A regional adaptation analysis of oats in New South Wales and southern Queensland for grain yield and dry matter production

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Herring ◽  
L. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Regional Adaptation ◽  
Oat Breeding

A regional adaptation analysis was conducted to identify oat genotypes with potential for release as varieties or use as parents in breeding programs for New South Wales (NSW) and southern Queensland. This analysis used 5 trial sites (Toowoomba, Moree, Narrabri, Armidale, Temora) and was conducted over 3 years using 71 oat (Avena sp.) genotypes. Genotypes were selected to represent various phenology types from early to late maturing as well as being representative of a variety of end uses including grain, grazing, dual purpose, and naked oats. Australian breeding lines and varieties composed most of the genotypes in the analysis; however, overseas material was also included. Multivariate analysis indicated that the area studied could be divided into 2 subregions. The northern sites of Toowoomba, Moree, and Narrabri were in one cluster, whereas Temora and Armidale formed another. Genotypes formed groups which were largely related to their phenology. Results indicated that there was a group of genotypes which produced above average grain yields over the entire region. Oats in this group were primarily of mid-season phenology and were all from the existing Australian oat breeding programs. Oats of mid- and late-season phenology were better suited to the Armidale and Temora region where conditions are cooler and the growing season longer. Early maturing oats were identified as types suitable for high yielding grain oats for the northern region. However, it is recognised that improvement in rust resistance of these genotypes would be necessary for reliable and profitable grain production in this area. Breeding oats for northern NSW and southern Queensland would be possible using genotypes from the existing Australian oat breeding programs. The quick maturing oats from Agriculture Western Australia seemed especially well suited to this purpose. From the genotypes used in this study there seemed to be a shortage of late maturing oat types. If oats for hay or forage production were required, evaluation of late maturing genetic material from overseas may be required.

Cereals for winter grazing on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (71) ◽  
pp. 790 ◽  
Author(s):  
JV Lovett ◽  
EM Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Species Response ◽  
South Wales

In field experiments conducted over three years at Armidale, New South Wales, the total winter forage production by barley, oats, wheat and rye was similar. However, barley and rye tended to outyield wheat and oats at early harvests, the reverse applying at late harvests. It is suggested that these characteristics of the cereals could be exploited to meet specific seasonal requirements for dry matter production more effectively than is possible with a single species. Response to high seeding rates in forage production was similar in all cereals and was confined to a late sowing. Significant differences in in vitro digestibility over the winter period were recorded and differences were also apparent in subsequent grain yield.

Survey of the productivity, composition and estimated inputs of fixed nitrogen by pastures in central-western New South Wales

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bowman ◽  
W. Smith ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
South Wales

Total productivity and legume nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) in dryland pastures were examined in a 2 year study (1999–2001) on 118 farms in central-western New South Wales. Pasture exclosure cages, placed at 217 on-farm sites, were harvested on 7 occasions and the foliage hand-sorted according to species in order to measure shoot dry matter (DM). The separated legume shoot material collected in spring 1999 (52 different legume samples) and 2000 (76 different legume samples) from a subset of representative pastures (41 cages on 28 different farms in 1999, 32 cages on 25 different farms in 2000) was also analysed for concentration of nitrogen (%N) and 15N natural abundance. These data were subsequently used to calculate the proportion of the legume shoot N derived from atmospheric N (%Ndfa), comparative measures of the relative efficiency of N2 fixation (kg N fixed/t DM accumulated) and the amounts of shoot N fixed (kg N/ha). The survey encompassed 8 common pasture types, and 5 others that were less common, ranging from native perennial grass pastures with little legume content to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pastures with and without companion clovers. Fifteen legume species were found in the pastures, some only occasionally. Lucerne and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were the only perennials. Mean spring estimates of %Ndfa were similar in 1999 and 2000 for lucerne (72 and 81%, respectively), rose clover (T. hirtum All., 82 and 77%) and annual medics (Medicago spp., 89 and 86%). For the remaining 12 legume species, measures of %Ndfa ranged from 64 to 95% and averaged 83%. Shoot %N contents were greater for lucerne than for the other 14 legumes and this was reflected in the comparative measures of N2 fixation which ranged from 14.5 kg N/t DM for rose clover to 25.7 kg N/t DM for lucerne in 2000. The most productive pasture type comprised lucerne plus balansa clover [T. michelianum Savi var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn.], white clover or arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi), but all pasture types that contained lucerne were highly productive. Spring was the most productive season and summer the least. Lucerne was overwhelmingly the most productive legume and was responsible for >83% of the fixed N in those pastures that contained both lucerne and other legumes. Lucerne productivity was approximately uniform throughout the year whereas, for other pastures, especially those based on rose clover or subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.), there were sharp peaks in spring and little or no dry matter production over summer. The presence of lucerne in pastures significantly (P<0.05) reduced broadleaf weeds. It was concluded that, where there are requirements in central-western New South Wales agriculture for uniform forage production throughout the year and a high input of fixed N, lucerne is substantially superior to other species.

Why are red foxes absent from some eucalypt forests in eastern New South Wales?

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Catling ◽  
RJ Burt
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Eucalypt Forests ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Severe Disturbance

The distribution and abundance of red foxes, other mammalian predators and their ground-dwelling mammalian prey were examined in 29 areas of two major regions of eucalypt forests in eastern New South Wales. In the southern region, red foxes and cats were abundant. Dingoes (andor wild dogs) were in low abundance or absent, spotted-tailed quolls were rare and medium-sized mammals (0.2-6 kg) scarce. In the northern region, red foxes were in low abundance and absent from some areas, such as parts of Chilelundi State Forest, where dingoes, cats, spotted-tailed quolls and medium-sized mammals were abundant. In both regions, small mammals (<200g) were widespread, but they varied greatly in abundance, and large mammals (>6kg) were widespread and generally abundant. Reasons for the absence or low abundance of red foxes in some areas were examined. Factors assessed were as follows: (i) relative abundance of other predators; (ii) abundance of mammalian prey; (iii) absence of European rabbits; (iv) habitat and its structure; (v) proximity to freehold land; and (vi) presence of roads. Distance from freehold land most adequately explained the absence of red foxes from some forests. Red foxes were present in all forests less than 2 km from freehold land and were in highest abundance in forests close (<1km) to freehold land. Severe disturbance such as clearing for grazing or agriculture appears to play some part in the distribution and abundance of the red fox and the demise of the medium-sized grounddwelling mammals.

A single recessive gene confers effective resistance to powdery mildew of field pea grown in northern New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Liu ◽  
L. O'Brien ◽  
S. G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Single Recessive Gene ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Breeding Institute ◽  
Recessive Genes ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Reactions to powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi Syd.) of a range of varieties, advanced lines and pea germplasm from the Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection (ATFCC) were evaluated under field conditions at Narrabri, New South Wales. Thirteen resistant genotypes, including 3 M257 sister lines [M257-2-1 (Mukta), M257-3-6 and M257-5-1], Glenroy, Kiley and PSI 11 from Australian breeding programs, and LE 25 (ATC 1275), ATC 649, ATC 767, ATC 823, ATC 1036, ATC 1121 and ATC 1181 from the ATFCC, along with 8 susceptible lines Dinkum, Bohatyr, Jupiter, Greenfeast, Solara, P441-6, Trapper and Cressy Blue, were used to make resistant × resistant, resistant × susceptible and susceptible × susceptible combinations to examine the inheritance of resistance. Parental lines and F1 and F2 populations were evaluated in the field under natural disease epiphytotics at the Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri, during the winters of 1996 and 1997. In 1996, resistant and susceptible F2 plants were selected from 5 crosses, and further examined as F3 families in 1997. No fully resistant line was identified among the parents. F1 reactions indicated that resistance was governed by recessive genes and there were no maternal effects. Segregation patterns in the F2 and F3 generations supported the hypothesis of resistance in the genotypes M257-5-1, Glenroy, Kiley, ATC 649 and ATC 1121 being conferred by the same single recessive gene.

Competition among three agronomic types of the Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees complex and three temperate pasture grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Robinson ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Three agronomic types of the African lovegrass (Eragrostis cuwula (Schrad.) Nees) complex were established in a replacement series with three temperate pasture grasses to determine their relative competitiveness over three years in the field on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. The curvula agronomic type was more competitive than Consol or the chloromelas type which were similar in competitive ability. Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Dactylis glomerata L. and Pharlaris aquatica L. were each able to reduce the forage production of the curvula type in spring, but were in turn subject to suppression during summer and autumn. The relationships among Consol, the chloromelas type and the temperate grasses followed a similar pattern, but differences in their relative competitiveness were smaller. F. arundinacea was the most competitive of the temperate grasses, but this ability declined over time; D. glomerata was equally competitive during early assessments, but its ability declined more rapidly, while P. aquatica was the least successful competitor with any of the E. cuwula types. Differences in competitiveness among species over time (particularly the decline in competitiveness of the temperate species) suggest that management practices aimed at minimizing the impact of invasions by the E. cuwula complex should be investigated.

Comparison of controls on development in breeding lines from Australian and CIMMYT/ICARDA winter and facultative wheat breeding programs

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LDJ Penrose ◽  
M Mosaad ◽  
TS Payne ◽  
G Ortiz-Ferrara ◽  
HJ Braun
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
South Central ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Integrated Response ◽  
Good Proportion

This study sought to compare developmental controls in breeding a within two winter wheat improvement programs, one Australian and a CIMMYT/ICARDA program based in West Asia. Developmental controls considered were intrinsic earliness, and responses to photoperiod and to vernalization. The reliability with which each control on development had been measured was tested in separate experiments using the wheats utilized in the Australian program. Measures of intrinsic earliness showed significant agreement between experiments, better agreement being found for response to photoperiod and between integrated response to vernalization and time to double ridge after late summer sowings. The wheats utilized in the CIMMYTI/CARDA programs were found to be quick in intrinsic earliness, and to possess little response to photoperiod. While these controls varied more for the wheats utilized in the Australian program, commercial Australian winter wheats were similar to the CIMMYTI/CARDA lines. Lines utilized by both programs were represented by types with spring, facultative and winter habit. The clearest differences between programs were that CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats appeared to have much stronger response to vernalization than the Australian winter wheats. These findings suggest breeders would find a good proportion of segregates, from crosses between the Australian and the CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats, to be developmentally adapted to south-central New South Wales. This suggests CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats provide a matching pool from which to access germplasm to introduce new characters into Australian winter wheats.

An analysis of the variation in wool production between commercial properties from a survey of a wheat-sheep shire in New South Wales

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Denney ◽  
HI Ridings ◽  
KJ Thornberry
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Individual Productivity ◽  
Management Factors ◽  
The Difference

A survey of Merino breeding properties in the Weddin Shire of New South Wales was used to relate the variation in wool production among properties to physical and management factors. Clean wool production averaged 3.15 kg per sheep and showed little variation between the eastern, central and western portions of the shire. However, clean wool production per hectare was greatest in the eastern portion where rainfall, pasture improvement and stocking rate were highest. Overall, ewes produced 88% as much wool as the wethers but variation was great, with 23% of the properties surveyed producing more wool per sheep from their ewes. The difference in productivity for properties in the highest and lowest quartiles was 71% when ranked on clean wool production per sheep. The difference was 184% when ranked on clean wool production per hectare, and even though stocking rate more than doubled, individual productivity increased. Similar differences in quartile production were observed in each portion of the shire. Regression analysis was used to test the importance of 9 physical and 10 management factors as determinants of the variation in clean wool production between properties. Four factors (stocking rate, managerial assessment, sheep strain/bloodline and location within shire) accounted for 74% of the variance in wool production per hectare, but after adjusting for the time of shearing, only 16% of the variance in wool production per sheep was explained. In a more specific analysis of wool production of the properties' ewe flock, 42% of the variance was accounted for by the source of genetic material, stocking rate, pasture improvement, time of lambing, the proportion of Merino ewes and an assessment of managerial ability. Research workers considering on-farm experimentation in wool production should be aware that large productivity differences can occur between nearby properties. Therefore, treatments should be allocated to properties based on known wool production. Further, results obtained from either the ewe, wether or hogget flocks may have application to only that class of sheep because of the large differences in commercial management imposed on them.

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