scholarly journals Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Growth of Barley IV. Genetically Controlled Variation in Response to Photoperiod

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Wide Range

Apical growth, floral development, stem elongation, tillering, and dry weight at ear emergence were compared for 10 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in a range of photoperiods. All the varieties could be described as quanti. tative long. day plants but there was a wide range of response to the photoperiod. In all the varieties and over all photoperiods, apical primordium production was linked with floral organogenesis, suggesting a common mechanism of photoperiodic influence on the two proce~es. The control of internode elongation, however, varied between different varieties, commencing at a much earlier stage of floral organogenesis in some varieties than in others. Tillering appeared to be controlled more by the amount of energy available for photosynthesis than by any photoperiodic process, and this was also an important factor in shoot dry weight at ear emergence.

scholarly journals Role of Gibberellin A4 and Gibberellin Biosynthesis Inhibitors on Flowering and Stem Elongation in Petunia under Modified Light Environments

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Cerny-Koenig ◽  
J.E. Faust ◽  
N.C. Rajapakse
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Growing Environment ◽  
Ga Biosynthesis

In our previous experiments, greenhouse films that selectively remove far-red (FR) light from the growing environment reduced the stem elongation but delayed anthesis of long day plants. In the present research we investigated if the application of gibberellin A4 and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis inhibitors could overcome the delay in anthesis of petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm.-Andr.), a quantitative long-day plant, under a FR light deficient environment. The GA biosynthesis inhibitors prohexadione-Ca and exo-C-16,17-dihydro GA5 (GA5) were used because of their ability to prevent catabolism of active GAs. Anthesis and stem elongation were investigated under control, red (R; 600 to 700 nm) and FR (700 to 800 nm) light-absorbing (AR and AFR) films. The R:FR ratios of control, AR, and AFR films were 1.03, 0.71, and 1.51, respectively. Air temperatures among treatment chambers were not different. AR film did not affect anthesis or stem elongation, but AFR film reduced stem elongation and delayed anthesis by 12 days. Exogenous application of GA5 had no effect on stem elongation, shoot dry weight or days to anthesis at any concentration (0 to 100 mg·L-1) tested under control, AR, or AFR films. Anthesis was delayed with increasing concentration (0 to 200 mg·L-1) of prohexadione-Ca under all treatments. Prohexadione-Ca at 200 mg·L-1 delayed anthesis by 11 and 7 days under the control and AFR film, respectively, suggesting an interaction between light quality and prohexadione-Ca treatment. Exogenous GA4 accelerated anthesis under both films but the promotion was greater under the AFR films. However, GA4 treatment increased stem elongation and the increase in stem elongation was greater under the AFR film. Addition of GA5 to GA4 had no added effect on flowering and failed to reduce stem elongation. Therefore, GA or GA inhibitors are not suitable for flower promotion under AFR films.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SEVERAL GROWING MEDIA FOR USE IN NITROGEN FIXATION RESEARCH

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1166b-1166
Author(s):  
Stephanie Rademan ◽  
Dyremple Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Wide Range

A wide range of methodologies, ranging from Leonard jar to growth pouch have been used to investigate the nitrogen fixation process in leguminous crops. The effectiveness of most of these research methods have been questioned. Problems encountered vary from difficulty in root separation to water log conditions. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of different growing media on nodule development and harvestability. Black and Red seed coat kidney bean were surface sterilized and inoculated with the Rhizobium phaseoli strain UMR 1899. Seeds were planted in 8.5 cm diameter sterile clay pots containing the respective growing medium. These growing media were sand, Promix GM, Promix BX, and fritted clay. The black seed coat kidney bean had higher germination rate under all media for all dates recorded. Black kidney bean grown in sand and fritted clay had plant heights significantly greater than ones grown in the other media on the third harvest date. Nodule activities as measured by shoot dry weight and nodule number were significantly higher in both beans grown in fritted clay than in other media. Promix GM plants with dry weight of .45g for the black bean and .32g for the red beans were the lowest. Nodule separation from the growing media was easiest when plants were grown in sand, however, this was not significantly different from that of plants grown in fritted clay.

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS PLANT MORPHOLOGY OF BEGONIA × HIEMALIS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1086f-1086
Author(s):  
M. G. Karlsson ◽  
J. W. Werner ◽  
H.C.H. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Long Day ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Short Days

The effect of temperature during the initial long day period on morphology and plant dry weight was determined for Begonia × hiemalis `Hilda'. Multistem cuttings were planted in 10 cm pots and grown at 13°, 16°, 19°, 22°, 25° or 28°C. The day length was 16 hours at an irradiance level of 280 ± 20 μmol·m-2s-1. After 21 days, the plants were moved to a greenhouse maintained at 20° ± 2°C and short days of 10 hours at 125 ± 20 μmol·m-2s-1. The plants were grown under short days for 14 days and then moved to a day length of 16 hours. At data collection 21 days later (56 days from planting), plant height averaged 185 mm for plants initially grown at 13°, 16°, 19° or 22°C while pants originally grown at 25° and 28°C were 40 and 78 mm shorter than plants started at lower temperatures. The mean number of shoots was 4 on plants exposed to 16°, 19°, 22° or 25°C during early development and decrease to 3 shoots for plants grown initially at 13° or 28°C. The average flower number on the main shoot was similar for plants first exposed to low and intermediate temperatures but decreased rapidly to 0 for plants with early exposure to 28°C. Plants in treatments with early temperatures of 19° or 22°C had the largest above ground dry weight at an average 460 mg.

RESPONSE OF A HYBRID POPLAR CLONE TO SOIL ACIDIFICATION AND LIMING

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. TIMMER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Poplar Cuttings

Unrooted hybrid poplar cuttings were grown in a greenhouse at varying soil pH. The soil was a loamy fine sand (pH 5.7) collected from an Ap horizon of a forest tree nursery. The pH was adjusted over a wide range by incorporating different rates of powdered lime or elemental sulfur. Lime additions failed to improve growth significantly over a 20-wk period, and excessive liming to pH 7.6 reduced shoot dry weight by 33%, probably because of decreased availability of micronutrients. Sulfur, acidifying the soil to pH 4.1, depressed growth as much as 76%. This growth inhibition was closely associated with increased Al in both foliage and soil as well as reduced foliar uptake of the other essential nutrients. Maximum height growth of clone DTAC-32 occurred between pH 6.0 and 7.0, which falls within the general guidelines for producing hardwood nursery stock. Key words: Populus, soil pH, aluminum toxicity, micronutrient deficiency

Influence of Environment on Metabolism of Propanil in Rice

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Root Treatment

The metabolism of 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) to 3,4-dichloroaniline (hereinafter referred to as 3,4-DCA) andN-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)glucosylamine (hereinafter referred to as 3,4-DCAG) was quantitatively modified in rice (Oryza sativaL. ‘Nato’) by temperature and day length. The propanil, 3,4-DCA, and 3,4-DCAG content of rice was determined 1, 2, 5, and 8 days after root treatment with 92 μM propanil. Plants were grown and treated under long-day (16 hr) and short-day (12 hr) conditions with day temperatures of 32, 27, or 21 C and night temperatures of 21 C. Absorption and metabolism of propanil were most rapid under high temperature and long day conditions. A mean value of 0.75 μmoles total of aniline equivalent per plant was obtained. Greater quantities of 3,4-DCA and 3,4-DCAG were recovered from plants in high temperature, long day environments. An average of 47% of the propanil plus water-soluble metabolites in rice was in root tissue. Conditions favoring high growth rates and transpiration increased the percentage in the shoots. Because of the increased tissue mass at high temperatures, mean concentrations of propanil plus water-soluble metabolites in plant tissue were reduced from 0.18 to 0.12 μmoles/g dry weight.

scholarly journals Moderate sodium has positive effects on shoots but not roots of salt-tolerant barley grown in a potassium-deficient sandy soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifu Ma ◽  
Richard Bell ◽  
Ross Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency

In the agricultural lands of south-western Australia, salinity severely affects about 1 million hectares, and there is also widespread occurrence of potassium (K) deficiency. This study investigated whether the effects of sodium (Na) on crop K nutrition vary with plant salt sensitivity. In a glasshouse experiment with loamy sand, two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Gairdner, salt sensitive, and cv. CM72, salt tolerant) and one wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Wyalkatchem, salt tolerant) were first grown in soil containing 30 mg extractable K/kg for 4 weeks to create mildly K-deficient plants, then subjected to Na (as NaCl) and additional K treatments for 3 weeks. Although high Na (300 mg Na/kg) reduced leaf numbers, moderate Na (100 mg Na/kg) hastened leaf development in barley cultivars but not in wheat. In the salt-tolerant CM72, moderate Na also increased tiller numbers, shoot dry weight and Na accumulation, but not root growth. The positive effect of moderate Na on shoot growth in CM72 was similar to that of adding 45 mg K/kg. Root growth relative to shoot growth was enhanced by adequate K supply (75 mg K/kg) compared with K deficiency, but not by Na supply. Soil Na greatly reduced the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in shoots and roots, while additional K supply increased the K/Na ratio with little effect on the Ca/Na ratio. The study showed that the substitution of K by Na in barley and wheat was influenced not only by plant K status, but by the potential for Na uptake in roots and Na accumulation in shoots, which may play a major role in salt tolerance. The increased growth in shoots but not roots of salt-tolerant CM72 in response to moderate Na and the greater adverse effect of soil K deficiency on roots than shoots in all genotypes would make the low-K plants more vulnerable to saline and water-limited environments.

Photosynthesis of newly matured leaves during the ontogeny of barley grown at different nutrient levels

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (21) ◽  
pp. 2389-2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ma ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Length And Area ◽  
Hoagland Nutrient Solution

Various growth characteristics were measured throughout ontogeny for barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Brant) grown in silica sand and irrigated daily with one-eighth (0.125 N), one-fourth (0.25 N), and one-half (0.5 N) dilutions of a modified Hoagland nutrient solution, at day–night temperatures of 25–20 °C, an irradiance of 53 nE cm−2 s−1 (400–700 nm), and a day length of 15.5 h.The net CO2 exchange rate (NCE) of newly matured leaf laminae did not differ between measurements made at the same irradiance before and after noon. By contrast, NCE was greater at all stages except stem elongation for plants supplied with 0.5 N nutrient solution than for those receiving 0.25 N and 0.125 N solutions. The nutrient effect was apparent even for the first leaf produced. A distinct ontogenetic pattern of change in leaf NCE was apparent under all nutrient treatments: NCE increased from leaf 1 to leaf 3, remained constant between leaf 3 and leaf 5, declined between leaf 6 and leaf 9, and then increased markedly from leaf 10 onwards. The changes in leaf NCE appeared to be associated with major events in ontogeny.Rate of leaf appearance was constant through ontogeny and was not affected by nutrient supply. Final leaf number was greater for the 0.5 N nutrient solution. Leaf length, width, area, and specific weight increased throughout the early stages of ontogeny, and decreased later. The decrease in leaf length and area was less for plants supplied with more nutrients.

Shoot phenology and water relations of Piceaglauca

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Shoot Phenology

Piceaglauca var. albertiana (S. Brown) Sarg. shoot phenology and water relation parameters were monitored monthly for 1 year. Seedlings were kept outdoors, well watered, and exposed to seasonal changes in temperature and day length. Changes in shoot water relation parameters corresponded with changes in phenology. During spring, shoot elongation, osmotic potential at saturation, and turgor loss point were least negative, −1.30 and −1.56 MPa, respectively, whereas bulk modulus of elasticity at full turgor was at its highest, 22 MPa. Both osmotic potential at saturation and turgor loss point were most negative, −2.01 and −2.73 MPa, respectively, during late winter just before bud break. Shoot dry weight fraction was at its lowest, 0.33 g dry wt./g shoot weight and maximum symplastic water per unit weight of shoot tissue was at its highest, 3.99 g H2O/g dry wt., during spring shoot elongation. Number of osmoles of solute per kilogram shoot dry weight was highest during spring and late summer shoot elongation phases, 1.03 and 0.91 osmol/kg dry wt., respectively. These data suggest that P. glauca seedlings do not adjust well to dry site conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of different day length and wind conditions to the seedling growth performance of Phragmites australis

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mun Gi Hong ◽  
Bo Eun Nam ◽  
Jae Geun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Vertical Growth ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Day

Abstract Background To understand shade and wind effects on seedling traits of common reed (Phragmites australis), we conducted a mesocosm experiment manipulating day length (10 h daytime a day as open canopy conditions or 6 h daytime a day as partially closed canopy conditions) and wind speed (0 m/s as windless conditions or 4 m/s as windy conditions). Results Most values of functional traits of leaf blades, culms, and biomass production of P. australis were higher under long day length. In particular, we found sole positive effects of long day length in several functional traits such as internode and leaf blade lengths and the values of above-ground dry weight (DW), rhizome DW, and total DW. Wind-induced effects on functional traits were different depending on functional traits. Wind contributed to relatively low values of chlorophyll contents, angles between leaf blades, mean culm height, and maximum culm height. In contrast, wind contributed to relatively high values of culm density and below-ground DW. Conclusions Although wind appeared to inhibit the vertical growth of P. australis through physiological and morphological changes in leaf blades, it seemed that P. australis might compensate the inhibited vertical growth with increased horizontal growth such as more numerous culms, indicating a highly adaptive characteristic of P. australis in terms of phenotypic plasticity under windy environments.

scholarly journals Use of Cold Water for Irrigation Reduces Stem Elongation of Plug-grown Tomato and Cabbage Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junne-Jih Chen ◽  
Yung-Wei Sun ◽  
Tzay-Fa Sheen
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Different Temperatures

Seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata) were planted in 240-cell plug trays in the greenhouse and subjected to irrigation with water at different temperatures once a day. Irrigation with cold (5 to 15 °C) water reduced stem length of tomato by 28% to 32% in comparison with irrigation with water at room temperature (27.5 to 30.5 °C). Use of water at 10 °C did not affect total shoot dry weight but increased the shoot dry weight per centimeter of stem. Irrigation with water at 5 °C reduced stem length of cabbage seedlings 40%, but use of water at 10 and 15 °C did not. Both shoot and root dry weights were increased by irrigation with water at 10 °C. These results demonstrate that irrigation with cold water provides an effective method for improving the quality of plug-grown seedlings.

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