scholarly journals The Interaction of Ph, Tonicity, and Electrolyte Concentration on the Motility of Fowl Spermatozoa

1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Wales ◽  
IG White
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Electrolyte Concentration ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Sodium Phosphates

The motility of fowl spermatozoa has been studied in vitro under various modifications of pH, osmotic pressure, and chemical composition of diluents. The glucose and sodium chloride content of the diluents has been varied to give tonicities ranging between that of 0�45 and 1�8 per cent. sodium chloride. Tliese diluents were buffered with citric acid-disodium phosphate, sodium phosphates, or sodium carbonate-bicarbonate mixtures which were equally innocuous.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

I. In normal animals the injection of caffeine slightly diminishes the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, in spite of the fact that the amount of fluid and sodium chloride eliminated through the kidneys is markedly increased. The lessened absorption of fluid is due to a slight lowering of the osmotic pressure of the blood. II. In nephrectomized animals caffeine increases the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity; the increase in absorption is greater in nephrectomized animals which received caffeine than in nephrectomized animals which did not receive this substance, and it is due to additive increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood. In a similar manner, caffeine increases the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity in animals in which, instead of nephrectomy, other operations, not directly affecting the kidneys, had been performed. In this case also the increase in absorption is presumably preceded by and due to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood. III. In animals injected with uranium nitrate three days previously, caffeine diminishes the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, notwithstanding the high osmotic pressure of the blood which we observe in such animals. This agrees with the results of our previous experiments in which we found that in animals injected with uranium nitrate the absorption of fluid is not increased in spite of the rise of the osmotic pressure of the blood. IV. At the time of the conclusion of the absorption experiments, the amount of fluid retained in the vessels was found to be diminished in each series in which caffeine was used. Only in certain cases can this be due to the increased amount of fluid leaving the blood vessels through the kidneys; in other cases it can only be due to a movement of water from the blood vessels into the tissues caused by the injection of caffeine. V. In normal animals, in nephrectomized animals and in animals in which an operation not directly affecting the kidneys had been performed, caffeine causes an absolute and relative increase in the elimination of sodium chloride from the peritoneal fluid, as a result of which the remaining peritoneal fluid shows a lessened content of sodium chloride. Caffeine causes also a decrease in the sodium chloride content of the blood. We see, therefore, that under the influence of caffeine a greater amount of sodium chloride is eliminated from the body fluids into the tissues or through the kidneys. The factors which cause the sodium chloride to leave the body fluids are probably primarily responsible for the diuresis which takes place after administration of caffeine. In the case of caffeine and other similar substances the diuresis is, therefore, in all probability not due primarily to a specific action of the kidney, but to conditions which affect the distribution of sodium chloride in the body. VI. The distribution coefficient of other osmotically active substances differs from that of sodium chloride. These other substances have a tendency to move into the body fluids in increased quantities under the influence of caffeine. VII. Summarizing all experiments in which we studied the absorption from the peritoneal cavity, we may state that changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood represent the principal factor in explaining the variations in the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. VIII. There exists no direct relation between an increase in the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity and an increase in the amount of urine secreted. If it should be found that even at a period following the injection of caffeine, later than that at which we have studied the absorption, a rise of the osmotic pressure of the blood does not appear, then we may state that the diminution in the amount of edema in the body cavities resulting from the administration of caffeine is entirely due to an inhibition of the production of edema and not to an increased absorption of fluid from the serous body cavities.

The Mechanism of Urine Formation in Invertebrates

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. R. PICKEN
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Anodonta Cygnea ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Urine Formation

1. In Anodonta cygnea: (a) The blood has a vapour pressure equivalent to that of a solution of ca. 0.10 per cent sodium chloride. (b) The pericardial fluid is isotonic with the blood. (c) The urine has a vapour pressure equivalent to that of a solution of ca. 0.06 per cent sodium chloride. (d) The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is ca. 6 cm. of water. (e) The calculated colloid osmotic pressure is ca. 3.8 mm. of water. (f) The average rate of filtration of fluid into the pericardium is ca. 250 c.c. in 24 hours. (g) The salt uptake from ingested phytoplankton is estimated as equivalent to 0.012. g. sodium chloride in 24 hours. (h) The loss of osmotically active substance in the urine is estimated as equivalent to 0.15 g. sodium chloride in 24 hours. 2. In Limnaea peregra the vapour pressure of the blood is equivalent to that of a solution of ca. 0.43 per cent sodium chloride. The pericardial fluid is isotonic with the blood, and the urine has a concentration equivalent to ca. 0.30 per cent sodium chloride. 3. In Limnaea stagnalis the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is ca. 8 cm. of water. The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is ca. 2.5 cm. of water (calculated); that of the pericardial fluid is ca. 0.7 cm. of water.

scholarly journals THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF THE AQUEOUS HUMOR AND PLASMA OF THE RABBIT

1951 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Everett Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
Anions And Cations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

Measurements were made of the osmotic pressure of plasma, and of aqueous humor taken from the anterior chamber of the right and left eyes and from the posterior chamber of unanesthetized rabbits. Aqueous humor from the anterior chamber was found to be hypertonic to the plasma by approximately 3 mM/liter equivalent of sodium chloride. The aqueous humor from the anterior and posterior chambers of the right and left eyes was isotonic. The concentration of chloride in the anterior and posterior chambers was the same. The concentration of all the major components of the aqueous humor and plasma has been determined by chemical analysis on fluid samples obtained from unanesthetized rabbits at approximately the same time. The calculated osmotic pressure of the total of these substances in terms of sodium chloride equivalent agrees to within better than 1 per cent of the total osmotic pressure as measured experimentally. The distribution of some individual anions and cations of the aqueous humor and plasma was determined. This distribution is widely different from that which would obtain at a state of equilibrium. The positive and negative charges carried by the ions in the aqueous humor were approximately equal. Sources of error in the experiments are discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Cent Sodium

1. Adrenalin injected intraperitoneally increases the rapidity of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, independently of whether the solution to be absorbed is hypotonic or hypertonic or is approximately isotonic with the blood serum. The intravenous injection of adrenalin also increases the absorption of fluid, but not so markedly as does the intraperitoneal injection. 2. Adrenalin injected either intraperitoneally or intravenously increases the quantity of sodium chloride absorbed. The relative absorption of sodium chloride—the movement from the peritoneal cavity of sodium chloride, as compared with the movement of water—is slightly increased when 0.85 per cent. of sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected intraperitoneally; but it is diminished when adrenalin is injected intravenously, or when 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected. When distilled water has been injected intraperitoneally, adrenalin decreases the relative amount of sodium chloride in the peritoneal fluid—a fact that is evidently related to the increased elimination of sodium chloride through the kidneys under the influence of adrenalin. 3. When 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood becomes diluted after two hours and a half. When adrenalin is also injected, the dilution of the blood is less marked, in spite of the increased absorption under the influence of adrenalin. When distilled water is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood is diluted equally in control and adrenalin experiments. When 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected, the dilution of the blood is very slight, and in adrenalin experiments it is the same as in control experiments or very slightly greater than in control experiments. 4. The increase of absorption from the peritoneal cavity caused by the injection of adrenalin is not due to the increased diuresis caused by the injection of this substance. 5. The injection of adrenalin causes a temporary increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood, which gradually returns to normal. Under certain conditions, after the injection of adrenalin, there is a tendency toward maintaining the higher osmotic pressure of the blood serum, even up to the end of the experiment. We have reason to believe that this increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood is the main factor in increasing the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 6. In experiments in which 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution has been injected intraperitoneally, either with or without adrenalin, there exists a tendency of the peritoneal fluid to attain a greater osmotic pressure than the blood serum, in spite of the fact that the injected fluid is slightly hypotonic as compared with the blood serum. We note a similar condition in cases of general edema in man, in which the osmotic pressure of the ascitic fluid is greater than that of the other edematous fluids, or even that of the blood serum. There exists, therefore, a mechanism that causes the passage of osmotically active substances from the blood or from the tissues into the peritoneal cavity, and that causes the osmotic pressure of the peritoneal fluid to become higher than that of the blood. It follows from our experiments that this mechanism, which causes the ascites in edematous persons to have such a high osmotic pressure, is not dependent upon certain pathological changes in the lining membranes or upon other pathological conditions, but exists already in normal animals. 7. The addition of 1.22 per cent. calcium chloride solution to 0.83 per cent. sodium chloride solution, in such proportions as we used in our infusion experiments, in which we determined the transudation into the peritoneal cavity, delays the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity but very slightly. Therefore, calcium chloride increases directly the transudation into the peritoneal cavity and does not cause an increase in the amount of fluid in the peritoneal cavity merely by inhibiting the absorption. 8. It follows that adrenalin does not increase the amount of peritoneal transudate found after the intravenous infusion of large quantities of sodium chloride solution, to which adrenalin has been added, by delaying the absorption from the peritoneal cavity. The increased amounts of peritoneal fluid must be due to increased transudation into the peritoneal cavity; and the adrenalin, in view of its marked effect on absorption from the peritoneal cavity, must increase the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity much more strongly than could be assumed from the figures obtained in the infusion experiments.

Determination of the Sodium Chloride Content of Sausages by near Infrared Spectroscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Ellekjær ◽  
K.I. Hildrum ◽  
T. Næs ◽  
T. Isaksson
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Comparable Accuracy ◽  
Potential Methods

Near infrared (NIR) reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy were studied as potential methods for determination of the sodium chloride (NaCl) content of sausages. Fifty-seven batches of sausages with varying chemical composition were produced. The NaCl content of the sausages varied between 1.4 and 2.2%. NIR reflectance and transmittance analyses were performed on both the sausage-mixes and the sausages. Comparable accuracy was achieved when performing the NIR analysis of either the sausage-mixes or the sausages. The NIR reflectance and transmittance methods were able to determine the NaCl content of the sausages with prediction errors of 0.04% and 0.07%, respectively. This suggests that both methods could be utilised for prediction of the NaCl content, in addition to the main chemical components of the sausages.

scholarly journals The Effect of Alkali Metal, Magnesium, and Calcium Ions on the Motility of Fowl Spermatozoa

1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Wales ◽  
IG White
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Cent Glucose ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Cent Sodium

Potassium (5-45mM), magnesium (1�5-IS�5mM), and calcium (O�3-2�7mM) chlQrides each increase the viability of fowl spermatozoa in vitro when added to a diluent composed of O� 02M sodium phosphate buffer, 0�5 per cent. sodium chloride, and I� 5 per cent. glucose.

scholarly journals Inactivation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Citric Acid and Sodium Carbonate with Deicers

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 7610-7614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jang-Kwan Hong ◽  
Kwang-Nyeong Lee ◽  
Su-Hwa You ◽  
Su-Mi Kim ◽  
Dongseob Tark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACTThree out of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) since 2010 in the Republic of Korea have occurred in the winter. At the freezing temperatures, it was impossible to spray disinfectant on the surfaces of vehicles, roads, and farm premises because the disinfectant would be frozen shortly after discharge and the surfaces of the roads or machines would become slippery in cold weather. In this study, we added chemical deicers (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ethyl alcohol, and commercial windshield washer fluid) to keep disinfectants (0.2% citric acid and 4% sodium carbonate) from freezing, and we tested their virucidal efficacies under simulated cold temperatures in a tube. The 0.2% citric acid could reduce the virus titer 4 logs at −20°C with all the deicers. On the other hand, 4% sodium carbonate showed little virucidal activity at −20°C within 30 min, although it resisted being frozen with the function of the deicers. In conclusion, for the winter season, we may recommend the use of citric acid (>0.2%) diluted in 30% ethyl alcohol or 25% sodium chloride solvent, depending on its purpose.

Protective Effect of Boswellic Resin Against Memory Loss and Alzheimer’s Induced by Aluminum Tetrachloride and D-Galactose (Experimental study in Mice)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Zerrouki ◽  
N. Djebli ◽  
L. Gadouche ◽  
I. Erdogan Orhan ◽  
F. SezerSenol Deniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Octyl Acetate

Nowadays, because of the industrialization, a lot of contaminant were available ; the consequences of this availability are apparition of diseases including neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases of the human brain comprise a variety of disorders that affect an increasing percentage of the population. This study is based on the effect of the Boswellic resin, which is from a medicinal plant and known for its antioxidant effects on nerve cell damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of the Boswellic resin on anticholinesterase activity and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) induced by D-galactose and aluminum tetrachloride in Swiss mice. Chemical composition of the resin essential oil was identified by the CG-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was also assessed by the DMPD and metal chelation methods. In order to understand the mechanism of memory improvement, the acetylcholinesterase, AChE, and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE, inhibitory assays were performed. In vivo part of the study was achieved on Swiss mice divided into four groups: control, AD model, treated AD, and treated control group. The identification of chemical composition by CG-MS reach the 89.67% of the total extract compounds presented some very important molecules (p-Cymene, n-Octyl acetate, α-Pinene…). The present study proves that Boswellic resin improves memory and learning in treated Alzheimer’s group, modulates the oxidative stress and be involved in the protective effect against amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration, and stimulates the immune system in mice’s brain.

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