Compensatory growth in sheep and cattle. II. Changes in body composition and tissue weights

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Ryan ◽  
IH Williams ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Nutritional Restriction ◽  
Ad Libitum

Compensatory growth can be due to increased protein deposition, reduced maintenance and greater feed intake. However, the contribution to and interaction between these mechanisms during compensatory growth is not clear. It was hypothesized that initial compensatory growth was due to reduced maintenance requirement and greater deposition of protein, after which compensatory growth was due to greater feed intake. Changes in the composition of sheep and cattle were measured during nutritional restriction and subsequent compensatory growth, and compared with the changes in control animals fed ad libitum throughout. At the end of the experiment the restricted cattle had compensated completely, and there was no difference in the body composition of the restricted and the control cattle. The restricted sheep did not compensate completely and were leaner than the control sheep. During nutritional restriction there was differential weight loss of carcase tissues in both the sheep and the cattle. The greatest losses were in the liver and the digestive tract in both species and in the skin of the sheep. It was concluded that the loss of these tissues reduced the maintenance requirement of the restricted animals and that the lowered maintenance requirement persisted during re-alimentation until these tissues had been fully repleted. Further, the repletion of these tissues required an increase in protein deposition, and it was a combination of these two mechanisms that was responsible for compensatory growth during the first 12 weeks of re-alimentation.

Studies of weaned lambs before, during and after a period of weight loss. II Body composition

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NMcC Graham ◽  
E Smith
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Lambs at pasture were weaned when nearly 15 kg, brought indoors and given a balanced diet. They were studied during growth from 15 to 25 kg, then underfed for 21 weeks, which caused their weight to return to 17 kg, and finally allowed to regain weight on ad libitum feeding. The recovery phase was not commenced until some sheep were no longer able to stand and feed. At about 15, 20 and 25 kg in each phase of the experiment, tritiated water (TOH) space was measured on all sheep, and some were slaughtered and the chemical composition of the body determined. Body composition estimated from TOH space agreed closely with that measured post mortem. Allowing for variation with weight, the composition of the empty body was affected slightly by under-nutrition and by compensatory growth, but there was no net effect of the whole cycle of events. The only clear effect of weight change on body composition was a reduction in the protein content (with corresponding increase in fat) during the later stage of weight loss.

The effect of compensatory growth in sheep on empty body weight, carcass weight and the weights of some offals

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Winter ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
D. M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effects on the body composition of Corriedale wethers of weight loss, compensatory gain and constant body weight are described. Three groups of sheep were grown from 35–63 kg by different paths. The first grew continuously (fed ad libitum). The second and third groups lost 20% and 28% of body weight (restricted intake), respectively, from 48 kg and were then fed ad libitum until they reached 63 kg. Pairs of animals were slaughtered at intervals in each group. A fourth group of sheep was maintained at 48 kg. Analyses of covariance comparing regression equations were used to determine differences in body composition between the first three groups.The compensatory growth rates of both groups which had lost weight were 1·5–2 times those during continuous growth. These increases were associated with an increased gut content of these animals and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of empty body weight (EBW) and carcass weight (CW) in t he full body weight (FBW). Thus, the apparent dressing percentage (CW/FBW x 100) was reduced by 2% during compensatory growth. The carcass length was not reduced during weight loss and its growth in relation to the CW was not affected by treatment. Thus compensatory growth animals had longer carcasses. Similar increases in gut contents and carcass length were found for animals maintained at constant body weight.During developmental growth the proportions of the external offals, organs and gut tissue decreased in relation to the EBW; notable exceptions were the large intestine and caul fat where the proportions remained constant and increased, respectively.The growth of the CW, lungs, large intestine and head were not reversed during weight loss whilst the liver, heart, hide and gut tissues (except the large intestine) all lost more weight during weight loss than they had gained during the growth phase. The proportions of these latter components were increased in relation to the EBW during the ensuing compensatory growth.In general, the composition of animals held at constant body weight was similar to that of animals experiencing compensatory growth at the same weight and age.

Compensatory growth in sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton ◽  
RL Hood ◽  
PN Jones ◽  
VM Re
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Meat Composition ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Adipose Cells ◽  
Restricted Feed Intake

Some attributes of the body composition of Dorset Horn x Merino wethers, which were either continuously grown or subjected to one or two periods of starvation-weight loss, realimentation and compensatory growth, were studied. Periods of restricted feed intake were imposed when liveweights were either below (23 kg) or above (43 kg) the level generally regarded as a mature liveweight (c. 31 kg) for such sheep. Loss of liveweight resulted in different responses in the meat of immature and mature animals. The meat from immature sheep was depleted of fat, whereas that from mature sheep increased in fat content. Loss of fat from the meat of immature sheep was associated with both atrophy and hypoplasia of the subcutaneous adipose cells, but in mature sheep there was atrophy without hypoplasia of these adipose cells. Although the greatest loss of fat was from the meat, proportionately more fat was lost from the offal, particularly in mature sheep. The amount of protein in the carcass meat was similar in control, starved, or realimented sheep of the same body weight. During the first few days of realimentation the sheep consumed three to four times as much food per day as during the starvation periods; the apparent digestibility of the food was increased from 53–68% to 80–90%; liveweight gain was 500–600 g/day, and there were increases in fat, water and protein in the meat of realimented animals. Sheep which had been starved and realimented, either once or twice, rapidly achieved liveweights equal to those of continuously grown animals and were similar to them in both body and meat composition.

scholarly journals Effects of Extreme Weight Loss on Cardiometabolic Health in Children With Metabolic Syndrome: A Metabolomic Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxin Liu ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Jing Liao ◽  
Xiaoguang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of extreme weight loss programs on circulating metabolites and their relationship with cardiometabolic health in children with metabolic syndrome.Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest and post-test. Thirty children with metabolic syndrome and aged 10–17years were recruited to an extreme weight loss program (i.e., exercise combined with diet control). The primary outcomes included plasma metabolites, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors. A total of 324 metabolites were quantitatively detected by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry system, and the variable importance in the projection (VIP) value of each metabolite was calculated by the orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis. The fold change (FC) and p value of each metabolite were used to screen differential metabolites with the following values: VIP>1, p value<0.05, and |log2FC|>0.25. Pathway enrichment and correlation analyses between metabolites and cardiometabolic risk factors were also performed.Result: A large effect size was observed, presenting a weight loss of −8.9kg (Cohen’s d=1.00, p<0.001), body mass index reduction of −3.3kg/m2 (Cohen’s d=1.47, p<0.001), and body fat percent reduction of −4.1 (%) (Cohen’s d=1.22, p<0.001) after the intervention. Similar improvements were found in total cholesterol (Cohen’s d=2.65, p<0.001), triglycerides (Cohen’s d=2.59, p<0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Cohen’s d=2.81, p<0.001), glucose metabolism, and blood pressure. A total of 59 metabolites were changed after the intervention (e.g., aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; nitrogen metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis). The changes in metabolites (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and carnitine) were related to lipid metabolism improvement (p<0.05). Organic acids and carnitines were associated with changes in the body composition (p<0.05).Conclusion: Exercise combined with dietary control improved the body composition and cardiometabolic health in children with metabolic syndrome, and these changes may be related to plasma metabolites.

Effect of exercise duration on feed intake and body composition of Swiss albino mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bulbulian ◽  
K. K. Grunewald ◽  
R. R. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Daily Exercise ◽  
Albino Mice

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily exercise of varying duration on the body composition, weight, and feed intake of mature Swiss albino mice. Fifty-four male mice were equally divided into a control group and five exercise groups (n = 9) performing 20, 40, 60, 120, and 240 min of daily exercise on a treadmill (7.2 m/min). Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly for 10 wk. At the completion of the study the mice were killed and the animal carcasses were chemically analyzed for fat, dry matter, and protein content. The results of this study demonstrate no differences in the body weight among groups (P less than 0.97) with all groups gaining 4.5–5.8 g during the 10-wk period. However, fat content decreased significantly from 15.7% in the control to 12.0% in the 120- and 240-min exercise groups (P less than 0.05). In contrast, protein content showed an insignificant rising trend from 13.0 to 14.6% with increasing duration of exercise. Feed intake showed a nonsignificant drop during the 20-min exercise treatment and remained unchanged among groups. These data show a slight but variable appetite-suppressing effect of light exercise in mice accompanied by favorable body composition changes even in the absence of differences in body weight. These findings suggest the mouse to be an acceptable experimental model for body composition and exercise studies.

scholarly journals Dietary factors affecting the maximum feed intake and the body composition of pre-ruminant kid goats of the Granadina breed

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
L. Allegretti ◽  
I. Ruiz Mariscal ◽  
F. Gil Extremera ◽  
J. Boza
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Milk Replacers

An experiment was carried out with kid goats of the Granadina breed to identify the dietary factors affecting voluntary feed intake of the kid goat and those that additively could determine its body composition. The animals used were from birth to 61 d of age, fed ad lib. on different milk replacers containing 200, 240 and 280 g crude protein/kg DM and 200, 240 and 280 g fat/kg DM, thus giving nine dietary treatments. The utilization of the milk replacers and the animals' body composition were determined by balance and slaughter trials. There were significant positive effects of protein concentration of the milk replacers on component digestibilities, energy metabolizability, feed intake, empty-body weights, empty-body composition and protein and fat retention. The concentration of fat in the milk replacers also had a significant positive effect on the digestible and metabolizable energy concentration of the diets and on fat retention. The relationships existing between feed intake and diet composition (concentration of digestible protein, metabolizable energy and digestible protein:metabolizable energy ratio) as well as between empty-body composition or protein and fat retention and diet composition, were examined. From these it was deduced that feed intake was significantly influenced by the digestible protein concentration of the diets. The higher the digestible protein concentration the higher the feed intake up to a maximum digestible protein concentration value. As the digestible protein concentration of the diets was the dietary factor which significantly influenced feed intake, this also significantly influenced the body composition and the protein and fat retention. The protein concentration of the feed at which metabolizable energy intake in these animals would be greatest was estimated to be 347 g/kg DM.

scholarly journals Effect of Two Meal Replacement strategies on Cardiovascular Risk Parameters in Advanced Age Patients with Obesity and Osteoarthritis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José López-Gómez ◽  
Olatz Izaola-Jauregui ◽  
David Primo-Martín ◽  
Beatriz Torres-Torres ◽  
Emilia Gómez-Hoyos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meal Replacement ◽  
Risk Parameters ◽  
Meal Replacements

Background and aims: Meal replacement diets consist of replacing one or more meals with an artificial nutritional supplement. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of one against two meal replacement strategies on body composition and cardiovascular risk parameters in patients with obesity. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was designed with a modified hypocaloric diet with an artificial nutritional preparation replacing one or two meals for three months in patients with obesity and osteoarthritis pending orthopedic surgery. An anthropometric evaluation and a measurement of the body composition were done with bioelectrical impedance measurement at the beginning and at three months. Results: A total of 112 patients were recruited. Fifty-two patients (46.4%) were randomized to one replacement and 60 patients (53.6%) to two meal replacements. Eighty-one patients (72.3%) were women, and the average age was 61 (11.03) years. The percentage of weight loss at three months was 8.27 (4.79)% (one meal replacement: 7.98 (5.97)%; two meal replacements: 8.50 (3.48)%; p = 0.56). A decrease in fat mass measured by the fat mass index (FMI) was detected (one meal replacement: −2.15 (1.45) kg/m2 vs. two meal replacements: −2.78 (2.55) kg/m2; p > 0.05), and a relative increase in fat-free mass was observed (one meal replacement: +3.57 (4.61)% vs. two meal replacements: +2.14 (4.45)%; p > 0.05). A decrease in HOMA-IR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and total cholesterol was observed in both groups without differences between them. Conclusions: The substitution strategies of one or two meal replacements were effective in weight loss and fat mass decrease without differences between the two groups. An improvement in lipid parameters, glycemic control, and systolic blood pressure was observed without differences between strategies.

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