scholarly journals Substitution Rates Under Stabilizing Selection

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-486
Author(s):  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Substitution Rates ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Selection For

ABSTRACT Allelic substitutions under stabilizing phenotypic selection on quantitative traits are studied in Monte Carlo simulations of 8 and 16 loci. The results are compared and contrasted to analytical models based on work of M. Kimura for two and "infinite" loci. Selection strengths of S = 4Nes approximately four (which correspond to reasonable strengths of selection for quantitative characters) can retard substitution rates tenfold relative to rates under neutrality. An important finding is a strong dependence of per locus substitution rates on the number of loci.

scholarly journals Monte Carlo simulations of fast Newtonian and mildly relativistic shock breakout from a stellar wind

2020 ◽  
Vol 499 (4) ◽  
pp. 4961-4971
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Ito ◽  
Amir Levinson ◽  
Ehud Nakar
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Stellar Wind ◽  
Compact Star ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Shock Velocity ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Ultraviolet Emission ◽  
Relativistic Shocks ◽  
Strong Explosion

ABSTRACT Strong explosion of a compact star surrounded by a thick stellar wind drives a fast (>0.1c) radiation mediated shock (RMS) that propagates in the wind, and ultimately breaks out gradually once photons start escaping from the shock transition layer. In exceptionally strong or aspherical explosions, the shock velocity may even be relativistic. The properties of the breakout signal depend on the dynamics and structure of the shock during the breakout phase. Here we present, for the first time, spectra and light curves of the breakout emission of fast Newtonian and mildly relativistic shocks, that were calculated using self-consistent Monte Carlo simulations of finite RMS with radiative losses. We find a strong dependence of the νFν peak on shock velocity, ranging from ∼1 keV for vs/c = 0.1 to ∼100 keV for vs/c = 0.5, with a shift to lower energies as losses increase. For all cases studied the spectrum below the peak exhibits a nearly flat component (Fν ∼ ν0) that extends down to the break frequency below which absorption becomes important. This implies much bright optical/ultraviolet emission than hitherto expected. The computed light curves show a gradual rise over tens to hundreds of seconds for representative conditions. The application to SN 2008D/XRT 080109 and the detectability limits are also discussed. We predict a detection rate of about one per year with eROSITA.

scholarly journals Assessing the Economic Risk of Building Damage due to the Tunneling-Induced Settlement Using Monte Carlo Simulations and BIM

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10034
Author(s):  
Stylianos Providakis ◽  
Chris D. F. Rogers ◽  
David N. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Economic Risk ◽  
Advanced Analysis

Due to the increasing use of underground space to align with sustainability needs, geohazard risk assessments have become a valuable tool for decision-making. One common issue in relation to urban geohazard assessments relates to ground movements due to tunneling affecting adjacent buildings. A framework for assessing costs related to subsequent building damage, using integrated data, statistics and considering the uncertainties involved, is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology provides an integration of Monte Carlo simulations to support uncertainty estimations with an analysis for building-damage cost risk due to tunneling-induced settlements. The analysis involves analytical models using green-field conditions and a typically used building damage assessment method. BIM is capable of collating, combining and visualizing information with advanced analysis techniques into a risk-based tool. The resulting tool provides a clear way of assessing building-damage costs risk due to tunneling-induced settlements. This uses a BIM-based environment and incorporates 3D visualizations and an integrated analysis via MATLAB to reveal and highlight hazardous areas and the severity of economic risk along the tunneling route. This informs the need for additional ground investigations or secondary analyses to ensure engineering processes reduce or remove the risk of economic damage and advance sustainable decision-making.

scholarly journals Context-Specific Genomic Selection Strategies Outperform Phenotypic Selection for Soybean Quantitative Traits in the Progeny Row Stage

Crop Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Smallwood ◽  
Arnold M. Saxton ◽  
Jason D. Gillman ◽  
Hem S. Bhandari ◽  
Phillip A. Wadl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Context Specific

Adsorption and Condensation of SO2 in Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays Studied by Monte Carlo Simulations and Simple Analytical Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (14) ◽  
pp. 7510-7521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Biao Yang ◽  
Mahshid Rahimi ◽  
Jayant K. Singh ◽  
Michael C. Böhm ◽  
Florian Müller-Plathe
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Nanotube Arrays ◽  
Carbon Nanotube Arrays

scholarly journals Phenotypic variability in a population of globe artichoke

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2009
Author(s):  
Angélica Reolon da Costa ◽  
Simone Meredith Scheffer Basso ◽  
Magali Ferrari Grando ◽  
Vanina Pamela Cravero
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Globe Artichoke ◽  
Head Shape ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Rural Producers

The existence of variability is a prerequisite for genetic improvement in plants. Globe artichoke is a high nutritious vegetable with medical value, representing a profitable alternative for rural producers. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the phenotypic variability in a commercial cultivar of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L) established from seeds. Field plants were assessed when primary head reached commercial stage. An amount of 21 quantitative and 5 multicategoric characters were assessed. The quantitative data were submitted to multivariate analysis. For quantitative characters the distance between individuals varied from 3.0 to 50.9, revealing high intrapopulation variability. The greater relative contribution characters for genetic divergence were the primary head fresh mass (79.88%) and bottom fresh mass (8.43%). This indicates the possibility of plant selection for head quality in this population. The clustering analysis through UPGMA method, based on quantitative characters, allowed the formation of five groups. For multicategoric traits, the similarity among individuals varied from 1.22% to 100%. Within the existing population variability, it was possible to select plants with superior quantitative traits desirable for in natura consumption, as primary head fresh weight and length, bottom fresh mass, bract basis length and width, as well as non-quantitative traits as round head shape, absence of thorn and presence of violet color in the head.

scholarly journals Marker-assisted selection for quantitative traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (spe) ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection For

Although thousands of scientific articles have been published on the subject of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL), the application of MAS for QTL in plant breeding has been restricted. Among the main causes for this limited use are the low accuracy of QTL mapping and the high costs of genotyping thousands of plants with tens or hundreds of molecular markers in routine breeding programs. Recently, new large-scale genotyping technologies have resulted in a cost reduction. Nevertheless, the MAS for QTL has so far been limited to selection programs using several generations per year, where phenotypic selection cannot be performed in all generations, mainly in recurrent selection programs. Methods of MAS for QTL in breeding programs using self-pollination have been developed.

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