scholarly journals Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Growth of Barley

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Aspinall ◽  
LG Paleg
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Controlled Environments

The effects of variations in light intensity, photoperiod, and light quality on shoot dry weight, tillering, and leaf growth of barley (cv. Prior) have been examined in controlled environments. The rates of tillering and of dry matter production were primarily dependent upon the total radiant energy incident upon the plants. Tiller-iug was unaffected by changes in the photoperiod (independent of light energy) or in the spectral composition of the light which profoundly affected apical develop-ment. At low light intensities, tiller buds on the main axis only elongated, whereas at higher intensities secondary and higher�order tillers were produced. The largest number of tillers was associated with the coieoptile node, and tiller production declined regularly with each successive node up the main axis.

scholarly journals Differential Responses of Pak Choi and Edible Amaranth to an Elevated Temperature

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
San-Gwang Hwang ◽  
Hsiao-Chien Chao ◽  
Huey-Ling Lin
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Leafy Vegetable ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Pak Choi ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
White Leaf

Global surface temperatures are predicted to increase by 1 to 4 °C by the year 2100. To unravel the risks from rising temperature to Taiwan’s summer leafy vegetable production, the phenotypical and physiological responses of two leafy crops, pak choi (Brassica chinensis L. cv. Quanzhou) and edible amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. White leaf), were compared under an elevated temperature. A temperature increase from 28 to 32 °C resulted in lower leaf calcium, magnesium, and manganese concentrations (dry weight basis) in pak choi without significant changes in shoot dry weight, suggesting potential negative effects of the elevated temperature on pak choi leaf nutrient status. However, increased temperature promoted both root and leaf growth in edible amaranth, which may be beneficial to its yield, making edible amaranth a potential summer leafy vegetable crop for Taiwan. Furthermore, a temperature change from 28 to 32 °C resulted in a higher leaf nitrate concentration in edible amaranth, because of the lower nitrate reductase activity (NRA). Thus, suitable nitrogen fertilization rates and programs under elevated temperature conditions should be reconsidered in the future. To sum up, a future rise in summer temperatures may impose negative impacts on pak choi leaf nutrient status but positive impacts on edible amaranth production.

scholarly journals Phasic Temperature Change Patterns Affect Growth and Tuberization in Potatoes

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixing Cao ◽  
Theodore W. Tibbitts
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Change ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Tuber Development ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Two Temperature

This study determined the responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Norland) plants to various patterns of air temperature changes over different growth periods (phasic temperature changes). In each of two experiments under controlled environments, eight treatments of temperature changes were carried out in two growth rooms maintained at 17 and 22C and a constant vapor pressure deficit of 0.60 kPa and 14-hour photoperiod. Plants were grown for 63 days after transplanting of tissue culture plantlets in 20-liter pots containing peat-vermiculite mix. Temperature changes were imposed on days 21 and 42, which were essentially at the beginning of tuber initiation and tuber enlargement, respectively, for this cultivar. Plants were moved between two temperature rooms to obtain eight temperature change patterns: 17-17-17, 17-17-22, 17-22-17, 22-17-17, 17-22-22, 22-17-22, 22-22-17, and 22-22-22C over three 21-day growth periods. At harvest on day 63, total plant dry weight was higher for the treatments beginning with 22C than for those beginning with 17C, with highest biomass obtained at 22-22-17 and 22-17-17C. Shoot dry weight increased with temperature increases from 17-17-17 to 22-22-22C during the three growth periods. Tuber dry weight was highest with 22-17-17C, and lowest with 17-17-22 and 17-22-22C. With 22-17-17C, both dry weights of stolons and roots were lowest. Total tuber number and number of small tubers (<2.5 cm) were highest with 17-17-17 and 17-17-22C, and lowest with 17-22-22 and 22-22-22C, whereas number of medium tubers (2.5-5.0 cm) was highest with 22-17-22C, and number of large tubers (>5.0 cm) was highest with 22-17-17C. This study indicates that tuber development of potatoes is optimized with a phasic pattern of high temperature during early growth and low temperature during later growth.

Vernalization Requirements for Flowering of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Growing Conditions

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host. ♯3 AEGCY) has a quantitative requirement for vernalization in order to flower. In greenhouse and field studies, increasing periods of vernalization progressively reduced the number of days needed for plants to mature following transfer from the cold treatment to favorable growing conditions. Plants that had been vernalized at 3 ± 2 C for 8 weeks as imbibed seed took 120 days to flower following transfer to the greenhouse. Unvernalized controls flowered 197 to 222 days after planting in the greenhouse. Lengthening periods of vernalization from 2 to 8 weeks increased the number of seedheads per plant and dry weight per seedhead. Vernalized plants partitioned more dry matter into seedheads than unvernalized controls. The ratio of seedhead dry weight to vegetative shoot dry weight increased with duration of vernalization, even though vernalization did not alter total shoot dry-matter production. In field studies, plants that were established in the fall flowered sooner and more synchronously after resumption of growth in the spring than those that were planted in the spring and flowered in the summer. Plants seeded after May failed to flower in the same summer.

scholarly journals Effect of Bradyrhizobium Inoculation on Nodulation, Biomass Production and Yield of Mungbean

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
M Asadul Haque Bhuiyan ◽  
Mosharraf Hossain Mian
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
Shoot Weight

Experiments with or without Bradyrhizobium was carried out with five mungbean varieties at Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm during kharif-I 2001 and kharif-I 2002 seasons to observe nodulation, biomass production and yield of mungbean. Significant influences of the mungbean varieties were observed on nodulation, biomass production and yield. BARI Mung-2 produced the highest nodule number, nodule weight, shoot weight, seed yield (1.03 t/ha in 2001 and 0.78 t/ha in 2002) and stover yield (2.24 t/ha in 2001 and 2.01 t/ha in 2002). Application of Bradyrhizobium inoculant produced significant effect on nodulation, shoot dry weight, seed and stover yields in both trials conducted in two consecutive years. Seed inoculation significantly increased seed (0.98 t/ha in 2001, 27% increase over control and 0.75 t/ha in 2002, 29% increase over control) and stover (2.31 t/ha in 2001 and 2.04 t/ha in 2002) yields of mungbean. Inoculated BARI Mung-2 produced the highest nodulation, dry matter production, seed and stover yields. Considering nodulation, biomass production and seed and yields, BARI Mung-2 was found as the best variety among the five. BARI Mung-5 produced the second highest seed yield followed by BARI Mung-4 and BINA Mung-2, and the lowest seed yield was observed in Barisal local. Keywords: Mungbean, Nodulation, Bradyrhizobium DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i2.1251 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 2, December 2007, pp 95-99

Shoot phenology and water relations of Piceaglauca

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Shoot Phenology

Piceaglauca var. albertiana (S. Brown) Sarg. shoot phenology and water relation parameters were monitored monthly for 1 year. Seedlings were kept outdoors, well watered, and exposed to seasonal changes in temperature and day length. Changes in shoot water relation parameters corresponded with changes in phenology. During spring, shoot elongation, osmotic potential at saturation, and turgor loss point were least negative, −1.30 and −1.56 MPa, respectively, whereas bulk modulus of elasticity at full turgor was at its highest, 22 MPa. Both osmotic potential at saturation and turgor loss point were most negative, −2.01 and −2.73 MPa, respectively, during late winter just before bud break. Shoot dry weight fraction was at its lowest, 0.33 g dry wt./g shoot weight and maximum symplastic water per unit weight of shoot tissue was at its highest, 3.99 g H2O/g dry wt., during spring shoot elongation. Number of osmoles of solute per kilogram shoot dry weight was highest during spring and late summer shoot elongation phases, 1.03 and 0.91 osmol/kg dry wt., respectively. These data suggest that P. glauca seedlings do not adjust well to dry site conditions.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT WATERING REGIMES ON THE GROWTH OF TALINUM TRIANGULARE JACQ. (WATER LEAF)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surukite O. Oluwole ◽  
Mautin Lawrence Ogun ◽  
Olusesan O. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
State University ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Talinum Triangulare ◽  
Optimum Water

Introduction: Climate change is an ecological challenge faced by the whole world especially Lagos state. This has resulted into water stress problems faced by plants and animals; thus, reducing their availability, production and yield. Aim: Talinum triangulare (water leaf) growth is hinged on the availability of optimum water in soil. It is against this that this requirement study tends to determine the effects of different watering regimes on the growth of water leaf. Materials and methods: Seeds obtained from Lagos State Agricultural Inputs Supply, Ojo, Lagos State were planted in pots filled with loamy soil. Watering regime experiments viz adequately watered (control), moderately water stressed, strongly watered stressed and very wet were carried out on the growth of T. triangulare for 7 weeks at the greenhouse, Department of Botany, Lagos State University. Results: The data collected were analyzed and results revealed that the adequately watered (control) and moderately water stressed (dry treated) seedlings performed better in terms of stem height, root and shoot dry weight, number of leaves and total biomass. The strongly watered stressed seedlings also experienced growth which was rapid initially but later slowed down abruptly. The very wet treated seedlings had stunted growth but flowered first alongside the strongly watered stressed seedlings. It was also observed that the control and strongly water stressed seedlings contained higher mineral nutrients. Conclusion: Adequately watered (control) and moderately water stressed (dry treated) treatments are the best watering regimes for the growth of T. triangulare.

scholarly journals Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Growth of Barley IV. Genetically Controlled Variation in Response to Photoperiod

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Wide Range

Apical growth, floral development, stem elongation, tillering, and dry weight at ear emergence were compared for 10 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in a range of photoperiods. All the varieties could be described as quanti. tative long. day plants but there was a wide range of response to the photoperiod. In all the varieties and over all photoperiods, apical primordium production was linked with floral organogenesis, suggesting a common mechanism of photoperiodic influence on the two proce~es. The control of internode elongation, however, varied between different varieties, commencing at a much earlier stage of floral organogenesis in some varieties than in others. Tillering appeared to be controlled more by the amount of energy available for photosynthesis than by any photoperiodic process, and this was also an important factor in shoot dry weight at ear emergence.

Grain yield and flowering of some introduced grain legumes in South Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lathyrus Cicera ◽  
Genotype A

Data are presented for time of flowering, total shoot dry weight and grain yield of White Brunswick pea (Pisum sativum), six introduced peas and one introduction each of Lathyrus sativus and Lathyrus cicera from ten plot experiments conducted in South Australia over the period 1955-1 960.None of the introduced legumes flowered earlier than White Brunswick peas and only one, possibly, has a greater capacity for higher grain yield. L. cicera on the other hand gave 25 per cent greater yield over all sites and seasons with an average of 2.84 tonne ha-1.The ratio between grain yield and total shoot dry weight varied with genotype and between seasons with a genotype. A low ratio was not always associated with low dry matter production.

scholarly journals Flavonoid Compounds and Photosynthesis in Passiflora Plant Leaves under Varying Light Intensities

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Wan Ni ◽  
Kuan-Hung Lin ◽  
Kai-Hsien Chen ◽  
Chun-Wei Wu ◽  
Yu-Sen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Leaf Number

Functional constituents in the leaves of Passiflora plants contain antidepressant and antianxiety effects which are beneficial to human health and fitness. The objective of this study was to investigate leaf growth, physiological parameters, and secondary metabolite contents of Tainung No. 1 variety (P. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa.) and P. suberosa in response to three light intensity conditions, including 100% light intensity (LI-100), 50% light intensity (LI-50), and 15% light intensity (LI-15) for 2 months. The leaf number, length, width, area, dry weight (DW), minimal fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values of all tested plants increased with a decreasing light intensity, except for the leaf number and DW of P. suberosa plants. Low values of the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of Tainung No. 1 leaves in the LI-15 treatment showed the acclimation capacity of these plants. These observations together with high values of leaf growth traits of Fo, Fm, SPAD, and the intercellular-to-atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio indicate their physiological plasticity, which is of fundamental importance when cultivating plants in environments with different light availabilities. Wide variations occurred in total phenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), orientin (OR), and isovitexin (IV) contents of the two Passiflora varieties, and P. suberosa contained higher TP and TF contents than did Tainung No. 1 in each light treatment but IV content of P. suberosa was lower than that of Tainung No. 1 in the LI-15 treatment. Moreover, increases in TF, OR, and IV contents of Tainung No. 1 and P. suberosa were clear in the LI-50 and LI-100 treatments, respectively, compared to LI-15 treatment. Leaf growth, physiological parameters, and secondary metabolite accumulations in Passiflora species can be optimized for commercial production via lighting control technologies, and this approach may also be applicable to leafy vegetables to produce a stable industrial supply of high leaf yields and metabolite contents.

scholarly journals Regulation of Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthesis in the Soil Bacterium Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (14) ◽  
pp. 4299-4308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Quelas ◽  
S. Mesa ◽  
E. J. Mongiardini ◽  
D. Jendrossek ◽  
A. R. Lodeiro
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production

ABSTRACTPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a carbon and energy reserve polymer in various prokaryotic species. We determined that, when grown with mannitol as the sole carbon source,Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiensproduces a homopolymer composed only of 3-hydroxybutyrate units (PHB). Conditions of oxygen limitation (such as microoxia, oxic stationary phase, and bacteroids inside legume nodules) were permissive for the synthesis of PHB, which was observed as cytoplasmic granules. To study the regulation of PHB synthesis, we generated mutations in the regulator genephaRand the phasin genesphaP1andphaP4. Under permissive conditions, mutation ofphaRimpaired PHB accumulation, and aphaP1 phaP4double mutant produced more PHB than the wild type, which was accumulated in a single, large cytoplasmic granule. Moreover, PhaR negatively regulated the expression ofphaP1andphaP4as well as the expression ofphaA1andphaA2(encoding a 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A [CoA] thiolases),phaC1andphaC2(encoding PHB synthases), andfixK2(encoding a cyclic AMP receptor protein [CRP]/fumarate and nitrate reductase regulator [FNR]-type transcription factor of genes for microoxic lifestyle). In addition to the depressed PHB cycling,phaRmutants accumulated more extracellular polysaccharides and promoted higher plant shoot dry weight and competitiveness for nodulation than the wild type, in contrast to thephaC1mutant strain, which is defective in PHB synthesis. These results suggest thatphaRnot only regulates PHB granule formation by controlling the expression of phasins and biosynthetic enzymes but also acts as a global regulator of excess carbon allocation and symbiosis by controllingfixK2.IMPORTANCEIn this work, we investigated the regulation of polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis in the soybean-nodulating bacteriumBradyrhizobium diazoefficiensand its influence in bacterial free-living and symbiotic lifestyles. We uncovered a new interplay between the synthesis of this carbon reserve polymer and the network responsible for microoxic metabolism through the interaction between the gene regulatorsphaRandfixK2. These results contribute to the understanding of the physiological conditions required for polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesis. The interaction between these two main metabolic pathways is also reflected in the symbiotic phenotypes of soybeans inoculated withphaRmutants, which were more competitive for nodulation and enhanced dry matter production by the plants. Therefore, this knowledge may be applied to the development of superior strains to be used as improved inoculants for soybean crops.

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