The effects of protozoa and of supplementation with nitrogen and sulfur on digestion and microbial metabolism in the rumen of sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
RS Hegarty ◽  
JV Nolan ◽  
RA Leng
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
In Sacco

Two experiments were undertaken to study the effects of protozoa on sulfur and nitrogen availability and on fermentation and the composition of bacteria in the rumen of sheep. In Experiment 1, 12 faunated and 12 fauna-free sheep were offered a basal diet of chopped wheaten straw with or without sulfur (S) and urea-nitrogen (N) supplements. Sulfur supplementation increased the rate of straw digestion and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen while reducing methane production. The presence of protozoa did not significantly affected this response, although it increased rumen H2S concentration. In contrast, the response of rumen fermentation to a urea supplement was affected by the presence of protozoa. Unsupplemented faunated sheep had a faster rate of in-sacco straw digestion in the rumen than did fauna free sheep (44 v. 36%DM/day). Supplementary urea increased the rate of in-sacco digestion of the basal ration in fauna free sheep (36 to 42%DM/day) but not in the faunated sheep (44 to 46%DM/day), suggesting that N availability was greater in the rumen of faunated sheep. Ammonia and total VFA concentrations in the rumen were not affected by protozoa, but the molar proportions of butyrate and isoacids in rumen VFA were greater in faunated sheep. Bacteria from the rumen fluid of faunated sheep contained a higher proportion of lipid and a lower proportion of N in their cell DM. In a second experiment, the chemical composition of rumen bacteria of faunated and fauna free sheep was further investigated. In both groups, bacteria associated with the particle-phase of digesta contained a higher proportion of lipid and a lower proportion of N than did fluid-phase bacteria. Fluid-phase bacteria from faunated sheep tended to have more lipid and less N in their DM than did those from fauna-free sheep. It was concluded that the presence of protozoa enables sustained fermentation of diets low in rumen available nitrogen and also increases the lipid content of rumen fluid-phase bacteria.

The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low-quality roughage by Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn steers

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Moran ◽  
BW Norton ◽  
JV Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Fluid Flow Rate ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low quality (0.8% nitrogen) sorghum hay was studied in Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn steers. Comparisons of diet utilization were made after data were adjusted for differences in liveweight and feed intake. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between species in voluntary feed intake, faecal excretion of organic matter, cellulose and energy, and urinary excretion of nitrogen, phosphorus and energy. Utilization of water was least efficient in the buffaloes and most efficient in the banteng. The concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumens of Brahman crosses, buffaloes and bantengs were similar, but the Brahman crosses had a higher proportion of butyric and a lower proportion of propionic acid than the other two species. The bantengs had a smaller rumen fluid volume and a slower rumen fluid flow rate but all three species had similar mean marker residence times in the rumen. The results from this experiment support the view that there are few differences between cattle species in their ability to digest and utilize a low quality roughage when comparisons are made between animals of similar liveweight and feed intake.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORNCOB DIETS FOR SHEEP: COMPARISON WITH HIGHER VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS, SOYBEAN PROTEIN AND ALFALFA FIBER ON INTAKE, ENVIRONMENT AND DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN AND DIGESTA PASSAGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. NDLOVU ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Nine lambs fitted with rumen cannulae were used in two 5 × 5 Latin squares to measure the effect of alfalfa hay, C4- and C5-branched- and straight-chain volatile fatty acids (C4/C5 VFAs), cell wall from alfalfa hay (ALFCW) and a soybean protein preparation on intake and rumen digestion of a basal corncob diet with urea included at 30 g kg−1. Relative to the control, alfalfa hay decreased (P < 0.05) intake of the basal diet but increased (P < 0.05) total dry matter intake. ALFCW and soybean protein did not affect intake of the basal diet and total dry matter (P > 0.05). C4/C5 VFAs increased intake of basal diet by sheep in one square (P < 0.05) but had no effect (P > 0.05) on intake with sheep in the other square. Alfalfa hay, ALFCW and soybean protein increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration in rumen fluid while only alfalfa hay and C4/C5 VFAs consistently increased isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate levels in rumen fluid (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control diet, soybean protein elevated (P < 0.05) mean rumen ammonia-N levels whereas C4/C5 VFAs depressed them; however, values exceeded 17 mg dL−1 rumen fluid on all treatments. Most measures of digestion kinetics of fiber from corncobs were unaffected by supplementation (P > 0.05). Alfalfa hay and ALFCW increased (P < 0.05) rate of passage of digesta from the reticulo-rumen. It was concluded that alfalfa hay has a reduced role in improving intake of corncob diets when there is also sufficient NPN in the diet. Key words: Roughage (poor quality), volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia levels, chromium-mordanted cell walls

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture supplement on ruminal metabolism in buffalo calves given a high concentrate diet

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Kumar ◽  
V. K. Sareen ◽  
S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
In Sacco

AbstractThe effect of inclusion of live yeast culture (YC, Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in a high concentrate diet given to buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves on the rumen microbial population and fermentation pattern and in sacco dry matter disappearance of dietary constituents was examined. Six rumen-fistulated buffalo calves of about 120 kg live iveight were divided into two equal groups. The control group was given a diet consisting of, on a dry-matter basis, 0·90 kg ivheat straw, 1 kg berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and ISO kg concentrate per day per calf and the yeast group the above diet plus 5 g YC which was put directly into the rumen via the fistula. After feeding this diet for 6 weeks (supplementation period), inclusion of YC was stopped and both groups were given the control diet for a period of 3 weeks to examine the performance of the YC group after withdrawal of YC. At week 4 of YC supplementation the pH was significantly increased (P < 0·01) and lactate concentration was decreased (P < 0·01) in the rumen fluid for up to 6 h post feeding. The number of total bacteria, total viable bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria and protozoa were increased proportionately by 0·554 (P < 002), 0·482 (P<0·01), 0·670 (P <0·01), 0·077 (P > 0·05) and 0·079 (P>0·05), respectively. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, particularly at 4 h post feeding (P < 0·01), acetate fP < 0·01) and propionate and the acetate to propionate ratio were higher in the YC compared with the control group. On YC inclusion, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was decreased while that of trichloracetic acid insoluble protein was marginally increased. All these differences in rumen variables started to disappear on YC withdrawal and values returned to control levels by the 3rd week after YC withdrawal. YC supplementation increased the in sacco dry-matter disappearance of various dietary components particularly after 3, 6 and 22 h incubation.

Effect of Tween 80 and salinomycin on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in steers fed a diet containing 70% barley

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Hristov ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
M. E. Olson ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Ten Jersey steers (484 ± 55 kg) were fed a basal diet of 70% rolled barley grain and 30% alfalfa silage [dry matter (DM) basis] with or without additives, in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square experiment. Treatments (additives per kilogram dietary DM) were: C, no additives (control); T, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1); SH, salinomycin (13 mg kg−1); TSM, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (6.5 mg kg−1); and TSL, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (3.25 mg kg−1). Ruminal pH, concentrations of ammonia, total free amino acids, reducing sugars and total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fluid phase viscosity were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Ruminal carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase and amylase activities, numbers of protozoa, and outflow rates of the liquid and solid phases of ruminal contents did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Ruminal lactic acid bacteria populations tended (P < 0.1) to be smaller with SH compared with C, but counts were unaffected (P > 0.05) by T, TSL and TSM. Partitioning of ruminal digesta and microbial protein flow were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Compared with C, the ruminal rate of degradation (in situ) of alfalfa DM tended to be higher (P < 0.10) with SH, and the rate of barley grain DM degradation was higher (P < 0.05) with T. Intake and apparent digestibilities of DM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment, as were blood glucose and urea levels. Tween 80 and salinomycin did not affect ruminal fermentation or nutrient digestibility in steers fed a barley grain/alfalfa silage diet. Key words: Tween 80, salinomycin, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, steer

EFFECT OF ACCLIMATION TO HIGH NITRATE INTAKES ON SOME RUMEN FERMENTATION PARAMETERS IN SHEEP

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. ALABOUDI ◽  
G. A. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Four sheep, fed a basal diet which included 44% cereal grain and 50% hay and which was supplemented with KNO3, were progressively acclimated to a KNO3 intake of 2.5 g∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. Nitrate and nitrite reducing activity in strained rumen fluid (SRF) collected 2 h after feeding showed maximum values of 45.3 μg N∙mL−1∙h−1 and 39.4 μg N∙mL−1∙h−1, respectively, at an intake of 1.5 g∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. The rate of nitrate reduction was threefold higher (P < 0.01), and that of nitrite reduction fivefold higher (P < 0.01), than in SRF from sheep not receiving KNO3. When the KNO3 supplement was withdrawn the reducing activities fell to their initial levels within 3 wk. In a second experiment, nitrate, nitrite and volatile fatty acids in SRF, and methemoglobin in peripheral blood, were estimated at 30-min intervals after feeding in four sheep, two of which received 1.5 g KNO3∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. In the animals fed KNO3 the peak concentration of nitrate in SRF (13.30 μg NO3−–N∙mL−1) was reached 30 min after feeding, and that of nitrite (2.90 μg NO2−–N∙mL−1) 60 min after feeding; the presence of nitrate in SRF was associated with an increase in the molar proportion of acetate (P < 0.01) and a decrease in the proportion of n-butyrate (P < 0.01). The blood methemoglobin concentration did not exceed 2% (wt/wt) of total hemoglobin at any sampling time. In these animals 30–35 g KNO3 cleared the rumen within 3 h after feeding with no symptoms of nitrate toxicity. Enumeration of rumen bacteria by a direct isolation procedure indicated that the proportion of nitrate reducers in SRF was threefold higher (P < 0.01) in acclimated animals than in control animals. It was concluded that safe acclimation of sheep to high levels of dietary nitrate involved an increase in the rates of nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen, a narrowing of the ratio of these activities, and an increase in the proportion of nitrate reducing rumen bacteria. The residual effect of nitrate on the fermentation following clearance from the rumen was short-lived. Key words: Rumen fermentation, sheep, nitrate toxicity, nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction, rumen bacteria

scholarly journals Effect of Whole or Ground Flaxseed Supplementation on Fatty Acid Profile, Fermentation, and Bacterial Composition in Rumen of Dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoxin Huang ◽  
Liya Guo ◽  
Xiaofeng Chang ◽  
Kaizhen Liu ◽  
Wenhao Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
Ground Flaxseed

Flaxseed is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and can increase omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the milk of dairy cows. However, the response of rumen fermentation to different forms of flaxseed supplementation is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different forms of flaxseed on the fatty acid profile, fermentation, and composition of bacteria in the rumen of dairy cows. In total, 30 Holstein dairy cows were selected and randomly assigned into three groups (10/group). Cows were fed a basal diet (control check; CK) or basal diets supplemented with either 1,500 g per day whole flaxseed (WF) or 1,500 g per day ground flaxseed (GF). The WF group had the highest ALA content in rumen fluid, whereas no difference was found between the CK and GF groups. However, the molar proportion of acetate increased in the WF and GF groups and was the highest in the GF group, and a similar trend was shown by propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate (CK &lt; WF &lt; GF). The abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group also showed the same trend (CK &lt; WF &lt; GF). Different forms of flaxseed release ALA by different mechanisms in the rumen, and the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids and the bacterial composition were potentially influenced mainly by the amount of ALA released into the rumen.

Short-term nitrogen dynamics in soil amended with fresh and composted cattle manures

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Paul ◽  
E. G. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Manure Amendments ◽  
Amended Soil

The amount of available nitrogen in fresh and composted manures is required to adjust inorganic fertilizer applications for crops when using manures and composts. Corn (Zea mays L.) plants were grown for 8 wk at temperatures of 17–27 °C and 12–18 °C in soil amended with two rates of fresh and composted solid beef cattle manure. Apparent N uptake of corn grown in soil amended with fresh solid beef cattle manure, composted beef cattle manure and (NH4)2SO4 at the higher temperature was 2, 8, and 36%, respectively, during this 8-wk period. Nitrogen uptake by corn in fresh solid beef cattle manure-amended soil at low temperature was affected by factors other than N availability. A 12-wk laboratory experiment was performed in which 15NH4+ was added to fresh and composted manure-amended soil to determine the fate of the inorganic N in the manure and to measure N mineralization rates. Net immobilization of inorganic N occurred with all manures; however, after 3 wk, net mineralization occurred with the solid and composted beef cattle manure. Immobilization of 15N continued with all manure amendments as a result of mineralization-immobilization turnover. The amount of unrecovered 15N after 12 wk was 10.5, 2 and 1% of the added 15N in soil amended with solid beef cattle manure, composted beef cattle manure and manure composted with bark, respectively. Key words: Composted manure, nitrogen availability, 15N, immobilization, remineralization, temperature

scholarly journals Identification of the Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows Using Metagenomic Sequencing

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Xin Wu ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Jinfeng Huang ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Yanan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Prevotella Species

The rumen contains abundant microorganisms that aid in the digestion of lignocellulosic feed and are associated with host phenotype traits. Cows with extremely high milk protein and fat percentages (HPF; n = 3) and low milk protein and fat percentages (LPF; n = 3) were selected from 4000 lactating Holstein cows under the same nutritional and management conditions. We found that the total concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate, and propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly higher in the HPF group than in the LPF group. Moreover, we identified 38 most abundant species displaying differential richness between the two groups, in which Prevotella accounted for 68.8% of the species, with the highest abundance in the HPF group. Functional annotation based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG), evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG), and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy) databases showed that the significantly more abundant species in the HPF group are enriched in carbohydrate, amino acid, pyruvate, insulin, and lipid metabolism and transportation. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that specific microbial taxa (mainly the Prevotella species and Neocallimastix californiae) are positively correlated with total volatile fatty acids (VFA). Collectively, we found that the HPF group was enriched with several Prevotella species related to the total VFA, acetate, and amino acid synthesis. Thereby, these fulfilled the host’s needs for energy, fat, and rumen microbial protein, which can be used for increased biosynthesis of milk fat and milk protein. Our findings provide novel information for elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of the rumen in the formation of milk composition.

Potential of enzymes or a centrifuged rumen fluid to estimate proteolysis of foods

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 120-122
Author(s):  
A. S. Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
In Sacco

The need to develop an in vitro method to simulate ruminal digestion of protein foods has long been recognized. An in vitro method must be more rapid, consistent and convenient than in sacco methods. Purified enzymes have been examined in the past to estimate in vitro degradability of protein foods (Poos-Floyd et al., 1985; Aufrere et al., 1991; Luchini et al., 1996) or their fractions (Chaudhry and Webster, 1994). However, the selection of an appropriate enzyme for a range of foodstuffs remains to be realized. This study examined the potential of two enzymes and a centrifuged rumen fluid (CRF) to estimate proteolysis of food proteins.

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