ◽  
Maize Germplasm ◽  
Maize Population ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Characterization

Germplasm enhancement seems to be an essential part of a breeding programme to improve resiliency, adaptability and productivity of the crops. To develop and diversify the maize germplasm, teosinte a wild relative of maize was integrated in crossing programme and BC1F4 lines were developed. Five BC1F4 lines along with teosinte and maize inbred DI-103 were characterised using quantitative characters and molecular markers. Morphological characterization was done with the help of visual parameters and quantitative traits and for molecular characterization fifty six SSR markers were used. SSR data were analysed with the help of software Mapmaker and twelve linkage groups were generated. Maximum allelic contributions from parent teosinte were found in the introgressed line AM-5 (53.4%) followed by AM-12 (48.9 %), whereas, least contribution of 34.1 % was found in AM-7. The maximum genetic distance among the introgressed lines was observed between AM-2 and AM-9 (0.75) followed by AM-2 and AM-7 (0.70), AM-7 and AM-9 (0.70). The maximum number of cob was found in AM-5 (5.00) followed by AM-2 (4.00). Grain yield per plant was found highest for AM-2 (100.00 g) followed by AM-12 (80.00 g), while, least value was observed for AM-7 (42.00 g). The results indicated differential parental contributions which leads to diversification in the progenies derived from diverse crosses in maize and further opined that such crosses seems to be essential for creating adapted germplasm to whom breeders are looking for.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity promotes balanced polymorphism in periodic environments by a genomic storage effect

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davorka Gulisija ◽  
Yuseob Kim ◽  
Joshua B. Plotkin
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Storage Effect ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Modifier Locus ◽  
Balanced Polymorphism ◽  
Analytical Approximations ◽  
Varying Environments

Phenotypic plasticity is known to evolve in perturbed habitats, where it alleviates the deleterious effects of selection. But the effects of plasticity on levels of genetic polymorphism, an important precursor to adaptation in temporally varying environments, are unclear. Here we develop a haploid, two-locus population-genetic model to describe the interplay between a plasticity modifier locus and a target locus subject to periodically varying selection. We find that the interplay between these two loci can produce a 'genomic storage effect' that promotes balanced polymorphism over a large range of parameters, in the absence of all other conditions known to maintain genetic variation. The genomic storage effect arises as recombination allows alleles at the two loci to escape more harmful genetic backgrounds and associate in haplotypes that persist until environmental conditions change. Using both Monte Carlo simulations and analytical approximations we quantify the strength of the genomic storage effect across a range of selection pressures, recombination rates, plasticity modifier effect sizes, and environmental periods.

scholarly journals Substitution Rates Under Stabilizing Selection

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-486
Author(s):  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Substitution Rates ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Selection For

ABSTRACT Allelic substitutions under stabilizing phenotypic selection on quantitative traits are studied in Monte Carlo simulations of 8 and 16 loci. The results are compared and contrasted to analytical models based on work of M. Kimura for two and "infinite" loci. Selection strengths of S = 4Nes approximately four (which correspond to reasonable strengths of selection for quantitative characters) can retard substitution rates tenfold relative to rates under neutrality. An important finding is a strong dependence of per locus substitution rates on the number of loci.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Variation in Infants, Not Adults, Reflects Genotypic Variation among Chimpanzees and Bonobos

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e102074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Morimoto ◽  
Marcia S. Ponce de León ◽  
Christoph P. E. Zollikofer
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genotypic Variation

Phormidium Retzii (Oscillatoriales): Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (s1) ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
D. A. Casamatta ◽  
M. L. Vis ◽  
R. G. Sheath
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genotypic Variation

Dosage effects on morphological and quantitative traits in maize aneuploids

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Lee ◽  
L. L. Darrah ◽  
E. H. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Specific Chromosome ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Dosage Effects ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Chromosome Regions

Dosage effects generated by either loss or gain of a chromosome segment were used to identify chromosome regions associated with morphological and quantitative characters in maize (Zea mays L.). Using B–A translocation stocks introgressed into a B73Ht background, a chromosome arm dosage series in a Mo17Ht × B73Ht F1 hybrid background was created for 18 of the 20 chromosome arms. The dosage series was then evaluated for 12 quantitatively inherited characters to associate specific phenotypic changes in a trait with a specific chromosome arm. Not only did our results show the familiar aneuploid syndrome phenomenon, but differential dosage effects among particular chromosome arms were demonstrated. All the quantitative traits measured and all the chromosome arms examined in this study were responsive to changes in chromosome arm dosage. The possible bases behind those differences and their utility in identifying quantitative trait loci, as well as the genetic relationships among the group of quantitatively inherited characters studied, are considered. Key words : corn, chromosome arm, B–A translocations, dosage analysis.

scholarly journals Phenotypic variation of quantitative traits of white head cabbage

2012 ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
E.G. Dobrutskaya ◽  
V.I. Startsev ◽  
L.L. Bondareva ◽  
M.S. Antoshkina
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Initial Material ◽  
Agronomic Characters ◽  
Ecological Variability ◽  
Head Cabbage

Analysis of varietal features of appearance of agronomic characters of white head cabbage in condition of induction of ecological variability is shown in the article. The obtained results can be used for breeding of initial material for ecological tolerance and adaptivity.

scholarly journals Development and Selective Grain Make Plasticity ‘Take the Lead’ in Adaptive Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIGUEL BRUN USAN ◽  
Alfredo Rago ◽  
Christoph Thies ◽  
Tobias Uller ◽  
Richard A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
Gene Regulation Network ◽  
Models Of Development ◽  
Regulation Network ◽  
Selection For

Abstract Background: Biological evolution exhibits an extraordinary capability to adapt organisms to their environments. The explanation for this often takes for granted that random genetic variation produces at least some beneficial phenotypic variation in which natural selection can act. Such genetic evolvability could itself be a product of evolution, but it is widely acknowledged that the immediate selective gains of evolvability are small on short timescales . So how do biological systems come to exhibit such extraordinary capacity to evolve ? One suggestion is that adaptive phenotypic plasticity makes genetic evolution find adaptations faster. However, the need to explain the origin of adaptive plasticity puts genetic evolution back in the driving seat, and genetic evolvability remains unexplained. Results: To better understand the interaction between plasticity and genetic evolvability , we simulate the evolution of phenotypes produced by gene-regulation network-based models of development. First , we show that the phenotypic variation resulting from genetic and environmental perturbation are highly concordant. This is because phenotypic variation, regardless of its cause, occurs within the relatively specific space of possibilities allowed by development. Second, we show that selection for genetic evolvability results in the evolution of adaptive plasticity and vice versa . This linkage is essentially symmetric but, unlike genetic evolvability, the selective gains of plasticity are often substantial on short, including within-lifetime, timescales. Accordingly, we show that selection for phenotypic plasticity can be effective in promoting the evolution of high genetic evolvability. Conclusions: Without overlooking the fact that adaptive plasticity is itself a product of genetic evolution, we show how past selection for plasticity can exercise a disproportionate effect on genetic evolvability and, in turn, influence the course of adaptive evolution.

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