Calcium modifies pH effects on the growth of acid-tolerant and acid-sensitive Rhizobium meliloti

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Howieson ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
LK Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Ph Effects ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Selection Of

The growth of Rhizobium meliloti is sensitive to soil acidity, and its poor growth and survival limits the production from Medicago spp. on acid soils. In the selection of acid tolerant rhizobia for medics, growth in acidified laboratory media has been poorly related to persistence in acid soils. However, the Ca concentration in laboratory media may have been inadequate for growth of some rhizobial strains at low pH. Therefore, acid-tolerant and acid-sensitive strains of R. meliloti were grown in a buffered, defined medium at a range of Ca and P concentrations, and at several pH values. Growth rate was increased by increasing the Ca concentration from 200 to 2000 8M at low (5-70) and moderate (6.50) pH, but not at pH 7.30. Thus, the Ca requirement for the growth of R. meliloti under acid conditions is much higher than previously thought.

Nodulation and growth of Medicago truncatula on acid soils. I. Effect of calcium carbonate and inoculation level on the nodulation of Medicago truncatula on a moderately acid soil

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Medicago Species

On a moderately acid soil (pH 4.6 in 115 suspension of soil in 0.01M calcium chloride), nodulation of Medicago truncatula cv. Cyprus responded markedly to increasing applications of calcium carbonate, which increased soil pH. Since the effect of increasing soil pH on the percentage nodulation could be replaced to a large extent by increasing the inoculation level, it appeared that nodulation was restricted by the inability of Rhizobium meliloti to survive or multiply in the acid soil. The growth of R, meliloti appeared more sensitive to soil acidity than growth of the host plant of annual Medicago species. It is suggested that more acid-tolerant strains of R. meliloti would permit annual Medicago species to be grown successfully on moderately acid soils, thus extending the range of soils suitable for the growth of these species.

EFFECTS OF SOIL ACIDITY ON RHIZOBIA NUMBERS, NODULATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION BY ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. RICE ◽  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments

The effects of soil acidity on nitrogen fixation by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were investigated in field experiments at 28 locations, and in greenhouse experiments using soils from these locations. The pH of the soils (limed and unlimed) varied from 4.5 to 7.2. Rhizobia populations in the soil, nodulation, and relative forage yields (yield without N/yield with N) were measured in both the field and greenhouse experiments. Rhizobium meliloti numbers, nodulation scores, and relative yields of alfalfa decreased sharply as the pH of the soils decreased below 6.0. For soils with pH 6.0 or greater, there was very little effect of pH on any of the above factors for alfalfa. Soil pH in the range studied had no effect on nodulation scores and relative yields of red clover. However, R. trifolii numbers were reduced when the pH of the soil was less than 4.9. These results demonstrate that hydrogen ion concentration is an important factor limiting alfalfa growth on acid soils of Alberta and northeastern British Columbia, but it is less important for red clover. This supports the continued use of measurements of soil pH, as well as plant-available Al and Mn for predicting crop response to lime.

Use of an industrial by-product as a liming source

1969 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Muñoz ◽  
Lourdes Peña ◽  
Julia M. O’Hallorans
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Incubation Experiment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Acetylene Production

Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], a by-product of the acetylene production process, is a potential liming source for acid agricultural soils. The material as generated has a moisture content of 80%, which decreases to about 50% after settling in a collecting pond. Air dried Ca(OH)2 (2.63% moisture), ground to pass a 300 µm sieve, had a CaCO3 equivalent of 120%, Commercial CaCO3 (1.53% moisture) had a pure CaCO3 equivalent of 84%. Both liming sources were evaluated in laboratory incubation studies using four acid soils; Corozal clay (Ultisol), Mariana (Inceptisol), Bayamón (Oxisol) and Alonso (Ultisol). The industrial waste [Ca(OH)2] was as effective as CaCO3 in neutralizing soil acidity. An application of 8.0 meq/100g of both liming sources increased the pH of Mariana soil from 4.65 to 6.07, Corozal soil from 4.13 to 4.92 and Alonso soil from 4.74 to 6.48. The pH of Bayamón soil increased from 4.39 to 6.65 with the application of 8.0 meq of CaCO3; however, the same amount of Ca(OH)2 increased the pH to 6.92. Exchangeable Al3+ levels were close to zero in Mariana, Bayamón and Alonso soils at pH values between 6.0-6.3. Exchangeable Al3+ in Coroza! soil decreased from 934.37 mg/kg to 269.79 mg/kg as the pH increased from 4.13 to 4.92. in a short term incubation experiment (5 days), Ca(OH)2 reacted faster than CaCO3 to neutralize soil acidity. Samples of Mariana, Alonso and Bayamón soils treated with 8.0 meq/100g of Ca(OH)2 reached pH values around 6,00 after one day of incubation, whereas CaCO3-treated samples reached similar pH values only after the second or third day of incubation.

Acid tolerance in the Rhizobium meliloti - Medicago symbiosis

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Howieson ◽  
MA Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Regenerative Growth ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Second Year

Several strains of Rhizobium meliloti that originated from acid soils in Sardinia, Italy, were markedly superior in colonizing a moderately acid loamy sand (pH 5.0 in 1:5 0.01 M CaCl2) than two Australian commercial inoculant strains (U45 and CC169), and a group of strains that originated from alkaline soils in Syria and Iraq. Six Medicago hosts also varied greatly in their ability to achieve nodulation in this soil. M. polymorpha and M. murex were far superior in this respect to M. littoralis, M. truncatula and M. tornata. The most acid-tolerant strains of R. meliloti, WSM419 and WSM413, were able to nodulate a high proportion of plants of M. polymorpha and M. murex sown in the second year between 11 and 20 cm from the point of introduction of the rhizobia into the soil the previous year. It is suggested that these more saprophytically competent isolates of R. meliloti, combined with the species of Medicago more able to nodulate readily in acid soil, will extend the range of soils suitable for successful regenerative growth of these species.

Improving the tolerance of Phalaris aquatica L. to soil acidity by introgression of genes from P. arundinacea L

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Oram ◽  
AM Ridley ◽  
MJ Hill ◽  
J Hunter ◽  
DA Hedges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Site ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Backcross Hybrids ◽  
Acid Tolerant

A comparison was made of the growth on acid and non-acid soils near Canberra of 66 lines in Phalaris aquatica, in seven other Phalaris species which can be crossed with P. aquatica and in seven allopolyploid or backcross hybrids involving P. aquatica. The yield of tops by mid-spring on the strongly acid site was only 20% of that on the mildly acid site. Some variation was apparent among the 38 P. aquatica accessions and cultivars, but some P. arundinacea accessions and hybrids were less inhibited by acidity than any P. aquatica line. Fifty plants from the first or second backcross of four P. aquatica X P. arundinacea hybrids to P. aquatica were selected for their capability of producing a large root system in a nutrient solution containing 10 mg aluminium per L at pH 4.1. On acid soils near Bendigo, Seymour, Benalla and Canberra, offsets of seven of these backcross plants were rated as growing significantly larger at the end of the first growing season than plants of Sirosa, Sirolan and Uneta phalaris, Porto and Currie cocksfoot, Demeter and Melik tall fescue and of Victorian and Brumby perennial ryegrass. However, two of the backcross genotypes appeared to be significantly smaller than the phalaris and cocksfoot controls. Thus, factors in addition to excess aluminium appear to affect the growth of phalaris in these soils, but some backcross genotypes tolerate these adverse conditions. Four of the productive, acid-tolerant genotypes survived the first summer, regenerated vigorously in the following autumn, were palatable to sheep in test grazings over two summers at Armidale, N.S.W., and also were fertile and retained some of the ripe seed in their panicles. Therefore, it seems probable that phalaris cultivars for acid soils in south-eastern Australia can be selected from later generations of the backcross population.

Effect of soil acidity factors on nodulation, active iron content of nodules and relative efficiency of symbiotic N2-fixation by mutant strains of Lens esculenta Rhizobium

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai ◽  
V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Lens Esculenta ◽  
Active Iron ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Acid Tolerant

SUMMARYNitrosoguanidine-induced acid-tolerant mutants S1 and M1 of Lens esculenta Rhizobium leguminosarum were used for nodulation and symbiotic N2-fixation in acid soils having different pH and associated factors of acidity. The range of soil pH and associated acidity factors in which nodulation and N2-fixation responded varied, depending on mutant strains. However, strain M1 was more responsive and effective than S1. Antagonistic effect of Mn to Fe was found when the active Fe2+ and total Mn were determined in fresh nodules.

Symbiotic characteristics of Rhizobium meliloti from the brown acid soils of the Macquarie region of New South Wales.

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 630 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brockwell ◽  
FW Hely
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Level ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Selection Of

Thirty-three isolates of Rhizobim meliloti were obtained from the brown acid soils of the Macquarie region of New South Wales and their symbiotic behaviour in association with 11 species of Merlicago and three species of Melilotus was investigated in the laboratory. In respect of nodule formation, there were two distinct types of Rhizobiurn and the hosts formed three groups. In respect of nitrogen fixation there were six strain types and seven host, groupings. These host and bacterial groups could be arranged in a series. Several of the strains of rhizobia, and one in particular, were found to fix a high level of nitrogen with a number of hosts, but, except for ;Medicago denticulata Willd. and Melilotus indica (L.) All. which behaved identically in all features of the symbiosis studied, no definit'e groupings on this criterion were apparent in either hosts or bacteria. The possible application of the results to the selection of strains of' Rhizobium meliloti suitable for seed inoculation is discussed.

Nodulation and growth of Medicago truncatula on acid soils. II. Colonization of acid soils by Rhizobium meliloti

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Medicago Species ◽  
Better Than

Six strains of Rhizobium meliloti varied greatly in their ability to colonize two moderately acid sandy soils (pH 5.0-5.1 in 115 suspension of soil in 0.01M calcium chloride) in the year of sowing inoculated lime-coated seeds of Medicago truncatula. The strains also varied in their ability to nodulate M. truncatula in the year after sowing. With all rhizobial strains and on both soils, calcium carbonate applied in the year of sowing strongly promoted colonization in the year of sowing. It also greatly increased nodulation and growth of M. truncatula in the year after sowing. Apparently calcium carbonate increased second year nodulation by promoting the colonization of the acid soils by R. meliloti in the year of sowing. Differences among strains in second year nodulation appeared to be related to differences in the ability of the strains to colonize the soils in the year of sowing. Strains isolated from moderately acid sandy soils were markedly superior in both properties, and on both soils, to strain SU47 from commercial inoculum, but were generally no better than strain U45 from commercial inoculum. Even the most acid-tolerant strains colonized the acid soils relatively slowly. It is suggested that R. meliloti strains in general have a poor ability to colonize acid soils and that this property is a major factor limiting the growth and persistence of annual Medicago species on acid soils in the field.

Annual species of Medicago differ greatly in their ability to nodulate on acid soils

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Howieson ◽  
MA Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Selection Of

It is possible that the use of annual species of Medicago may be broadened by the selection of genotypes more capable of achieving nodulation on acid soils when only low numbers of their microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti, are present. In this study 36 genotypes from 14 species of Medicago were examined for their ability to nodulate over a range of inoculum levels in a soil of pH 4.9 (1:5,0.01 M CaCl2). Variation both within and between species was evident. M. murex in particular, as well as M. polyrnorphu and M. soleirolii, were outstanding in their ability to achieve nodulation in the acid soils. This character should assume some priority in pasture selection programmes targeted for acid soils.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL ACIDITY PROBLEM IN ALBERTA AND NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG ◽  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
W. A. RICE ◽  
B. SIEMENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species

The amount of cultivated acid soil in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia was estimated from pH values of farm samples analyzed by the Alberta Soil Testing Laboratory, and the effect of soil acidity on crops was assessed from field experiments on 28 typical acid soils. The field experiments consisted of two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and one cultivar each of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown with and without lime for 2 yr. There are about 30,000 ha of soils with a pH of 5.0 or less where soil acidity seriously restricts yields of all four crop species. There are approximately 300,000 ha with a soil pH of 5.1–5.5 where liming will on the average increase yields of alfalfa by 100%, yields of barley by 10–15%, and yields of rapeseed and red clover by 5–10%. There are a further 1,600,000 ha where soil pH ranges from 5.6 to 6.0 and liming will increase yields of alfalfa by approximately 50% and yields of barley, rapeseed and red clover by at least 4–5%.

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