Comparison of controls on development in breeding lines from Australian and CIMMYT/ICARDA winter and facultative wheat breeding programs

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LDJ Penrose ◽  
M Mosaad ◽  
TS Payne ◽  
G Ortiz-Ferrara ◽  
HJ Braun
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
South Central ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Integrated Response ◽  
Good Proportion

This study sought to compare developmental controls in breeding a within two winter wheat improvement programs, one Australian and a CIMMYT/ICARDA program based in West Asia. Developmental controls considered were intrinsic earliness, and responses to photoperiod and to vernalization. The reliability with which each control on development had been measured was tested in separate experiments using the wheats utilized in the Australian program. Measures of intrinsic earliness showed significant agreement between experiments, better agreement being found for response to photoperiod and between integrated response to vernalization and time to double ridge after late summer sowings. The wheats utilized in the CIMMYTI/CARDA programs were found to be quick in intrinsic earliness, and to possess little response to photoperiod. While these controls varied more for the wheats utilized in the Australian program, commercial Australian winter wheats were similar to the CIMMYTI/CARDA lines. Lines utilized by both programs were represented by types with spring, facultative and winter habit. The clearest differences between programs were that CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats appeared to have much stronger response to vernalization than the Australian winter wheats. These findings suggest breeders would find a good proportion of segregates, from crosses between the Australian and the CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats, to be developmentally adapted to south-central New South Wales. This suggests CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats provide a matching pool from which to access germplasm to introduce new characters into Australian winter wheats.

Characterization of the high α -amylase levels in grain of the wheat cultivar BD 159

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Mares ◽  
K Mrva ◽  
JF Panozzo
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
New South ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Late Maturity

TThe advanced wheat breeding line BD 159, from Victoria, exhibited a wide variation in falling number values at trial sites in 1990 when corresponding values for standard cultivars were uniformly high. The variable and unpredictable behaviour of BD 159 appears to be typical of a number of advanced lines and parental stocks from Australian breeding programs. The grain samples of BD 159 with low falling numbers had elevated levels of a-amylase which was distributed evenly in the proximal and distal halves of the grains. This distribution pattern, which was quite distinct from the steep gradient in a-amylase activity typical of germinated grains, and the absence of any evidence of sprouting indicated that the anomalous behaviour of BD 159 is a new and different form of the late maturity a-amylase syndrome previously described in wheat varieties such as Spica and Lerma 52. The high levels of a-amylase were reproduced at Narrabri in northern New South Wales when plants were transplanted from the field and allowed to ripen in a cool temperature glasshouse. Plants which were left to ripen in the field produced grain with a very low a-amylase activity.

A regional adaptation analysis of oats in New South Wales and southern Queensland for grain yield and dry matter production

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Herring ◽  
L. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Regional Adaptation ◽  
Oat Breeding

A regional adaptation analysis was conducted to identify oat genotypes with potential for release as varieties or use as parents in breeding programs for New South Wales (NSW) and southern Queensland. This analysis used 5 trial sites (Toowoomba, Moree, Narrabri, Armidale, Temora) and was conducted over 3 years using 71 oat (Avena sp.) genotypes. Genotypes were selected to represent various phenology types from early to late maturing as well as being representative of a variety of end uses including grain, grazing, dual purpose, and naked oats. Australian breeding lines and varieties composed most of the genotypes in the analysis; however, overseas material was also included. Multivariate analysis indicated that the area studied could be divided into 2 subregions. The northern sites of Toowoomba, Moree, and Narrabri were in one cluster, whereas Temora and Armidale formed another. Genotypes formed groups which were largely related to their phenology. Results indicated that there was a group of genotypes which produced above average grain yields over the entire region. Oats in this group were primarily of mid-season phenology and were all from the existing Australian oat breeding programs. Oats of mid- and late-season phenology were better suited to the Armidale and Temora region where conditions are cooler and the growing season longer. Early maturing oats were identified as types suitable for high yielding grain oats for the northern region. However, it is recognised that improvement in rust resistance of these genotypes would be necessary for reliable and profitable grain production in this area. Breeding oats for northern NSW and southern Queensland would be possible using genotypes from the existing Australian oat breeding programs. The quick maturing oats from Agriculture Western Australia seemed especially well suited to this purpose. From the genotypes used in this study there seemed to be a shortage of late maturing oat types. If oats for hay or forage production were required, evaluation of late maturing genetic material from overseas may be required.

Pathogenic variation in Australian isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Ballantyne ◽  
F Thomson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Mycosphaerella Graminicola ◽  
Limited Disease ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pathogenic Variation ◽  
Linear Modelling

Seven isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola gave a range of infection patterns when inoculated onto 20 wheat testers in glasshouse tests. Linear modelling and the biplot technique indicated host-pathogen interaction, hence evidence for physiologic specialization. Two isolates from Western Australia (WA) gave only limited disease on the cultivar Egret which is field resistant in WA. The cvv. Heron and Robin which are related to each other and to Egret also showed limited disease with the WA isolates and with certain NSW cultures. Five New South Wales (NSW) isolates produced moderate to severe infection on this cultivar which is field susceptible in NSW. Among the bread wheats used as sources of resistance in southern NSW only one, M1696, remained healthy with all isolates; nine other lines developed little disease with most isolates but more infection with other isolates, especially two isolates isolated from the field in severe epidemics. There was agreement between replicates within and between experiments. The relevance of these findings to breeding programs is discussed.

The role of stolons and seedlings in the persistence and production of white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Huia) in temperate pastures on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Archer ◽  
GG Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Plant Frequency ◽  
Temperate Pastures

This paper reports the findings of a five-year study on the growth patterns, production and means of persistence of white clover in a cool temperate environment with summer dominant rainfall, on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. White clover essentially persisted as a perennial, but large and rapid declines in plant frequency occurred during late summer if soil moisture levels became depleted. The critical combination of conditions at which plant frequency was adversely affected occurred when available soil moisture levels declined below 35 mm and mean weekly maximum temperatures exceeded 20�C; conditions which often occur in late summer in this environment. During one prolonged period of moisture stress in the second spring and summer period of the study, all plants died. Regeneration was due to germination of seeds and seedling establishment, but plants subsequently persisted as perennials. Relationships were developed to predict the probability of survival of white clover over the range of temperatures and soil moistures recorded in these experiments. Germination occurred to a variable extent each year, but was observed only during winter and spring. Seedling establishment was effective in only one year, which followed the death of white clover in summer, 1980-81. The sward was slow to recover after seedling regeneration owing to low winter temperatures and competition from established temperate perennial grasses in spring. Seedlings contributed little to dry matter production in spring. These results indicate that white clover is unlikely to be of value as an annual in temperate pastures. Strategies aimed at improving white clover in cool temperate environments, either by management or selection/breeding programs, should therefore focus upon improving the ability of white clover to persist as a perennial.

Seasonal changes in Ectoparasite infection of juvenile Yellowfin Bream, Acanthopagrus australis, (Gunther) (Pisces: Sparidae). from a small estuary in Northern NSW

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copepod Species ◽  
Seasonal Prevalence ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
South Wales

Seven monogenean, 1 digenean and 9 copepod species of ectoparasite were found on 179 juvenile Acanthopagrus australis collected bimonthly over two 12-month periods from a small estuary at Red Rock in northern New South Wales. The monogenean Allomurraytrema spari and the copepod Alella macrotrachelus showed a consistent cycle of spring-summer high and late summer-autumn low in prevalence and intensity of infection, whereas the digenean Prototransversotrema steeri was present only in winter. The monogenean Haliotrema spariensis was highly prevalent year-round, but other monogeneans were inconsistent in seasonal prevalence and intensity. The copepods Paraergasilus acanthopagri and Dermoergasilus acanthopagri showed inconsistent annual cycles, but their fluctuations in prevalence and intensity were nearly identical. The other species of ectoparasite had no consistent cycles or were rarely found. Temperature does not appear to directly regulate the abundance of ectoparasites on juvenile Acanthopagrus australis in Red Rock estuary.

Supplementary feeding of grazing Merino ewe weaners

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR McManus ◽  
TG Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Subsequent Fertility ◽  
Fleece Weight

Merino ewe weaner lambs grazing at a high stocking rate for 32 weeks in the Wellington region of New South Wales were fed two levels (low, medium) of oat grain plus lucerne hay supplement. Insignificant fleece-adjusted liveweight gain and significant, but small, (2.8 per cent and 9.9 per cent) increases in clean fleece weight resulted for the low and medium groups. Feeding reduced fleece tenderness and altered wool handle and colour. Merino weaner ewes grazing improved pastures at Yass were supplemented with oat grain for 12 weeks in the late summer-early autumn. There was a temporary increase in woo1 production and liveweight but subsequent fertility was not improved. The responses obtained to treatment in both trials appear to be uneconomic

Efficiency of aerial techniques for long term control of serrated tussock (Nasella trichotoma)

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
South Wales

In three experiments near Rockley and Gunning, New South Wales, non-arable areas of serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) were aerially sprayed with 2,2-DPA in late summer and, in the following autumn, aerially fertilized and sown with pasture species. Measurements of tussock density and the botanical composition of the pastures were made for up to ten years after sowing. The experiments commenced in 1963, 1964 and 1966. About 90 per cent of the tussock plants were killed by applying the herbicide at 16.6 kg a.e. ha-l; higher rates effected little improvement. Aerially sown pastures further reduced tussock numbers and provided long term control. Best results were obtained on fertile soil and where tussock has not been retarded by burning. Of the pasture species sown Trifolium subterraneum and Phalaris tuberosa were the most effective for long term control.

Nematode parasites of free-living rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in eastern Australia

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Dunsmore
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
South Central ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Regular Sampling ◽  
A Site ◽  
North Western

(1) Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Zeder, 1800) in wild rabbits in Australia has been studied by more or less regular sampling of rabbit populations in four climatically different areas of eastern Australia. (2) In a semi-arid locality in north-western New South Wales, T. retortaeformis is rarely found; in a subtropical area of south-central Queensland it was found only in small numbers and many rabbits were apparently free of infection. In an area of the Riverina district of New South Wales most rabbits were infected but parasite numbers were rarely high. The highest levels of infection were recorded at a site in a subalpine area of New South Wales. (3) It was possible to build up a detailed picture of the dynamics of T. retortaeformis in rabbits throughout their lives at Snowy Plains, the subalpine site, in which breeding of rabbits is limited to a relatively few months each year. During their first 6-8 months of life (prior to their first breeding season) male and female rabbits carry moderate numbers of T. retortaeformis with the males carrying somewhat more parasites than the females. During the breeding season T. retortaeformis numbers in female rabbits increase very markedly (about tenfold) while numbers in male rabbits are decreasing to a low level (their lowest during the year). Following breeding, worm numbers in female rabbits drop quite rapidly while those in males increase to a similarly moderate level. Apparently a similar cycle of events occurs during each 12 months of a rabbit's life. (4) At Urana, in the Riverina plain region the cycle of events described above for Snowy Plains could not be seen, although T. retortaeformis was found in moderate numbers. This may have been due to infrequent sampling, lack of a defined rabbit breeding season, or some other factor.

Predicting the development of photoperiod 'insensitive' winter wheats in south-central New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. J. Penrose ◽  
N. A. Fettell ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
D. J. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Field Development ◽  
South Central ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vernalisation on the field development of vernalisation responsive wheats in south-central New South Wales, and to develop equations with which to predict their timing of ear emergence in this region. To achieve this, a 'phasic development' approach was taken by considering relationships between temperature and photoperiod and the duration of the leaf, spikelet, and stem development phases in 3 photoperiod 'insensitive' vernalisation responsive wheat cultivars. The responsiveness to vernalisation of these cultivars covered much of the range that has been reported in wheat. This study was conducted at 3 sites and over 6 sowing times (17 field environments), covering the geographic and commercial range in sowing time for wheat grown in this region of Australia. An initial step in this study was to obtain measures of development duration that were independent of site and sowing date over our 17 field environments. Thus, appropriate photo-thermal units of time were sought using a photoperiod and vernalisation insensitive control wheat. The appropriate base temperatures and photoperiods we found for these photo-thermal units were not entirely consistent with those found in previous studies. Phase durations of our vernalisation responsive wheat cultivars were measured in these units.Vernalisation was found to be the predominant factor determining duration of both the leaf and spikelet phases in our vernalisation responsive wheat cultivars. The relationship we found between accumulated vernalisation and the duration of the leaf phase was similar to the relationship found in an earlier study in a controlled environment. This relationship differed from those currently used in 'phasic development' models for wheat. There appeared to be some latitude in the range of vernalising temperatures that could be used to estimate vernalisation in our field environments. Duration of the stem phase was strongly influenced by photoperiod, and showed greatest complexity of control, to the extent that site-specific effects could not be removed from equations predicting the duration of this phase.Simplified regression equations appeared to predict time of ear emergence reasonably well over the range of environments considered in our study, with the exception of a few cultivar × sowing time combinations for which wheat would not be commercially sown in the region. The ability to predict time of ear emergence may allow plant breeders to evaluate development controls that might extend the range of environments over which winter wheats may be commercially sown in south-central New South Wales.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document