Diurnal changes in the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in Phalaris aquatica L. pasture in spring, and the effect of short-term shading

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Ciavarella ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
I. M. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Early Afternoon

The concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and its components, starch, total nitrogen, and dry matter of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian) pasture were varied by shading for periods ranging from 38.5 to 46.5 h. In unshaded pasture, WSC concentrations were lowest at sunrise [103 mg/g dry matter (DM)] and increased until early afternoon (to 160 mg/g DM). Sucrose and starch increased in concentration during daylight, whilst the concentrations of glucose, fructose, fructan, and a component of WSC considered to be mainly the carbohydrate moiety of glycoside(s) were relatively constant. The concentrations of starch, and all components of WSC except sucrose, were reduced by shading, but increased to the concentrations observed in the unshaded pasture within 2–4 h after removal of the cover. The fructans present in phalaris were determined to be oligosaccharides of degree of polymerisation (DP) 3 and DP 4 and high molecular mass fructans with DP >10. Nitrogen concentration of shaded pasture was initially higher (4.7% DM) than in unshaded pasture (3.9% DM), but decreased after removal of the shade cover. Dry matter content was reduced in shaded pasture, partly due to increased retention of water on the exterior of plants. The experiment was a precursor for a grazing trial in which the WSC content of pasture was to be altered by shading. It indicated that shading would potentially alter WSC and N concentrations, and DM content, but would have only a relatively small impact on the digestibility of the pasture.

Yield and quality components in maize grown for silage

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Thomson ◽  
H. H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Soluble Components

SUMMARYResults from three trials are presented. The main variables were date of harvest, plant density and variety. Measurements were made of whole-crop yields and yields from plant fractions (leaf, stem, cob). Quality components—digestibility, acid-pepsin solubility, water-soluble carbohydrates, nitrogen and ash—were estimated for whole crop and fractions. There were successive samplings for quality components.Whole-crop yield from fractions and yield of quality components increased with density. Whole-crop yield differed significantly with harvesting date as did all fractions except cob, although the proportion of cob increased with time. The earlier harvesting date gave greater yields of quality components.There was no effect of density on the dry-matter content but later harvesting resulted in higher dry matter.The only quality component affected by density was nitrogen content but there were large effects of harvesting date on digestibility and the acid-pepsin components.Regressions were computed for quality components on dry-matter proportion of cob and the dry-matter content of the whole crop. Regressions were significant for the acid-pepsin soluble components and the water-soluble carbohydrate component on the proportion of cob. Regressions of digestibility and pepsin-soluble components (total and organic) on dry-matter content were significant.The implications of these findings to the breeding of maize varieties are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria on the physicochemical parameters of alfalfa silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012036
Author(s):  
A Bogdanova ◽  
A Payuta ◽  
A Alekseev ◽  
A Konovalov
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Thermophilic Streptococci

Abstract The study is aimed at studying the effect of a microbiological preparation consisting of lactic acid bacteria, thermophilic streptococci and cellulolytic bacteria on the quality of alfalfa silage with different dry matter content. Determined pH, content of organic acids, dry matter and nutrients, including carbohydrates. Inoculant application increased crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber and reduced water-soluble carbohydrates in silage. The preservation of nutrients in the test samples was higher than that of the control. pH corresponded to optimal values; however, lactic acid fermentation proceeded more intensively in the sample with an increased dry matter content.

scholarly journals An ideotype of forage maize for north-west Europe.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-147
Author(s):  
P.C. Struik
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
North West ◽  
Crop Density

Morphological and physiological characteristics of an ideal genotype are described. High dry-matter yield is required and therefore the ideotype needs to have high crop-density tolerance and efficient photosynthesis. Low susceptibility to pests and diseases is important. A stocky stem would benefit intake, yield and lodging resistance but reduce digestibility and dry-matter content. Selection for root-lodging resistance might reduce whole-plant yield. Improvement of cellular contents is of little importance, but cell-wall digestibility could be improved without strongly affecting yield. To be of high nutritional value, the stover must have sufficient dry-matter content (30-35%) and a moderate level of water-soluble carbohydrates. The ideotype should have an early silking date, a large ear and a slow rate of grain filling. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effects of dry-matter content on the nutritive value of individually wrapped round-bale timothy silage fed to sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Beaulieu ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
P. Savoie ◽  
D. Tremblay ◽  
R. Thériault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Chopped Grass

Thirty-two sheep (30.0 kg avg. BW) were used to study the effects of dry-matter (DM) content at harvest on the nutritive value of timothy grass silages conserved as round bales of high (52.1%, DM50), medium (39.9%, DM40) and low (23.1%, DM25) DM. Chopped grass of 24.4% DM conserved in a horizontal silo (HS) was used as a control. Gross energy, crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were similar for all silages (P > 0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents decreased as DM of the silages decreased (P < 0.05). Acid detergent lignin and ash contents were highest in HS and lowest in DM40 silages (P < 0.05). Silage pH and water-soluble carbohydrates decreased with decreasing DM of the silages (P < 0.05), while ammonia-N and lactate levels increased (P < 0.05). Acetate concentrations in round bales were lower than in HS silage (P < 0.05). Significant butyrate concentrations were detected only in DM25 silage. Round-bale silages were chopped before feeding and fed ad libitum. DM intake was 14.5% higher for DM50 and DM40 silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.001). Average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher for high-DM silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.01). Apparent digestibilities of NDF, cellulose and crude fiber of the silages were similar, but DM, organic matter, energy and hemicellulose digestibilities were higher for HS than for DM25 silage. Apparent digestibilities of ADF and CP were higher for high-DM silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.04). The results indicate that to obtain good-quality silage, the DM content of round bales should be 40–50%. The better performance obtained with high-DM silages was indicative of a more efficient utilization of metabolizable energy for gain. Key words: Round-bale silage, timothy, forage

scholarly journals Effect of Wilting Intensity, Dry Matter Content and Sugar Addition on Nitrogen Fractions in Lucerne Silages

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hartinger ◽  
Nina Gresner ◽  
Karl-Heinz Südekum
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Sugar Addition

Pre-ensiling treatments can significantly influence the composition of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) silages (LS). Besides dry matter (DM) content and availability of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), wilting intensity may exert a strong impact on the crude protein (CP; nitrogen [N] × 6.25) fractions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of DM level, wilting intensity, and sucrose addition on N compounds and fermentation products in LS. Pure lucerne stand (cultivar Plato) was wilted with either high or low intensity to DM contents of 250 and 350 g kg−1, respectively, and ensiled with or without the addition of sucrose. Non-protein-N (NPN) concentration in LS was affected by all pre-ensiling treatments and with 699 g kg−1 CP, NPN was lowest in high-intensity wilted high-DM LS with sucrose addition. No effects were observed on in vitro-estimated concentrations of utilizable CP at the duodenum, a precursor to metabolizable protein. Sucrose addition and higher DM level decreased acetic acid and ammonia-N concentration in the silages. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the beneficial manipulation of CP fractions in LS by high-intensity wilting to higher DM contents and that the provision of WSC may be necessary for sufficient silage fermentation and protein preservation.

THE FEEDING VALUE POTENTIAL OF POTATO VINES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
D. A. YOUNG ◽  
R. E. McQUEEN ◽  
H. DE JONG ◽  
F. A. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Barley Malt ◽  
N Content ◽  
Plastic Bag

The potential use of green potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) vines as a livestock feed was investigated. Fresh vines contained less than 12% dry matter (DM) and did not produce a stable silage in plastic bag, laboratory silos. Satisfactory silages were produced by wilting or by the addition of barley, malt, barley + malt, molasses, chopped hay, chopped hay + barley + malt, formaldehyde and/or formic acid. Only the silages from wilted vines or those containing hay had a suitable consistency for storage and handling in conventional silage systems. Sheep readily ate a silage made from potato vines with the addition of 5% barley, 0.5% malted barley and 20% chopped hay or straw. The dry matter content of the vines from two cultivars changed only slightly over a 5-wk sampling period but the acid detergent fiber (ADF) content increased and the N content dropped. Except for the cultivar Wischip, there was little variation among nine cultivars sampled on the same day for pH (5.15–5.95), DM (10.3–12.9%) and ADF (26.5–32.4%). The N content ranged from 1.6 to 2.4% of the DM and the water soluble carbohydrate content from 7.5 to 3.3% of the DM. The levels of glycoalkaloids found should be safe for ruminant animals. It was concluded that potato vines harvested prior to senescence contain a useful level of nutrients for ruminants. Pesticide residues and mechanical systems for harvesting the vines are major concerns to be resolved before on-farm application can be recommended.

Production, persistence, and water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in 21 contrasting populations of Dactylis glomerata L. subjected to severe drought in the south of France

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Volaire ◽  
F. Lelièvre
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

In rainfed Mediterranean areas, summer drought is the main factor affecting the persistence of perennial grasses. Most available cultivars of Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) exhibit low persistence in this environment; therefore, research is needed on the relationships between plant physiology and recovery after severe drought. In the field, we subjected a large range of populations and cultivars of cocksfoot to 3 months of drought followed by 3 weeks of rewatering. Principal component and cluster analysis discriminated 3 groups of genotypes: (1) late heading populations and cultivars of temperate origin (ssp. glomerata) that exhibited high tiller mortality in summer; (2) early heading populations of Mediterranean origin (ssp. hispanica) that survived well but had a low growth potential; (3) very early heading Mediterranean cultivars (ssp. glomerata × hispanica) that survived and recovered actively. The study of bases of youngest enclosed leaves (surviving organs) showed that osmotic potential in living bases was not significantly different between groups of populations; dry matter content was higher in bases of hispanica populations at the onset of drought; total water-soluble carbohydrate and fructan contents increased as drought progressed and reached 35-40% of dry matter in bases at the end of the drought. Drought survival was best correlated with both the ratio between low and high weight fructans in July (summer) and the heading date (R2 = 0·75, P < 0·001). Recovery yield after autumn rewatering was highly correlated with both of these variables and the dry matter content in leaf bases in June (R2 = 0·75, P< 0·001), which may be associated with levels of summer dormancy. These results emphasise the role of ontogeny in drought resistance and can be used to predict plant survival in a large range of populations of cocksfoot.

Effect of ensiling whole barley grain with pasture on silage quality and effluent production, and the performance of growing cattle

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Jacobs ◽  
RJ Morris ◽  
J Zorrilla-Rios
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Pasture was ensiled with increasing amounts of whole barley in stacks [0, 75 (SLB), 150 (SMB) kg/t fresh pasture] or in 200-L drum silos 10, 75 (DLB), 150 (DMB), 225 (DHB) kg/t fresh pasture]. All silages were well fermented with low pH values and low ammonia concentrations. The addition of barley significantly (P<0.05) increased the dry matter content of the resultant stack silages by 29% (SLB) and 54% (SMB) and significantly (P<0.05) increased residual water-soluble carbohydrate levels in the SMB silage compared with untreated stack silage. Incorporation of barley with pasture in 200-L silos significantly (P<0.001) increased the dry matter of the resultant silages and significantly (P<0.01) reduced effluent production by 55, 93, and 100% for DLB, DMB, and DHB compared with the untreated silo silage. Dry matter, nitrogen, and lactic acid concentrations in effluent did not differ significantly, although total losses of these components were significantly (P<0.01) higher in the untreated silage.| The stack silages were fed to beef steers (293 kg) and compared with silage diets containing equivalent levels of rolled barley mixed with untreated silage at feeding. Irrespective of method of feeding barley, animal performance improved compared with feeding a silage-only diet. At equivalent levels of barley inclusion, liveweight gains were higher and feed conversion ratios lower with the rolled barley diets. The results indicate that the addition of barley to low dry matter pasture during ensiling can reduce effluent production and the loss of soluble nutrients; however, it is likely that the grain will need to be processed to maximise subsequent animal production.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the ensiling characteristics of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Growing Seasons

SUMMARYThe effect of three levels of N fertilizer on the ensiling characteristics of S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot have been examined during first growth in two growing seasons. The effects of sucrose supplementation, inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum and wilting were also examined in certain cuts. All silages were made in the laboratory using a small scale vacuum silage technique.The perennial ryegrass herbage was higher in water soluble carbohydrates than the cocksfoot, N fertilizers decreased soluble carbohydrates and dry-matter content in both species. Buffering capacity was not consistently different between grasses or between N levels.Herbage was cut at two stages of maturity in the first year. In the first cut (8 days before ear emergence), perennial ryegrass silages were well preserved irrespective of the amount of N applied to the grass. Cocksfoot silages were well preserved only when the lowest level of N fertilizer had been applied (50 kg/ha). Supplementation of cocksfoot with sucrose prior to ensiling markedly improved silage quality, but inoculation had no effect. In the second cut (26 days after ear emergence) the grasses were higher in drymatter content and showed a lower buffering capacity, but neither ryegrass nor cocksfoot silages were well preserved unless supplemented with sucrose prior to ensiling.In the second year of the experiment only one cut was taken (9 days after ear emergence). As in the previous year, silages made from herbage at a late stage of growth were poorly preserved. Wilting prior to ensiling resulted in well-preserved silages.It is concluded that the need for additives and wilting to ensure satisfactory preservation varies in relation to the variety of grass used and its stage of growth.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

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