Physiological analysis of peanut cultivar response to timing and duration of drought stress

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Wright ◽  
KT Hubick ◽  
GD Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Pod Growth

Pod yield response of two spanish (McCubbin and Red Spanish) and two virginia (Virginia Bunch and Q18801) cultivars were compared under a range of irrigation treatments applied at different growth stages on a Xanthozem soil in a subtropical environment in south-east Queensland. Detailed growth and soil water use measurements were taken on a fully irrigated treatment and a treatment which received no rainfall after 83 days after planting (DAP). Soil water deficits occurring during the flowering to the start of pod growth phase (R/I) significantly reduced pod yields (range, 17-25%) relative to the well-watered control plots (I/I) for all cultivars. Where crops were irrigated until 83 DAP, then crop water deficits occurred throughout the pod growth phase (I/R), a significant cultivar by irrigation treatment interaction was observed for pod yield. The greatest reduction in yield occurred when severe stress occurred during the pod filling phase (Sh). Significant cultivar variation in pod yield was apparent. Differences in pod yield within this treatment were analysed in terms of a simple framework where pod yield is a function of transpired water (T), transpiration efficiency (TE) and harvest index ( H ) . Estimates of TE derived from measurements of carbon isotope discrimination in leaves indicated only small variation in TE, and suggest this trait contributed little to pod yield variation in the cultivars used in this experiment. Variation in pod yield among the four cultivars was largely a result of differences in harvest index characteristics.

Plant population studies on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in subtropical Australia. 2. Water-limited conditions

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Wright ◽  
MJ Bell
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Plant Population Density

The effects of plant population density on total dry matter (TDM) production, and on pod and kernel yields, of 2 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Virginia and Spanish) were investigated under a range of contrasting soil water availability regimes. Protracted crop water deficits were applied to each plant population density treatment in 3 experiments: (i) from planting until the early pod-filling phase (DSWF, dry start, wet finish); (ii) during the pod-filling to maturity phase (WSDF, wet start, dry finish); (iii) from flowering to maturity (TS, terminal stress). Crop water deficits of varying timing and severity were shown to modify substantially the effect of plant population on yield response compared with that observed under well-watered conditions. In most cases, TDM was maximised at the lowest density (40000 Plants/ha). In the WSDF and DSWF experiments, significant cultivar x plant population interactions for pod yield were found. The Spanish cultivar, McCubbin, showed strong pod yield response to S30000 plants/ha, while the Virginia cultivar, Early Bunch, did not respond to increases in plant population above 40000 plants/ha. These differing responses were probably associated with cultivar differences in branching pattern. Under extreme water stress situations where crops were forced to rely solely on soil water reserves (TS), pod yields were highest at the lowest plant population density and declined rapidly as plant population increased. The Gardner and Gardner (1983) model provided a useful framework to characterise the plant population-pod yield response under reduced water availability. The assumptions that both partitioning of dry matter to pods and the hypothetical minimum plant size capable of producing pods were crop constants, irrespective of crop water deficits experienced, were shown to be invalid. These constants may, however, be linearly related to water availability. Relationships relating these parameters to an index of crop or soil water status may improve the predictive capability of the model under water-limited conditions.

scholarly journals Rate of Nitrogen Rather Than Timing of Application Influence Yield and NUE of Canola in South Australian Mediterranean Environments

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1505
Author(s):  
Amritbir Riar ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Glenn K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Management ◽  
The Impact

Canola has a high nitrogen requirement and optimal nitrogen (N) management in environments with variable rainfall is a challenge. This study investigated the impact of timing of N as a single or split application at different growth stages on seed yield, N uptake and water-use efficiency in canola. Nitrogen rates of 100 and 200 kg ha−1 were applied after sowing when two leaves were unfolded or equally split between the rosette, green bud and first flower stages. The experiments were conducted at two sites with contrasting rainfall and a supplementary irrigation treatment at the low rainfall site, generating a third environment. Nitrogen application increased seed yield by up to 20% at a high rainfall site and by up to 77% at a medium rainfall site, but the timing of N did not significantly affect the yield response to N. Seed yield was closely associated with total dry matter production and seed m−2. N-use efficiency was influenced more by N recovery and uptake efficiency, rather than physiological efficiency, which highlights the importance of soil moisture availability and the ability of the crop to exploit soil water and N reserves. The results suggest that better use of subsoil moisture by overcoming some of the subsoil constraints may be an avenue for further improvements in yield and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of canola in this environment.

scholarly journals Estimating Soil Water Content and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat under Deficit Irrigation Based on SWAP Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9451
Author(s):  
Xiaowen Wang ◽  
Huanjie Cai ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
Xiaoyun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Swap Model

Deficit irrigation strategy is essential for sustainable agricultural development in arid regions. A two−year deficit irrigation field experiment was conducted to study the water dynamics of winter wheat under deficit irrigation in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Three irrigation levels were implemented during four growth stages of winter wheat: 100%, 80% and 60% of actual evapotranspiration (ET) measured by the lysimeter with sufficient irrigation treatment (CK). The agro−hydrological model soil−water−atmosphere−plant (SWAP) was used to simulate the components of the farmland water budget. Sensitivity analysis for parameters of SWAP indicated that the saturated water content and water content shape factor n were more sensitive than the other parameters. The verification results showed that the SWAP model accurately simulated soil water content (average relative error (MRE) < 21.66%, root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.07 cm3 cm−3) and ET (R2 = 0.975, p < 0.01). Irrigation had an important impact on actual plant transpiration, but the actual soil evaporation had little change among different treatments. The average deep percolation was 14.54 mm and positively correlated with the total irrigation amount. The model established using path analysis and regression methods for estimating ET performed well (R2 = 0.727, p < 0.01). This study provided effective guidance for SWAP model parameter calibration and a convenient way to accurately estimate ET with fewer variables.

scholarly journals Yield Responses of a Mature Olive Orchard to Water Deficits

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Moriana ◽  
Francisco Orgaz ◽  
Miguel Pastor ◽  
Elias Fereres
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Yield Responses

Irrigation is one of the most important means of increasing olive oil production but little information exists on the responses of olive to variable water supply. Five different irrigation strategies, full irrigation, rain fed, and three deficit irrigation treatments were compared from 1996 to 1999, in Cordoba, southern Spain, to characterize the response of a mature olive (Olea europaea L. `Picual') orchard to irrigation. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) varied from less than 500 mm in the rain fed to ≈900 mm under full irrigation. The deficit irrigation treatments had ETc values that ranged from 60% to 80% of full ETc depending on the year and treatment. Water relations, and oil content and trunk growth measurements allowed for the interpretation of yield responses to water deficits. In a deficit irrigation treatment that concentrated all its ETc deficit in the summer, stem water potential (Ψx) decreased to -7 MPa but recovered quickly in the fall, while in the treatment that applied the same ET deficit progressively, Ψx was never below -3.8 MPa. Minimum Ψx in the rain fed treatment reached -8 MPa. Yield (Y) responses as a function of ETc were calculated for biennial yield data, given the alternate bearing habit of the olive; the equation are: Y = -16.84 + 0.063 ET -0.035 × 10-3 ET2, and Y = -2.78 + 0.011 ET - 0.006 × 10-3 ET2, for fruit and oil production respectively, with responses to ET deficits being similar for sustained and regulated deficit irrigation. The yield response to a deficit treatment that was fully irrigated during the bearing year and rain fed in the nonbearing year, was less favorable than that observed in the other two deficit treatments.

Water Use, Grain Yield, and Osmoregulation in Wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Morgan ◽  
AG Condon
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
High Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Turgor Maintenance ◽  
Use Efficiency

Genotypic differences in turgor maintenance in wheat were shown to be associated with differences in grain yield in the field at both high and Low water deficits. High water deficits were produced by growing plants in field plots using water stored in the soil at sowing, and excluding rain with a rain cover. At low water deficits plants received rainfall, and irrigation was supplied before and immediately after sowing, at tillering, at jointing, at ear emergence, and during grain filling. Yield differences were analysed in terms of harvest index, water use, and water use efficiency. Water use was calculated from changes in soil water contents. At high water deficits all three factors were associated with differences in turgor maintenance. However, only the variations in water use and harvest index could be logically associated with differences in turgor maintenance. Analysis of the soil water extraction data showed that the differences in water use efficiency were due solely to differences in water use at depth while surface water losses were the same, i.e. the ratio of transpiration to soil evaporation would have been higher in low-osmoregulating genotypes. At low water deficits, no differences were observed in harvest index, though there were non-significant correlations between turgor maintenance and total water use efficiency or total water use. A similar result was obtained when the water use and yield data were related to osmoregulation measurements made in the glasshouse. It is therefore concluded that effects of turgor maintenance or osmoregulation on grain yield were primarily associated with differences in water use which were, in turn, due to differences in water extraction at soil depths between 25 and 150 cm.

THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF BANANA (MUSA SPP.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. V. CARR
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
The Tropics

SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation need of banana are collated and summarised in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information on the ecology of the banana and crop development processes, with emphasis on root growth and water uptake, is presented, followed by reviews of the influence of water stress on gas exchange (stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration), crop water use, and yield. Emphasis is placed on research that has international relevance and, where appropriate, three geographical areas (the tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean climates) are considered. Although roots can extend to depths of 1.0–1.5 m, the ‘effective’ depth of rooting is usually taken to be 0–0.40 m, sometimes extending to 0.60 m. Stomatal conductance is a sensitive measure of soil water availability and plant water status, whilst transpiration rates can be limited by dry air (saturation deficits >2.0 kPa). In the subtropics, there are seasonal differences in the crop coefficient (Kc) with values ranging from 0.6 in the winter months to about 1.0 Epan in the summer. It is difficult to draw generic conclusions with wide applicability from the irrigation experiments as they were reported. All the components of marketable yield can be enhanced by irrigation whilst applying insufficient water delays crop development. Annual yield responses to irrigation are variable, but water use efficiencies of 40 kg ha−1 mm−1 (fresh fruit/water applied) have been achieved in the tropics and subtropics (and elsewhere up to 80 kg ha−1 mm−1 with ‘partial’ replacement of the soil water deficit). To ensure large yields of (marketable) fruit, soil water deficits must be kept low (Ψm > −20 kPa at 0.2 m depth). In the subtropics, this means irrigation intervals should not exceed 2–3 d during the summer. The cooling effect of irrigation with micro-sprinklers on the soil and pseudostem temperatures, compared with drippers, can delay crop development and reduce annual yields by 30%. There is some (limited) evidence that the presence of the B genome contributes to drought tolerance. Yield response factors to irrigation for different growth stages have yet to be confirmed. Opportunities to improve the water productivity of the many, diverse banana cultivars need to be explored further.

RESPONSES OF TEA TO ENVIRONMENT IN KENYA. 3. YIELD AND YIELD DISTRIBUTION

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Ng'etich ◽  
W. Stephens ◽  
C. O. Othieno
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Yield Distribution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hail Damage

In an experiment on genotype × environment interactions in tea (Camellia sinensis), yield differed between the genotypes at all sites. The highest yield in the third year after planting was 3760 kg ha−1 for clone S15/10 at site 4 (1800 m altitude), while the lowest was 1610 kg ha−1 for clone 6/8 at site 1 (2200 m). The dry matter contents of harvested shoots from each clone ranged from 0.24 for clone TN14-3 down to 0.19 for clone S15/10. Yield response to soil water deficits was more pronounced at site 4, where larger deficits were observed. Hail damage affected the yield of two sites and a temperature influence on recovery was evident.

A method for calculating the population/yield relations of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in semi-arid climates

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Azam-Ali ◽  
R. C. Nageswara Rao ◽  
J. Craigon ◽  
K. D. R. Wadia ◽  
J. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Semi Arid

SUMMARYBetween 1980 and 1986, six field experiments were conducted to investigate the relations between planting density, total dry matter and pod yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. TMV2) grown at different levels of irrigation and rainfall at two sites in central India. In general, the relationship between total dry matter and planting density for most treatments was well described by the function:where W is the crop dry weight per unit ground area, wm is the maximum weight per plant, Wm is the maximum crop weight per unit ground area and P is the plant population. Because the harvest index, h, was constant for each treatment irrespective of plant population, a similar equation described the relationship between pod yield and planting density. When nine of the eleven treatments planted in a square (i.e. 1:1) arrangement were compared, the asymptotic value Wm varied between treatments depending on available soil water and atmospheric demand. To quantify the effects of plant and environmental factors on crop productivity, a ‘transpiration equivalent’ (ωw; (g/kg)/kPa), i.e. the product of the dry matter/water ratio and mean seasonal saturation deficit D, was used as a crop constant to calculate productivity at each site or season from a knowledge of seasonal rainfall and/or irrigation and soil water-holding capacity. Thus, total crop productivity, W'8, was calculated using the equation W'8 = ωwS/D where S (mm) is a soil supply term dependent on soil water-holding capacity and monthly values of rainfall and/or irrigation. When values for Wm and W'8 were plotted against each other, a linear regression was obtained with a slope = 1·02 (R2 = 0·78). The mean harvest index of 0·38 was used to predict pod yield from a knowledge of W'8. It was concluded that of all the climatic, soil and management factors that influence crop growth in semi-arid situations, it is the interaction between the supply of and demand for water that ultimately determines total productivity, pod yield and optimum plant population.

scholarly journals DRIP-IRRIGATION RATES FOR MUSCADINES

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 892d-892
Author(s):  
D. Scott NeSmith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Average Response ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Muscadine Grapes

During 1997 through 1999 mature `Southland' muscadine grapes were grown in Griffin, Ga., with different rates of daily irrigation. Irrigation rates were 0, 15, 22.5, and 30 L·d–1 (LPD), supplied to individual plants through 2 emitters. In 1997, substantial water deficit occurred during August, in 1998 during May and June, and in 1999 during July and August. The greatest yield response to irrigation was observed during 1998. No significant response to irrigation was observed during 1999, even though soil water was greatly depleted in the upper 30 cm late in the season for control plants. The 3-year average response of total yield indicated a significant response to irrigation, with the greatest yield occurring at the 22.5 LPD rate. Together these data suggest that muscadine grapes respond to irrigation, especially when water deficits during the early to mid season are prevalent. With single trellis vines, 22.5 LPD should provide adequate water in warm, humid regions similar to the southeastern U.S.

MODELLING THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION ON THE POTENTIAL YIELD OF TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) IN NORTH-EAST INDIA

2003 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. PANDA ◽  
W. STEPHENS ◽  
R. MATTHEWS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
North East India ◽  
Available Water ◽  
North East ◽  
Daily Weather Data ◽  
Available Water Capacity

This study reports the results of model simulations of the potential yield of tea in north-east India. The CUPPA-Tea model, developed using data from a high-altitude site close to the equator in East Africa, was validated against the yield data from irrigation experiments conducted on contrasting soil types at Siliguri and Tezpur in the tea growing region of north-east India. The close correspondence between observed and predicted yield and yield distribution suggests that the model is applicable in north-east India. The model was used to simulate the yield response of tea to drought and irrigation using daily weather data for seven years (1983–89) at Siliguri and 14 years (1974–85) at Tezpur. On a clay loam soil at Siliguri, with an available water capacity of about 200 mm m−1, the predicted mean reduction in yield was 1.5 kg ha−1 for each 1 mm reduction in evapotranspiration. However, there appeared to be no reduction in evapotranspiration until the soil water deficit reached about 240 mm. By contrast, at Tezpur on loamy sand, with an available water capacity of about 100 mm m−1, evapotranspiration was reduced once soil water deficits exceeded about 85 mm. There was then a mean reduction in yield of 2.2 kg ha−1 for each 1 mm reduction in evapotranspiration. At both sites, even when soil water deficits were not limiting, the predicted year-to-year variation in yields was about 500 kg ha−1. The results highlight the soil-related differences in response to irrigation and the benefits of using process-based simulation models to investigate the potential yields over long periods.

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