Virginiamycin to protect sheep fed wheat, barley or oats from grain poisoning under simulated drought feeding conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
SI Godfrey ◽  
JB Rowe ◽  
GR Thorniley ◽  
MD Boyce ◽  
EJ Speijers
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Simulated Drought ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Wheat Chaff

Lactic acidosis can occur when large amounts of cereal grains are given to sheep without adequate adaptation. Virginiamycin has been shown to reduce lactic acid accumulation in vitro and in the rumen of sheep following ingestion of readily fermentable carbohydrates. The aim of this experiment was to determine if virginiamycin would prevent acidosis in hungry sheep given wheat, barley or oat grain without any adaptation. Merino wethers, penned individually and given wheat chaff 300 g/day for 9 days, were offered 2.1 kg of wheat, barley or oat grain, with or without virginiamycin. Rumen fluid was collected before and 6 and 24 h after grain feeding. Blood samples were obtained before and 24 and 48 h after grain feeding. 24 h after grain feeding, rumen pH was lower (P0.001) and rumen L-lactate higher (P0.05) in sheep given wheat without than with virginiamycin. D- and L-lactate were produced in equal proportions in sheep given grain plus virginiamycin, while sheep fed on grain without virginiamycin produced more of the L-lactate isomer 24 h after grain feeding. There was no effect of virginiamycin on grain intake, although intake of sheep given oat grain was lower (P0.01) than intake of sheep given wheat or barley. The number of sheep withdrawn from the experiment after grain feeding was lower (P0.05) when wheat was given to sheep with virginiamycin compared with untreated wheat grain. Feeding virginiamycin with grain did not reduce grain intake, but reduced the severity of acidosis in sheep given wheat grain.

scholarly journals A comparative study of ruminal activity in Churra and Merino sheep offered alfalfa hay

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ranilla ◽  
M. D. Carro ◽  
C. Valdés ◽  
F. J. Giráldez ◽  
S. López
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractA study was carried out to compare the fermentation parameters and kinetics of digestion of a range of different foods in the rumen of two breeds of sheep (Churra and Merino). Ten mature sheep (five Churra and five Merino), each fitted with a rumen cannula, were used in this study. In situ rumen degradability of both dry matter (DM) and cell wall was greater in Churra than in Merino sheep, the breed differences being significant for most of the foods used in the study (P < 0·05). These differences were greater when the foods had a higher cell wall concentration and this could be related to differences in the ruminal environment. However, when the foods were incubated with rumen fluid their in vitro organic matter (OM) degradability was similar in both breeds. Rumen pH was higher (P < 0·05) and ammonia concentrations were lower (P < 0·05) in Churra than in Merino sheep. Rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations tended to be higher in Merino than in Churra sheep, though differences were only significant just before feeding (P < 0·05). The ratio acetate: propionate was higher in the Churra than Merino breed before and 12 h after feeding (P < 0·05). Protozoa numbers in rumen liquid were similar for both genotypes. The greater degradation of forages in the rumen of Churra sheep is discussed in relation to the possible higher activity of fibre-degrading micro-organisms and the greater buffering capacity of the rumen contents against fermentation acids, which could result in more favourable conditions for the microbial degradation of foods in the rumen.

scholarly journals Rumen protein degradation and biosynthesis

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Raab ◽  
B. Cafantaris ◽  
T. Jilg ◽  
K. H. Menke
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

1. A method is described for the determination of protein degradation based on measurements of ammonia concentration and gas production (Menke et al. 1979) when a feedingstuff was incubated with rumen fluid in vitro.2. NH3 liberated during incubation is in part used for microbial protein synthesis. Production of carbon dioxide and methane can be regarded as a measure of energy available for protein synthesis. The ratio, gas production: incorporation of NH3-nitrogen was estimated by addition of starch to the substrate. The response in gas production was linear in the range 0–200 mg starch, when starch was added to 0–200mg feedingstuff dry matter and 30 ml rumen fluid-medium mixture.3. Linear regression between NH3-N concentration (y, mg) and gas production (x, ml) yielded an intercept (b0) representing that amountof NH3-N which would be released when no fermentable carbohydrates were available and consequently no bacterial protein synthesis took place.4. The difference between this intercept b0 and NH3-N content in the blank (rumen fluid without substrate added) indicated the amount of NH3 liberated from protein and other N-containing compounds of the feedingstuff incubated. In vitro-degradable N (IVDN) was calculated as a proportion of total N by the equation:

scholarly journals Effect of different sources of non-fiber carbohydrate on ruminal pH and in vitro digestibility of tropical forage

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. e133480
Author(s):  
Viviane Borba Ferrari ◽  
Angélica Patrícia Ordoñez Diaz ◽  
Nara Regina Brandão Cônsolo ◽  
Rafael Teixeira De Sousa ◽  
Frederich Diaz Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fiber Digestibility ◽  
Tropical Forage

The present study aimed to evaluate non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in sugarcane-based diets on rumen pH, and forage digestibility, and to describe NFC degradation curves. The study consisted of two trials. For the first trial, three rumen cannulated steers, BW of 350 ± 15 kg (mean ± SE), were assigned in a 3×3 Latin Square (LS) design. They were fed diets containing finely-ground (0.9 mm average particle size) corn (GC), steam-rolled corn (SRC), or pelleted citrus pulp (PCP). Each period had 14 d, with the first 12 for adaptation. The 13th d was for serial measurement of rumen pH, and the14th for rumen fluid collection and in vitro incubation for DM and NDF digestibility (IVDMD and IVNDFD) of bermudagrass hay (Hay), corn (CS), and sugarcane (SS) silages. In the second trial, rumen fluid of a cannulated bull, fed corn silage and a regular concentrate, was collected for in vitro digestion of NFC for multiple time points. The incubation results were used to adjust the NFC degradation curves, and calculate lag-time, feed fractions, and degradation rate. Data from first trial was analyzed in a 3×3 LS. The model for the digestibility parameters included fixed effects of forage (Feed), diets with NFC (Diet), and their interaction (Feed × Diet), and random effect of animal and period. The model for rumen pH included fixed effect of diet, time as repeated measures, animal and period as random effects. The significance was considered at probability ≤ 5% (α = 0.05). The NFC degradation curves were adjusted using the PROC NLIN procedure from SAS, and equation parameters compared using confidence intervals. There was a Diet × Time interaction on rumen pH (P = 0.04), where SRC decreased pH compared to PCP and GC diets at the time 6 h, only. There was no Feed × Diet interaction effect (P > 0.05) for any digestibility parameter. There was a Feed effect on both IVDMD and IVNDFD, either after 30 or 48 h incubation (P < 0.01). The CS had the greatest IVDMD, followed by SS and Hay, after 30 and 48 h of incubation. The CS had the greatest IVNDFD after 30 h, compared to SS and Hay. However, for IVNDFD after 48 h, CS presented the greatest mean, followed by SS and Hay. The rumen fluid from animals fed SRC decreased both IVDMD and IVNDFD (P < 0.05) of all roughages after 48 h. Results from the second trial showed that the PCP had lower Lag Time, B fraction and greater kd compared to both corn sources, and SRC had greater kd than GC. In conclusion, the SRC diet decreased rumen pH 6 h after feeding and, consequently, decreased fiber digestibility of the tropical forage sources evaluated. Although the PCP had lower lag time, and faster rate of degradation of B fraction, it did not negatively affect rumen pH or fiber digestibility of forage.

scholarly journals 54 Substrate and inoculum composition affect in vitro model of ruminal acidosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
Natalie Shaw ◽  
Sara Tondini ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
Joshua C McCann
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Vitro Model

Abstract The objective was to create an in vitro model of ruminal acidosis. Ruminal acidosis is a prevalent metabolic disorder in beef feedlot cattle characterized by low rumen pH. Experiment 1 was a 3×3 factorial design testing the interaction between inoculum composition and quantity of substrate. Eighteen flasks containing 150 mL of inoculum were used to evaluate treatments in duplicate. Treatments evaluated inoculum ratios (buffer: rumen fluid) 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1 in combination with substrate levels 5 g, 7.5 g, and 10 g. Manual pH was collected every 4 h for 36 h. Experiment 2 was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments evaluated in triplicate. Treatments consisted of a 4:1 inoculum ratio (150 mL) with the substrate (7.5 g) consisting of 70% corn (PCON), 40% corn (NCON), or increasing inclusions (10, 20, and 30%) of wheat in place of corn (W10, W20, and W30). Flasks were incubated at 39°C for 36 h with continual pH measurement. In exp. 1, 7.5 g of substrate remained between a pH of 5.6 and 5.0 (P ≤ 0.01) for a longer period (880 min) than 10 g of substrate (520 min). In experiment 2, a treatment by time interaction (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for pH with NCON having the greatest pH over 8-36 h and PCON having the lowest pH over 4-8 h. A treatment by time interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for lactate at 20 h with PCON having the greatest and W30 having the lowest concentration. Treatment PCON had the greatest (P &lt; 0.01) acetate and propionate concentration. The W20 treatment remained between a pH of 5.6 and 5.0 (P &lt; 0.01) for a longer period than PCON. Results suggest W20 and PCON may be the most useful in vitro models of ruminal acidosis.

scholarly journals Fermentation Pattern of Several Carbohydrate Sources Incubated in An in Vitro Semicontinuous System with Inocula From Ruminants Given Either Forage or Concentrate-Based Diets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahia Amanzougarene ◽  
Susana Yuste ◽  
Manuel Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Lactic Acid Concentration ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Microbial Structure ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Gas Volume

The fermentation pattern of several carbohydrate sources and their interaction with the nature of microbial inoculum was studied. Barley (B), maize (M), sorghum, (S), sugarbeet pulp (BP), citrus pulp (CP) and wheat bran (WB) were tested in an in vitro semicontinuous system maintaining poorly buffered conditions from 0 to 6 h, and being gradually buffered to 6.5 from 8 to 24 h to simulate the rumen pH pattern. Rumen fluid inoculum was obtained from lambs fed with either concentrate and barley straw (CI) or alfalfa hay (FI). The extent of fermentation was higher with CI than FI throughout the incubation (p < 0.05). Among the substrates, S, BP and M maintained the highest pH (p < 0.05), whereas CP recorded the lowest pH with both inocula. Similarly, CP recorded the highest gas volume throughout the incubation, followed by WB and B, and S recorded the lowest volume (p < 0.05). On average, the total volatile fatty acid (VFA), as well as lactic acid concentration, was higher with CP than in the other substrates (p < 0.05). The microbial structure was more affected by the animal donor of inoculum than by the substrate. The in vitro semicontinuous system allows for the study of the rumen environment acidification and substrate microbial fermentation under intensive feeding conditions.

Comparison of starch degradation in cereal grains by incubation in vitro with rumen fluid and boiling with α-amylase solution

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
C. M. Guedes ◽  
M. M. Rodrigues ◽  
A. Oliveira ◽  
A. L. Lourenço ◽  
S. R. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
New Method ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Available Energy

Cereal grains are the most common sources of readily available energy for dairy cows. Several in vitro and in situ studies have measured starch degradability of cereal grains. However, most of these studies compared few samples and grain species and used only one method. Compared with protein, much less information is available on this topic. Such information would allow a more efficient use of energy and protein in dairy cow diets. The objective of this study was to determine starch degradation of 32 samples of 7 cereal grains using in vitro incubation with rumen fluid and a new method based on a boiling extraction with an enzymatic (thermo stable α-amylase) solution.

scholarly journals In Vitro Rumen Simulations Show a Reduced Disappearance of Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Enniatin B at Conditions of Rumen Acidosis and Lower Microbial Activity

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Debevere ◽  
An Cools ◽  
Siegrid De Baere ◽  
Geert Haesaert ◽  
Michael Rychlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Better Than

Ruminants are generally considered to be less susceptible to the effects of mycotoxins than monogastric animals as the rumen microbiota are capable of detoxifying some of these toxins. Despite this potential degradation, mycotoxin-associated subclinical health problems are seen in dairy cows. In this research, the disappearance of several mycotoxins was determined in an in vitro rumen model and the effect of realistic concentrations of those mycotoxins on fermentation was assessed by volatile fatty acid production. In addition, two hypotheses were tested: (1) a lower rumen pH leads to a decreased degradation of mycotoxins and (2) rumen fluid of lactating cows degrade mycotoxins better than rumen fluid of non-lactating cows. Maize silage was spiked with a mixture of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), enniatin B (ENN B), mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortine C (ROQ-C) and zearalenone (ZEN). Fresh rumen fluid of two lactating cows (L) and two non-lactating cows (N) was added to a buffer of normal pH (6.8) and low pH (5.8), leading to four combinations (L6.8, L5.8, N6.8, N5.8), which were added to the spiked maize substrate. In this study, mycotoxins had no effect on volatile fatty acid production. However, not all mycotoxins fully disappeared during incubation. ENN B and ROQ-C disappeared only partially, whereas MPA showed almost no disappearance. The disappearance of DON, NIV, and ENN B was hampered when pH was low, especially when the inoculum of non-lactating cows was used. For ZEN, a limited transformation of ZEN to α-ZEL and β-ZEL was observed, but only at pH 6.8. In conclusion, based on the type of mycotoxin and the ruminal conditions, mycotoxins can stay intact in the rumen.

Effects of forage neutral detergent fibre and time after feeding on medial and ventral rumen pH and volatile fatty acids concentration in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. S. Schulze ◽  
A. C. Storm ◽  
M. R. Weisbjerg ◽  
P. Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph

The major microbial fermentation of forages and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) takes place in the medial part of the rumen, whereas the absorption of VFA occurs through the rumen epithelium, for example the ventral sac. The objective was to study effects of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and time after feeding on the medial to ventral VFA and pH gradient as well as rumen motility in the rumen of heifers fed grass/clover silages. Four silages were harvested at different growth stages with NDF contents of 31–45% of DM and in vitro organic matter digestibilities of 75–82% and fed to four rumen-fistulated Jersey heifers at 90% of ad libitum level in a Latin square design, with half the ration fed at 0800 hours and 1530 hours. Rumen fluid was sampled hourly from 0730 hours to 1530 hours in the medial and ventral rumen, and analysed for pH and concentrations of VFA, L-lactic acid, and ammonia to assess ruminal chemical gradient. Reticular contractions were continuously recorded by a pressure transducer. Time relative to feeding affected rumen parameters as pH was generally lower and VFA content greater in medial compared with ventral rumen fluid. Greater NDF content of the silage caused lower VFA concentration and higher pH in the rumen mat, and therefore the gradient diminished at greater NDF content in the silages; an effect probably caused by reduced organic matter digestibility rather than digesta NDF properties. This study therefore suggests that VFA production decreased with greater NDF content of forages, whereas intra-ruminal equilibration increased.

scholarly journals Volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of cattle given an all-concentrate diet

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Hyldgaard-Jensen ◽  
R. S. Reid ◽  
Moird G. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Major Alteration

1. Short-term in vitro incubations of whole rumen contents have been used to measure the rate of production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in two heifers given a diet containing 85% barley and 15% protein-mineral-vitamin supplement. Daily intake of the diet was restricted to 5.1 kg which was given in three equal feeds. In one heifer (no. 794), VFA production was measured over a 24 h feeding cycle; in the other (no. 832), a single 6 h feeding period was examined.2. The feeding schedule outlined above was found in previous work to result in a major alteration in the rumen environment and in the end-products of rumen fermentation relative to findings in animals given the same diet ad lib. Some of these earlier observations have been confirmed and extended in the present work.3. In heifer 794, the rate of VFA production reached a maximum (52–62 m-moles/l. h) 15 minafter each feed and then declined steadily throughout the remainder of the feeding period. Consistent changes with time were observed in rumen pH and in the concentration of VFA and dry matter in rumen contents during each feeding period.4. Simultaneous measurements of rumen fluid volume and outflow allowed estimates to be made of VFA production and absorption in the entire rumen during each feeding period. In heifer 794, total VFA production amounted to 18.2 moles/day of which approximately 85 % was absorbed directly from the reticulo-rumen. On a caloric basis, total daily production accounted for 36. 5% of the digestible energy intake.5. In heifer 832 there were significant differences in the rate of VFA production and in rumen pH and VFA concentration between two sets of observations made some 8 weeks apart. These differences appeared to be related to changes in the rumen microbial population and particular to a marked alteration in the numbers of ciliate protozoa. The possible role of rumen ciliates in modifying both the rate of VFA production and the environment within the rumen is discussed.

Effects of cereal grains on fibre digestion in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Opatpatanakit ◽  
RC Kellaway ◽  
IJ Lean ◽  
G Annison ◽  
A Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Cereal Grain

Cereal grains including wheat, barley, oats, maize and sorghum were incubated with strained rumen fluid in vitro with either ryegrass or lucerne in the ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 at 3g�C for 24 h. Expected NDF digestibilities in mixtures of cereal grain and forage were calculated by interpolation between NDF digestibilities of each grain and of each forage. These were compared with measured NDF digestibilities to detect deviations due to synergism or inhibition. Wheat, barley and maize had inhibitory effects, whereas oats and sorghum had synergistic effects, on NDF digestibility with both forages.

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