In situ 15N labelling of lupin below-ground biomass

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Russell ◽  
IRP Fillery
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
15N Labelling ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Cotton Thread ◽  
Wick Technique ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
Plant Components

This paper describes the use of a cotton-wick method to enrich lupin plants with 15N. The method involved the insertion of a cotton thread through the stem and the submergence of the ends of the cotton thread in a solution of highly enriched 15N urea. The distribution of 15N in lupin plant components during pre-reproductive growth and pod filling. and in relation to the frequency of labelling, was determined. The recovery of applied 15N within plant tissues was close to 100% for lupins grown in solution culture, but 15N was not distributed between plant components in the proportions observed for total plant N. Stems and leaves were preferentially labelled with 15N irrespective of the phase of lupin growth when the 15N was applied. Pre-reproductive and mature lupin root biomass was depleted in 15N because of the poor assimilation of 15N within lupin nodules. More applied 15N was found in the root biomass of lupin plants that received fortnightly, compared with weekly, applications of 15N. The distribution of 15N between lupin components was reproducible when 15N-urea was wick-applied to plants of the same age. Recovery of 15N was incomplete when urea was fed to lupins grown in sand culture. Incomplete recovery of root material and loss of 15N associated with root exudates probably contributed to the lower recoveries of 15N in root material in sand compared with solution culture. The ability to manipulate the 15N solution concentration, the volume of solution fed to plants, time of application, and frequency of 15N application underscore the usefulness of the wick technique to label woody legumes with 15N.

scholarly journals Proton release by tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) roots as affected by nutrient solution concentration and pH

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wan ◽  
R.K. Xu ◽  
X.H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Charge Balance ◽  
Proton Release ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Plant Body ◽  
Titration System

Solution culture experiments were conducted and the protons released were measured with an automatic titration system to determine the main factors affecting proton release by tea roots. Results indicated that the higher were the cation concentrations, the more protons were released from the roots, suggesting that tea roots took up a large amount of cations during growth, and then released protons to maintain charge balance of the plant body. The amount of protons released from tea roots at controlled pH was much higher than that in the treatments with uncontrolled pH. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that both NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>&nbsp;and Al(III) played distinct roles in proton release by tea plant roots. The uptake of Al(III) and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>&nbsp;and subsequent release of protons may be an important mechanism for soil acidification in tea gardens.

The effects of aluminum on Picearubens:factorial experiments using sand culture

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. McCanny ◽  
Martin J. Lechowicz ◽  
Bill Shipley ◽  
William H. Hendershot
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Low Concentrations

We used sand culture to examine the effects of aluminum (Al3+) on gas exchange and growth in 1+0 Picearubens Sarg. seedlings. Growth solutions were prepared to match the elemental concentrations of the soil solutions in a declining Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.–P. rubens stand. In our first experiment, we used a four-way factorial design to examine the interactions between Al, pH, nutrients, and CO2. All plants were nitrogen deficient. Photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water-use efficiency both declined at 250 μmol•L−1 Al, as did the root/shoot ratio of the seedlings. Plant weight, however, was not significantly affected by the 10-fold increase in Al solution concentration. These results were robust across a range of experimental conditions, suggesting that other aspects of soil acidification, such as NO3 fertilization in N deficient soils, could counteract the toxic effects of Al. In a second experiment, we examined the effects of subtoxic concentrations of Al at two levels of nutrient cation availability. Unlike in a previous study, cation fertilization affected neither gas exchange nor growth. While the decreases in root/shoot ratio and growth were expected at 250 μmol•L−1 Al, the peak in growth rates for intermediate concentrations of Al (25–100 μmol•L−1) was not. The latter result was interpreted in light of the positive effects that low concentrations of Al are known to have on other species.

Characteristics of Cadmium and Lead Phytoextraction by Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Sand Culture

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 1496-1504
Author(s):  
Zhi Xin Niu ◽  
Li Na Sun ◽  
Tie Heng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Bioconcentration Factors ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Translocation Factors ◽  
Sand Cultures

Higher biomass producing crops such as sunflower have already been considered as a hyperaccumulating candidate. In the present study, Cd and Pb accumulation by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), biomass and root exudates changes in sand cultures was analyzed during 90 days. Results demonstrated that ratios of aerial biomass/ root biomass (AW/RW) in Cd or Pb treatments declined with concentrations of Cd or Pb. Optical density (OD) of root exudates at 190 nm and 280 nm observed in Cd and Pb treatments were lower than the control. In single Cd or Pb treatments, bioconcentration factors (BCF) of Cd or Pb increased with time and decreased with concentrations, the highest Cd-BCF and Pb-BCF appeared in Cd5 (21) and Pb50 (7.95), respectively. Cd-BCF or Pb-BCF showed positive correlations with AW/RW ratios and OD values, and they were negative correlated with Cd and Pb concentrations. In the complex of Cd and Pb treatments, the highest values of BCFs were observed in Cd10+Pb100. Cd-BCF values negatively correlated with AW/RW ratios and Cd concentrations; besides, Pb-BCFs were negative with both Cd and Pb concentrations. Translocation factors (TF) fluctuated irregularly with time and concentration of metals in most treatments. Cd-TF values in single Cd treatments were positive correlated with concentrations of Cd. In the complex of Cd and Pb treatments, Cd-TF showed positive correlations with OD at 280 nm, but negative with Pb concentration. Results in this paper may supply useful information for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with cadmium and lead in situ.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Requirement of Prosopis velutina Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 818B-818
Author(s):  
Kathryn S. Hahne ◽  
Ursula K. Schuch*
Keyword(s):  
Culture System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Prosopis Velutina ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency

The objective of this study was to determine whether mesquite (Prosopis velutina) seedlings have a preference for the ammonia or nitrate form of nitrogen (N), and to determine the optimum rate of N to maximize growth and minimize N leaching when seedlings are grown in different substrates. Mesquite seedlings were fertigated with different ratios of NH4+: NO3- to determine effects on shoot and root growth and N-uptake efficiency. Nutrient solution containing 67% NH4+ : 33% NO3- resulted in greatest biomass after 120 days of fertigation. N leachate remained stable until 12 weeks after the onset of treatment, but increased significantly by week 16. Subsequently, mesquite seedlings were grown in sand or soilless media and were fertigated with a solution of 67 % NH4+: 33% NO3- at a rate of 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg·L-1 of N. After 60 days, plants in media produced 41% more leaves and total biomass compared to those in sand. Leaf number was greatest for plants grown at 200 mg·L-1 of N in both substrates. Root biomass of plants in media showed no response to increasing N concentrations while root biomass of seedlings in sand were similar for the three lower N concentrations and nearly doubled for the highest one. Shoot biomass of seedlings receiving 25, 50, or 100 mg·L-1 of N was similar, but more than doubled for plants fertigated with 200 mg·L-1 of N. N leachate losses were highest from seedlings growing in sand and receiving the two higher N fertigations, those in media had greatest N leachate loss when fertigated at 200 mg·L-1 of N. For balanced mesquite seedling growth and minimum N leaching losses, concentrations between 50 to 100 mg·L-1 of N are recommended. Implications of using a sand culture system vs. soilless growing substrate for nutrition studies will be discussed.

scholarly journals PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY SIX POTATO CULTIVARS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 614d-614
Author(s):  
William B. Evans ◽  
Darryl D. Warncke
Keyword(s):  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
General Nature ◽  
P Concentration

Six potato cultivars (Atlantic, Sebago, Onaway, Russet Burbank, Lemhi Russet,and Norland) were evaluated for phosphorus uptake efficiency in solution culture. Individual rooted cuttings of each cultivar were transferred from a standard 1/5 Hoagland's solution into solutions containing one of six P concentrations (0.05,0.1,0.22,0.5,1.1 and 2.3mg/l). After a 24h adjustment period P uptake was followed over a 6h period by collecting solution aliquots every two hours. All cultivars depleted the two lowest initial P concentrations to similar stable P concentration. The P uptake rate per unit length of root showed a sigmoidal relationship to the initial P solution concentration. The general nature of the P uptake relation to solution P concentration was similar among the cultivars, although the actual values varied. In general, P uptake rate increased from 5.0 × 10-4 at the lowest concentration to 7.0 × 10-2μg·cm-1·h-1 at the highest P solution concentration.

Leaf Feeding of [15N]Urea for Labelling Wheat With Nitrogen

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Palta ◽  
IR Fillery ◽  
EL Mathews ◽  
NC Turner
Keyword(s):  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
Term Storage

A leaf feeding technique that uses [15N]urea was examined to determine its suitability for labelling plant material in order to study the long-term storage and remobilisation of nitrogen in wheat. Leaves were fed continuously for intervals up to 4 days by dipping their cut tips into [15N]urea solutions (99 atom %) at tillering, stem elongation and flowering. The [15N]urea uptake closely followed the transpiration rate of the leaf being fed, with higher rates at midday when the transpiration rate averaged 4 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 and lower rates at early morning or late afternoon when the transpiration rate averaged 0.1 mmol H2O m-2 s-1. Uptake of [15N]urea was higher by mainstem leaves than by leaves on subtending tillers on the same plant. The simultaneous feeding of more than one leaf per shoot had little effect on the overall 15N uptake per plant. The overall uptake of 15N by mainstem leaves was reduced as soil water potentials (Ψsoil) decreased below -0.2 MPa. The necrotic area of the leaf that was fed increased as the concentration of the urea solution increased, and was critically burned when the solution concentration exceeded 2.5%. Two days after leaf feeding, 76% of the total 15N taken up was in the fed leaf and was continuously exported to the remainder of the plant throughout the period of measurements (up to 10 days after leaf feeding). The feeding of a mainstem leaf for 4 days at tillering using up to 1.5% [15N]urea solutions labelled the plant parts by about 2 stom % 15N excess. Such enrichments are required when labelling plant material to study the long-term storage and remobilisation of nitrogen.

Effect of aluminum on the growth and nutrition of tulip-poplar seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2003-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi B Lux ◽  
Jonathan R Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Tulip Poplar ◽  
Poplar Seedlings

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfate is acidifying some ecosystems, potentially increasing the availability of aluminum in the soil solution. The effects of Al on tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were investigated with seedlings grown in sand culture. Seedlings were exposed to Al at four concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 µM. Reductions of 77% in shoot biomass and 71% in root biomass were observed at 200 µM Al. Aluminum reduced the concentrations of multivalent cations in leaves and roots. The Ca concentration of leaves was reduced at 400 µM Al, and the Mg concentration of roots was significantly reduced at 200 µM Al. Relationships between tissue Ca, Mg, and Al indicated that Al alters the translocation of Ca and Mg to the shoots and the accumulation of Mg in the roots. If mature trees respond in a similar fashion as seedlings noted here, then tulip-poplar has a low threshold for A1 toxicity, which may lead to declines in the health of tulip-poplar populations in ecosystems exposed to elevated levels of acidic deposition.

The effect of time of application of inorganic nitrogen on the turnip

1944 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Woodman ◽  
H. Paver
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Low Nitrogen

An investigation has been made into the effect of time of application of nitrogen as sodium nitrate to the turnip. Experiments were arranged on a statistical basis, and were carried out in sand culture. The life of the turnip up to harvest was arbitrarily divided into three equal light periods, and the fourteen possible combinations of high and low nitrogen applied in these periods constituted the treatments. The absolute amount of growth was largely determined by the level of nitrogen, but the relative proportion of growth was independent of this level. Tops developed earlier than roots, and the effect of difference in nitrogen level was more marked with the roots than the tops. For a high yield of roots it seems desirable to apply nitrogen, early, but for a high yield of tops it would be preferable to apply the nitrogen as post-seedling dressings. The chief effect of level of nitrogen on moisture content was confined to the period in which the harvest took place. A comparison of top/ root ratios also showed that high nitrogen in the early stages of growth stimulated root development.We thank Mr J. F. N. Leonard for his help during this experiment.

Responses of red spruce seedlings to changes in soil aluminum in six amended forest soil horizons

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1614-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Devereux Joslin ◽  
Mark H. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Extractable Al

A greenhouse pot study was conducted to develop response curves for red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) seedlings to soil aluminum parameters, using soil from six diverse forest soil horizons. Soil Al levels were manipulated by varying pH through acidification (with HCl or HCl and CaSO4), liming (with Ca(OH)2), and control treatments. Treatments significantly (p < 0.05) altered soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2), 0.01 M SrCl2-extractable Al, and soil solution Al concentrations. Root biomass and foliar biomass were significantly reduced in most acidification treatments, and strong correlations between soil parameters of Al and biomass responses point to Al as the major cause of biomass reductions, especially in the three horizons where the toxicity threshold (approximately 200 μM inorganic monomeric Al) was markedly exceeded. Soil solution levels of inorganic monomeric Al and total Al (R2 = 0.79 and 0.74, respectively) were superior predictors of root biomass compared with the activity of Al3+ in solution (0.61) and 0.01 M SrCl2-extractable Al (0.61). Plant response curves to these soil solution inorganic monomeric Al concentrations are in agreement with those developed in published research on solution culture of red spruce seedlings. Peak soil solution Al concentrations measured in mature red spruce stands approach toxicity thresholds observed in this study.

scholarly journals Effects of Sulphur Deficiency on Accumulation of K+, Na+, NO3-, PO43- and transport of K+, Na+ in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. var. BARI MUNG-6)

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Shukanta Saha ◽  
Rifat Samad ◽  
Parveen Rashid ◽  
JL Karmoker
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Distance Transport

Sulphur deficiency caused a decrease in accumulation of Na+ but increased the accumulation of K+ in the root, stem and leaf of mungbean seedlings grown in solution culture under light bank. It also decreased K+ and Na+ accumulation in the root, stem and leaf of mungbean plants grown in sand culture under natural environmental conditions. However, sulphur deficiency increased the accumulation of NO3- in the root and stem but decreased that in leaf of mungbean seedlings grown in solution culture. It decreased accumulation of PO43- in the root, stem and leaf except an initial increase in the leaf. It increased net influx, long distance transport and transport index of K+ but decreased those of Na+ in mungbean seedlings. This result indicates that K+ is more mobile in plants than Na+. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(2): 123-130, 2016 (July)

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