Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus infection of alternative annual pasture, forage, and cool season crop legumes: susceptibility, sensitivity, and seed transmission

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. McKirdy ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
L. J. Latham ◽  
B. A. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lathyrus Cicera ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Seven field and 5 glasshouse experiments were done during 1994–98 to determine the relative susceptibilities and sensitivities of a wide range of alternative annual pasture, forage, and crop legumes to infection with isolate MI of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Seed harvested from some species was also tested for seed transmission of the virus. Seven of 18 genotypes belonging to 17 species of annual pasture and forage legumes evaluated in 2 replicated field experiments were ranked as highly susceptible to BYMV, 7 as susceptible, 2 as moderately resistant, 1 as resistant, and 1 as highly resistant. The most susceptible and sensitive were Biserrula pelecinus, Trifolium cherleri, T. incarnatum, and T. spumosum. Ornithopus sativus was resistant but sensitive, whereas Hedysarum coronarium was highly resistant. H. coronarium was not infected when manually inoculated repeatedly with 3 different BYMV isolates. Seventy-three of the 94 genotypes of 7 crop legume species tested in the same replicated field experiments were ranked as highly susceptible, including 58/68 of Lens culinaris. Of the remaining genotypes, 6 were susceptible, 5 moderately resistant, 9 resistant, and 1 highly resistant. Five other crop legumes were included in other field experiments in which these species were ranked as highly susceptible (1) or resistant (4). Overall, the most susceptible and sensitive crop legume species were Lens culinaris (most genotypes), Lathyrus cicera, L. ochrus, and Vicia narbonensis. Lathyrus sativus (3 genotypes only), V. sativa (4 genotypes), Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, and V. faba were resistant to isolate MI, and Lens culinaris ILL7163 was highly resistant. When infected, C. arietinum was ranked as highly sensitive but symptoms within the other resistant crop species varied in sensitivity between genotypes. Extreme resistance was confirmed in Lens culinaris ILL7163 when it was manually and aphid-inoculated repeatedly with 3 different BYMV isolates. When testing seedlings for seed transmission of BYMV, germination on moist paper towels before testing usually proved more effective than growing in soil in the glasshouse. Low rates of seed transmission of BYMV (0.03–1%) were detected in 9 alternative pasture or forage and 3 alternative crop legume species. This is the first report of seed transmission of BYMV in these species. The pasture or forage species with the highest seed transmission rates were T. clypeatum and T. spumosum (both 1%). The crop legume species in which seed transmission was found were L. cicera (0.1%), L. sativus (0.2%), and V. sativa (0.5%). The high susceptibility and sensitivity to BYMV in some alternative annual pasture, forage, and crop legumes is a cause for concern, especially when they are intended for sowing in BYMV-prone high rainfall zones. Seed transmission of BYMV also leads to inadvertent introduction of the virus to new sites.

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection of cool-season crop, annual pasture, and forage legumes: susceptibility, sensitivity, and seed transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Latham ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
S. J. McKirdy
Keyword(s):  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Seven field experiments were done in 19944—98 to determine the relative susceptibilities and sensitivities of a wide range of alternative crop, annual pasture, and forage legumes to infection with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Seed harvested from some species was tested for seed transmission of the virus. Most of the 24 genotypes of Cicer arietinum and 39 of Lens culinaris tested in 2 replicated field experiments were ranked as highly susceptible or susceptible; moderate resistance was recorded in 8Lens culinaris genotypes, the most resistant of which was ILL7163, and in C. arietinum cv. Amethyst Mutant. Sensitivity varied from low to high in different Lens culinaris genotypes, whereas in C. arietinum they were all sensitive or highly sensitive. In 4 other experiments, 12 species (49 genotypes) of other crop legumes were ranked as follows: Vicia narbonensis susceptible to moderately resistant, V. ervilia susceptible, Pisum sativum resistant, and V. faba resistant to potentially highly resistant; Lathyrus cicera,L. clymenum, L. ochrus, L. sativus, L. tingitanus, V. benghalensis, V. monantha, and V. s a t i v a were not infected. V. ervilia andV. faba were very sensitive to infection, but V. narbonensis had intermediate sensitivity and P. s a t i v u m was tolerant. When single genotypes of each of 16 pasture and forage species were tested in 2 replicated field experiments, 1 was highly susceptible, 3 were susceptible, 9 moderately resistant, 2 resistant, and 1 was potentially highly resistant. The 4 most susceptible were the sensitive species Trifolium incarnatum and T. isthmocarpum and the intermediately sensitive species T. michelianum and T. vesiculosum. T. squarrosum (intermediate sensitivity) and T. spumosum (very sensitive) were resistant and Ornithopus sativus was not infected. In sap inoculations, L. ochrus,L. sativus, and P. sativum occasionally became infected. In aphid inoculations,Lens culinaris ILL7163 and V. faba became infected only rarely and V. benghalensis cv. Popany developed a systemic hypersensitive reaction. The following were not infected in the field or glasshouse: L. cicera ATC80521, L. clymenum C7022, O. sativus cv. Cadiz, and V. sativa cv. Languedoc.Seed transmission of CMV was detected for the first time in one crop species, V. narbonensis(0.1mp;mdash;0.8%), and confirmed in C. arietinum (0.2–0.3%) and Lens culinaris (0.3%). It was also detected in T. cherleri (0.05%), T. clypeatum (0.05%), T. dasyurum (0.1%), T. incarnatum (5%), T. purpureum (0.04%), T. spumosum (0.5%), T. squarrosum (0.1%), and T. vesiculosum (1%), but not in 8 other pasture or forage species. The high susceptibility and sensitivity to CMV of some alternative crop, annual pasture, and forage legumes is cause for concern, especially when they are intended for sowing in CMV-prone high rainfall zones. Infection of seed stocks with CMV is also of concern as it leads to inadvertent introductions of the virus.

Alfalfa mosaic and pea seed-borne mosaic viruses in cool season crop, annual pasture, and forage legumes: susceptibility, sensitivity, and seed transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Latham ◽  
R. A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Ornithopus Sativus ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Pea Seed

Field experiments determined the susceptibilities and sensitivities of a wide range of crop, annual pasture, and forage legumes to infection with alfalfa mosaic (AMV) and pea seed-borne mosaic (PSbMV) viruses. Seed harvested from most of the species was tested for virus seed transmission. With AMV, all 23 Cicer arietinum genotypes tested were ranked as highly susceptible, and 9 out of 19 Lens culinaris genotypes as highly susceptible, 8 susceptible, 1 moderately resistant, and 1 resistant. Genotypes of Vicia narbonensis (5), Lathyrus cicera (5), L. sativus (5), L. ochrus(2), V. sativa (1), and V. benghalensis (1) were highly susceptible, susceptible, or moderately resistant. Genotypes of Pisum sativum (5) and V. faba(3) were susceptible, moderately resistant, or resistant but 1 genotype of V. faba was not found infected. Sensitivities ranged from low in L. ochrus to high in some genotypes of most species tested exceptV. benghalensis. The 20 genotypes (19 species) of pasture and forage legumes ranged from ‘not found infected’ in Hedysarum coronarium to ‘highly susceptible’ in Ornithopus sativus and Trifolium resupinatum. Sensitivity varied from low in T. michelianum to very high in Biserrula pelecinusand Ornithopus sativus. With PSbMV, the genotypes ofP. s a t i v u m (17), V. narbonensis (5), and L. cicera(3) were ranked as highly susceptible, susceptible, or moderately resistant, while those of L. ochrus(3), V. faba(6), V. sativa (3), V. benghalensis (2) and V. ervilia(1) were either moderately resistant or resistant. The genotypes of C. arietinum (6) and Lens culinaris (6) were all resistant. With L. sativus, 2 genotypes were resistant and 1 was not found infected. Sensitivities ranged from low in some P. sativum genotypes to high in some ofL. ciceraand V. narbonensis. The seed coats of 9 crop legume species developed necrotic ring markings, a serious quality defect due to PSbMV infection. Of the 19 genotypes (1/species) of pasture and forage legumes, 4 were resistant with only symptomless infection developing and the remainder not found infected. In glasshouse inoculations to genotypes not found infected in the field, AMV infected V. faba cv. Ascot systemically butH. coronarium cv. Grimaldi (with AMV) and L. sativus BIO L254 (with PSbMV) only became infected in inoculated leaves, H. coronarium developing a localised hypersensitive reaction. Seed transmission of AMV was detected in L. cicera(2%), L. sativus (0.9–4%), V. benghalensis(0.9%), V. narbonensis (0.1%), and V. sativa (0.7%). It was also found in 15 pasture and forage legume species, ranging from 0.05% in T. michelianum to 7% in Trigonella balansae. Seed transmission of PSbMV was detected in L. cicera(0.4%), L. clymenum (5%), L. ochrus (0.7%), L. sativus (1%), P sativum(1–18%), V. benghalensis (0.1%), V. faba (2%), and V. sativa (0.3%). The implications of these findings and their importance to the management of these and other virus diseases are discussed.

A comparison of the grain and protein yield potential of some annual legume species in South Australia

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCN Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Land Farming ◽  
New Crop

Field experiments are described comparing a wide range of annual, winter-growing legume species with regard to their grain yield and protein content in South Australia. In 1974, a year when rainfall was considerably above average, Vicia faba (fieldbeans) outyielded all other species at each of two sites, eighty lines producing a mean yield of 8.2 t ha-1 of air-dry grain. In 1975, when rainfall was again generally above average but poorly distributed, V. faba, V. sativa and certain Lathyrus species yielded well, while other crops maintained average yields or failed in specific environments. The relative merits of new crop species in the diversification of rotations in dry land farming are discussed and it is concluded that field beans could be developed rapidly into a valuable alternative grain crop.

Host suitability of different wheat lines to Pratylenchus thornei under naturally infested field conditions in Turkey

Nematology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah A. Dababat ◽  
Fouad Mokrini ◽  
Salah-Eddine Laasli ◽  
Şenol Yildiz ◽  
Gül Erginbas-Orakci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infested Field ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Summary The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, attacks a wide range of crops and causes significant reductions in global grain production. Breeding programmes are currently restricted to using parents with moderate resistance to P. thornei as cereal cultivars with complete resistance are yet to be identified. This study evaluated 484 of CIMMYT’s spring wheat accessions for resistance to P. thornei of which 56 lines were pre-identified as resistant under controlled growth room conditions. These lines were further evaluated for their resistance and tolerance reactions under field conditions, where 14 accessions maintained their resistance and 16 were moderately resistant against P. thornei. Four lines gave excellent resistant and tolerance reactions to P. thornei. The relationship between the nematode reproduction factor (Pf/Pi) and wheat grain yield in field experiments fits a linear regression model. These findings could be useful for improving P. thornei resistance in wheat.

scholarly journals Sensitivity and Tolerance of Different Annual Crops to Different Levels of Banana Shade and Dry Season Weather

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Blomme ◽  
Jules Ntamwira ◽  
Elizabeth Kearsley ◽  
Liliane Bahati ◽  
Daniel Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Wide Range

Intercropping in small-holder production systems in East and Central Africa is very common and offers potential for significant yield and environmental benefits. However, the reduced light availability under banana canopies constrains the success of the intercrop in banana systems. Determining a balance between the optimal spacing/densities of banana plants with optimized intercrop selection based on their sensitivity and tolerance to shade is imperative. This study, through extensive field experiments performed in South Kivu, DR Congo investigated the resilience of a wide range of food and forage crops to varying banana shade levels. The same crop species grown as monocrops served as controls. Quantitative yield assessments showed yam, sweet potato, ginger and forage grasses to have a good potential to grow under moderately dense to dense banana fields. Taro, soybean, mucuna, chili, eggplant, and Crotalaria sp. performed well in sparsely spaced banana fields with moderate shading. Cassava and soybean showed limited tolerance to shade. Intercropping in banana systems is also generally confined to the rainy seasons due to the high sensitivity of most annual intercrops to long dry weather in the dry season months. We also thus assessed the sensitivity of chickpea and mucuna to the long dry weather of the dry seasons and found them to have great potential for extending farming production into the dry season. Overall, we show that careful selection and allocation of crops with varying sensitivity to various banana shade levels and dry season weather can potentially increase whole field productivity.

Yield limiting potential of necrotic and non-necrotic strains of Bean yellow mosaic virus in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
B. A. Coutts ◽  
Y. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Early Infection ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Number

The yield losses caused by necrotic and non-necrotic strains of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) were quantified in field experiments. Clover plants infected with either were introduced into plots to provide infection sources, and aphids spread infection to the lupin plants. When the effects of virus infection were examined in individual lupin plants infected with necrotic BYMV, they were killed by early infection so there was no seed production. With late infection, shoot dry wt, seed yield, and seed number were decreased by at least 55%, 80%, and 74%, respectively. With non-necrotic BYMV, shoot dry wt, seed yield, and seed number diminished with increasing duration of plant infection, these decreases ranging over 27–88%, 48–99%, and 35–98% for late to early infection, respectively. In partially infected stands in which both necrotic and non-necrotic BYMV were spreading, an additional incidence of 28% in plots with introduced non-necrotic strain foci over that in plots without introduced foci was sufficient to decrease overall seed yield significantly. However, an additional incidence of 10% was insufficient to do so in plots with introduced necrotic strain foci. In plots into which different numbers of clover plants infected with non-necrotic BYMV were introduced, subsequent incidence of infection depended on the magnitude of the initial virus source, and yield was decreased by 21–24%, 31–43%, and 64–66% with 4, 8, or 16 foci/plot, respectively. With both types of strain, yield loss in infected plants was mainly due to failure to produce any seed or to fewer seeds being produced, but smaller seed size also contributed. These results show that non-necrotic strains of BYMV have considerable yield-limiting potential in narrow-leafed lupin crops despite causing milder symptoms than necrotic strains. No evidence was obtained of seed-transmission of non-necrotic BYMV in narrow-leafed lupin, but a 0.2% seed transmission rate was detected in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus).

Control of Winged Waterprimrose (Jussiaea decurrens) and Northern Jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) with Fungal Pathogens

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Boyette ◽  
G. E. Templeton ◽  
R. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Region

An indigenous, host-specific, pathogenic fungus that parasitizes winged waterprimrose [Jussiaea decurrens(Walt.) DC.] is endemic in the rice growing region of Arkansas. The fungus was isolated and identified asColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f.sp. jussiaeae(CGJ). It is highly specific for parasitism of winged waterprimrose and not parasitic on creeping waterprimrose (J. repensL. var.glabrescensKtze.), rice (Oryza sativaL.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), or 4 other crops and 13 other weeds. The fungus was physiologically distinct from C.gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f. sp.aeschynomene(CGA), an endemic anthracnose pathogen of northern jointvetch[Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P.], as indicated by cross inoculations of both weeds. Culture in the laboratory and inoculation of winged waterprimrose in greenhouse, growth chamber and field experiments indicated that the pathogen was stable, specific, and virulent in a wide range of environments. The pathogen yielded large quantities of spores in liquid culture. It is suitable for control of winged waterprimrose. Winged waterprimrose and northern jointvetch were controlled in greenhouse and field tests by application of spore mixtures of CGJ and CGA at concentrations of 1 to 2 million spores/ml of each fungus in 94 L/ha of water; the fungi did not damage rice or nontarget crops.

scholarly journals Silicon Effects on the Root System of Diverse Crop Species Using Root Phenotyping Technology

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Pooja Tripathi ◽  
Sangita Subedi ◽  
Abdul Latif Khan ◽  
Yong-Suk Chung ◽  
Yoonha Kim
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Wide Range

Roots play an essential function in the plant life cycle, as they utilize water and essential nutrients to promote growth and plant productivity. In particular, root morphology characteristics (such as length, diameter, hairs, and lateral growth) and the architecture of the root system (spatial configuration in soil, shape, and structure) are the key elements that ensure growth and a fine-tuned response to stressful conditions. Silicon (Si) is a ubiquitous element in soil, and it can affect a wide range of physiological processes occurring in the rhizosphere of various crop species. Studies have shown that Si significantly and positively enhances root morphological traits, including root length in rice, soybean, barley, sorghum, mustard, alfalfa, ginseng, and wheat. The analysis of these morphological traits using conventional methods is particularly challenging. Currently, image analysis methods based on advanced machine learning technologies allowed researchers to screen numerous samples at the same time considering multiple features, and to investigate root functions after the application of Si. These methods include root scanning, endoscopy, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional imaging, which can measure Si uptake, translocation and root morphological traits. Small variations in root morphology and architecture can reveal different positive impacts of Si on the root system of crops, with or without exposure to stressful environmental conditions. This review comprehensively illustrates the influences of Si on root morphology and root architecture in various crop species. Furthermore, it includes recommendations in regard to advanced methods and strategies to be employed to maintain sustainable plant growth rates and crop production in the currently predicted global climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

scholarly journals Ocean Emission Effects on Aerosol-Cloud Interactions: Insights from Two Case Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Sorooshian ◽  
Hanh T. Duong
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
First Case ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aerosol Cloud Interactions

Two case studies are discussed that evaluate the effect of ocean emissions on aerosol-cloud interactions. A review of the first case study from the eastern Pacific Ocean shows that simultaneous aircraft and space-borne observations are valuable in detecting links between ocean biota emissions and marine aerosols, but that the effect of the former on cloud microphysics is less clear owing to interference from background anthropogenic pollution and the difficulty with field experiments in obtaining a wide range of aerosol conditions to robustly quantify ocean effects on aerosol-cloud interactions. To address these limitations, a second case was investigated using remote sensing data over the less polluted Southern Ocean region. The results indicate that cloud drop size is reduced more for a fixed increase in aerosol particles during periods of higher ocean chlorophyll A. Potential biases in the results owing to statistical issues in the data analysis are discussed.

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