scholarly journals Physiology of Sugar-Cane VII. Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod Duration, and Diurnal and Seasonal Temperature Changes on Growth and Ripening

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
KT Glasziou ◽  
TA Bull ◽  
MD Hatch ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Period Duration

Independent and interaction effects of day and night temperature, photo-period duration, and diurnal thermoperiodicity were studied on sugar-cane grown under controlled environments. During the first 3 months of growth, day and night temperature effects were mainly additive, but at 6 months the interaction effects of all variables were numerous and complex. Many of the interaction effects could be attributed to increased responses to constant-temperature regimes with a 12-hr photoperiod. No evidence for thermoperiodicity requirements was found.

The effect of temperature stress on grain development in wheat

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Asana ◽  
RF Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Stable Characteristic

Experiments were conducted in controlled environments to determine the effects of high temperatures on grain development and yield in wheat. Two Australian and three Indian cultivars of wheat were exposed, from a week after anthesis until maturity, to "day" temperatures of 25, 28, and 3l°C, and "night" temperatures of 9 and 12°C. There was a mean reduction in yield of 16%' for the 6° rise in day temperature, but the cultivars did not differ significantly in their response to these temperatures. There were no significant effects of night temperature on grain weight, but stem weight was less at 12°C. Senescence was hastened only slightly by high day temperature, and there were no differential effects between cultivars in this respect.In a subsidiary experiment one Indian and five Australian cultivars were subjected to three day-night temperature regimes (24/19°, 27/22°, and 30/25°C). Highly significant but complex interactions were established between temperature regime and cultivar. A growth analysis for the Australian cultivars Ridley and Diadem indicated that the developing grain of Ridley had a greater capacity for growth than that of Diadem from the earliest stage. This, together with the confirmation of grain size as a very stable characteristic for all the varieties, points to the developmental and synthetic activity of the grain as an important determinant of grain yield. The relevance of this study to the production of wheat in India is briefly discussed.

Some factors affecting the development and biocontrol of cotton seedling disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Ogle ◽  
AM Stirling ◽  
PJ Dart
Keyword(s):  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The effects of temperature and cultivar on disease development in cotton were investigated in addition to the duration of susceptibility to infection and the timing of infection by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani. Symptom development was also monitored. Disease was more severe at day/night temperature regimes of 20/15, 25/20, and 30/25�C than at 35/30�C. Disease development differed significantly between cotton cvv. Deltapine 90 and Siokra 1-4 at 30/25�C and 35/30�C. In glasshouse trials in field soil, both R. solani and P ultimum were isolated from seeds as early as 2 h after inoculation, although most seeds were not infected with P. ultimum until 10 h after inoculation and with R. solani until 24 h after inoculation. Increasing the duration of exposure to inoculum increased the number of seeds infected and reduced the number of plants surviving. Seedlings were resistant to P. ultimum infection by 14 days after sowing but were not resistant to infection by R. solani until 28 days after sowing.

The effect of high temperature regimes or short periods of water stress on development of small fruiting saltana vines

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
D McEAlexander
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Poor fruit set of sultanas in the Murray Valley is sometimes attributed to excessively high temperatures around flowering time. Experiments with small fruiting sultana vines in pots suggest that water stress is the more important factor. Fruit set was significantly less when a 3-day period of water stress was imposed at flowering or 1, 2, or 4 weeks after flowering, but not when it was imposed 6 weeks after flowering. Three days with maximum temperatures above 45°C at or 1 week after flowering did not reduce fruit set when ample water was supplied. When controlled environments combining day temperatures between 21 and 30°C with night temperatures between 19 and 25° were used, no significant differences in fruit set were found, although shoot growth increased with increasing night temperature. Shoot elongation slowed down during periods of applied water stress but recovered, when the stress was ended, to a rate greater than that of plants which had not been stressed.

Jojoba flower buds: temperature and photoperiod effects in breaking dormancy

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Dunstone
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Diurnal Temperature Range ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Desert Shrub ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneid.) is a long-lived desert shrub, valued for the liquid wax which makes up 50% of the seed weight. As attempts are being made to domesticate the species, it is important to understand the environmental factors controlling the reproductive cycle and governing seed yield. The effects of temperature and photoperiod in breaking flower bud dormancy were studied on plants growing under well-watered conditions in controlled environments. Plants 42-48 months old produced only dormant flower buds when growing in 27/22� to 36/31�C day/night temperature. When the plants were moved to lower temperatures of 24/19� or 18/13�, every plant produced a flowering flush. In two experiments, clonal material was grown at either 30/25� or 36/3l�C, then moved to lower temperature treatments. Down to the lowest temperature used (18/13�), the greater the drop in temperature, the greater the number of flowers which opened. Flowering occurred under both short (8 h) or long (16 h) photoperiods. There was a critical temperature in the region of 27/22� to 30/25�, above which no flowering occurred. Flowering was not dependent on a large diurnal temperature range, but occurred only if the plants were subjected to a low temperature for at least 21 days.

scholarly journals Circuit robustness to temperature perturbation is altered by neuromodulators

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Haddad ◽  
Eve Marder
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Perturbation ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Cancer Borealis ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Phase Relationships ◽  
Pyloric Rhythm

SUMMARYIn the ocean, the crab, Cancer borealis, is subject to daily and seasonal temperature changes. Previous work, done in the presence of descending modulatory inputs, had shown that the pyloric rhythm of the crab increases in frequency as temperature increases, but maintains its characteristic phase relationships until it “crashes” at extreme high temperatures. To study the interaction between neuromodulators and temperature perturbations, we studied the effects of temperature on preparations from which the descending modulatory inputs were removed. Under these conditions the pyloric rhythm was destabilized. We then studied the effects of temperature on preparations in the presence of oxotremorine, proctolin, and serotonin. Oxotremorine and proctolin enhanced the robustness of the pyloric rhythm, while serotonin made the rhythm less robust. These experiments reveal considerable animal-to-animal diversity in their crash stability, consistent with the interpretation that cryptic differences in many cell and network parameters are revealed by extreme perturbations.

Temperature Effects on Translocation Patterns of Several Herbicides within Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
Jack Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Rhizome Growth ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Increasing Temperature

A growth cabinet study was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature on the distribution of several herbicides in quackgrass. Uniformly labeled14C-sucrose and the radiolabeled herbicides glyphosate, sethoxydim, cloproxydim, the butyl ester of fluazifop, the methyl ester of haloxyfop, and the ethyl ester of quizalofop were applied to quackgrass grown at three day / night temperature regimes (10/5, 20/15, and 30/25 C). Seven days after treatment the plants were harvested, lyophilized, and later sectioned, mapped, and oxidized in preparation for14C quantification. Quackgrass rhizome growth was more vigorous at 20/15 than 30/25 or 10/5 C. of the herbicides tested, haloxyfop was the most inhibitory to rhizome growth. Temperature increases from 10/5 to 20/15 or from 20/15 to 30/25 C resulted in more translocation to shoots. Increasing temperature had various effects on translocation to rhizomes depending on the chemical applied. At all three temperature regimes, more14C was recovered from distal than basal buds in plants treated with14C-sethoxydim. In contrast, at all three temperature regimes, similar amounts of14C were recovered from the distal and basal buds of plants treated with 14-C-sucrose.

scholarly journals The Effects of Temperature and Wetness Period on the Development of Spinach White Rust

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Sullivan ◽  
J. P. Damicone ◽  
M. E. Payton
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Wetness Period ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Experiments were conducted in controlled environments to determine the influence of temperature and duration of wetness on development of white rust of spinach. Plants of the susceptible cv. Kent were exposed to temperatures of 6 to 28°C and interrupted wetness periods that totaled 3 to 84 h following inoculation. Disease severity was assessed following further incubation in a greenhouse at 20 to 30°C. Disease was observed at all temperatures and increased with wetness duration. The optimum temperature for disease development ranged from 12 to 18°C. Only 3 h of wetness were required for disease development at 12 to 22°C. A minimum wetness period of 6 to 12 h was required for disease development at suboptimal temperatures. A multiple regression model describing the response surface of arcsine square root transformed disease severity was developed that had significant quadratic wetness effects, cubic temperature effects, and interaction between temperature and wetness. The resulting polynomial model provided a good fit to the observed data, accounting for 89% of the variation in transformed disease severity.

The effects of temperature on growth and development of water strider species (Heteroptera: Gerridae) of central British Columbia and implications for species packing

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1813-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Spence ◽  
D. Hughes Spence ◽  
G. G. E. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Species Packing ◽  
Larval Production ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The duration of life-cycle stages and the effects of temperature on development were assessed with laboratory rearing studies for six species of water striders which occur sympatrically in British Columbia. Larval production and development are strongly temperature dependent in all species studied. Temperature thresholds for development differ, both among species and often among stages of particular species. Instars of Gerris species showed distinct optimum temperatures for laboratory survival which varied with developmental threshold. Low thresholds calculated for G. pingreensis lead to significant growth advantages for this species during early spring. Threshold differences between species and instars appear to be adaptations to seasonal temperature regimes and to usual habitats occupied by gerrids. These relationships lead to temporal separation of species and help explain the patterns of habitat occupation observed in the study area.

scholarly journals Seed Developmental Temperature Regulation of Thermotolerance in Lettuce

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sung ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe ◽  
Russell T. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Lettuce Seed ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Lettuce Seed Germination ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
High Soil Temperature

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds can fail to germinate at temperatures above 24 °C. The degree of thermotolerance is thought to be at least partly related to the environment under which the seed developed. In order to study the effects of temperature during seed development on subsequent germination, various lettuce genotypes were screened for their ability to germinate at temperatures ranging from 20 to 38 °C. Seeds of the selected genotypes `Dark Green Boston' and `Valmaine' (thermosensitive), `Floricos 83', `Everglades', and PI 251245 (thermotolerant) were produced at 20/10, 25/15, 30/20, and 35/25 °C day/night temperature regimes in plant growth chambers. Seeds were germinated on a thermogradient bar from 24 to 36 °C under 12 h light/dark cycles. As germination temperature increased, the number of seeds that failed to germinate increased. Above 27 °C, seeds matured at 20/10 or 25/15 °C exhibited a lower percent germination than seeds that matured at 30/20 or 35/25 °C. Seeds of `Dark Green Boston' and `Everglades' that matured at 30/20 °C exhibited improved thermotolerance over those that matured at lower temperatures. Seeds of `Valmaine' produced at 20/10 °C exhibited 40% germination at 30 °C, but seeds that matured at higher temperatures exhibited over 95% germination. Germination of `Valmaine' at temperatures above 30 °C was not affected by seed maturation temperature. The upper temperature limit for germination of lettuce seed could thus be modified by manipulating the temperature during seed production. The potential thermotolerance of seed thereby increased, wherein thermosensitive genotypes became thermotolerant and thermotolerant genotypes (e.g., PI251245) germinated fully at 36 °C. This information is useful for improving lettuce seed germination during periods of high soil temperature, and can be used to study the biology of thermotolerance in lettuce.

scholarly journals Substrate Acidification by Geranium: Temperature Effects

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Taylor ◽  
Paul V. Nelson ◽  
Jonathan M. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Tissue Phosphorus

Sudden pH decline (SPD) describes the situation where crops growing at an appropriate pH rapidly (within 1–2 weeks) cause the substrate pH to shift downward one to two units. ‘Designer Dark Red’ geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey) were grown in three experiments to assess possible effects of temperature on SPD. The first experiment tested the effect of four day/night temperature regimes (14 °C day/10 °C night, 18 °C day/14 °C night, 22 °C day/18 °C night, and 26 °C day/22 °C night) on substrate acidification. At 63 days after transplanting (DAT), substrate pH declined from 6.8 to 4.6 as temperature increased. Tissue phosphorus (P) of plants grown at the highest three temperatures was extremely low (0.10%–0.14% of dry weight), and P stress has been reported to cause acidification. It was not possible to determine if the drop in substrate pH was a singular temperature effect or a combination of high temperature and low P. To resolve this, a second experiment tested a factorial combination of the three highest temperatures from the first experiment and five preplant P rates (0, 0.065, 0.13, 0.26, or 0.52 g·L−1 substrate). Regardless of tissue P concentrations, which ranged from deficient to above adequate, substrate pH decreased with increasing temperature. At 63 DAT, in the 0.065 and 0.13 P treatments, tissue P was deficient and pH decreased with increasing temperature from 5.6 to 4.7 and 5.9 to 4.7, respectively. In the 0.26 P treatment, tissue P was adequate at the lowest temperature and there was no acidification. At the mid- and highest temperatures, tissue P was deficient and statistically equivalent, yet pH decreased to 5.2 and 4.7, respectively. In the highest P treatment, tissue P levels were unaffected by temperature, above adequate, and pH declined with each increase in temperature from 6.5 to 5.0. The results at 63 DAT once more showed that temperature acted independent of tissue P and caused geraniums to acidify the substrate. In the third experiment, the amount of acidity produced by roots of plants grown at the two highest temperatures used in the first two experiments was quantified. Plants grown at the higher temperature produced 28% more acid per gram dry root. The results herein indicate that high temperature can induce SPD by geranium.

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