The effect of post-ruminal infusion of protein or energy on the pathophysiology of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection and body composition in lambs

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Brown ◽  
DP Poppi ◽  
AR Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Worm Count ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis

The effect of post-ruminal infusion of protein or energy on the pathophysiology of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection and body composition in lambs was investigated using the comparative slaughter technique. Of 52 Dorset DownxCoopworth wether lambs (mean body weight 30.5, s.e. 0.44 kg), 8 comprised an initial slaughter group (IC), 36 were infected daily, per os, with 3000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae per animal, and the remainder (C) were parasite-free controls. Groups of 12 infected animals were given either a continuous infusion (via abomasal catheter) of 50.4 g/day crude protein as sodium caseinate (PI), glucose (EI) in isocaloric amounts to PI, or a solution containing P and Na at the same rate as the caseinate infusions (SI). Uninfected controls (C) were also infused with this solution. Animals were slaughtered after 6 and 12 weeks for estimation of worm count and body composition. All animals were offered, ad libitum, meadow hay (118 g crude protein/kg dry matter (DM); 930 g organic matter/kg DM; 0.65 organic matter digestibility). DM intake of infected animals decreased by approximately 22% in PI and EI and by 32% in SI animals. Mean total metabolizable energy (ME) intake during the experiment (inclusive of infusions) was C, 0.607; PI, 0.687; EI, 0.704; SI, 0.617, s.e.d. 0.0308 MJME (kg W)-0.75 day-1. Nitrogen retention in infected sheep was increased fourfold by protein infusion and twofold by energy infusion. The rate of energy retention was reduced by infection, increased by protein infusion but only partly by energy infusion. Protein infusion reduced mean faecal egg output and mean total parasite count. Increased endogenous plasma loss into the gastrointestinal tract was similar in all infected groups. It was concluded that a major limiting factor in efficient food utilization in animals with gastrointestinal nematode infections is a parasite-induced protein rather than energy deficiency, possibly the result of increased endogenous protein losses into the gastrointestinal tract. The debilitating effect of internal parasites could be markedly reduced by increasing duodenal protein supply.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb. IV. Effects on growth rate, food utilization and body composition of changing from a low to a high protein diet

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Feed Conversion

SummaryAbout sixty male lambs were fed ad libitum from 6 weeks of age on low- or highprotein diets based on barley or barley and fishmeal and containing respectively 120 and 200 g crude protein/kg dry matter. Some lambs were changed from one diet to the other when they reached 28 kg live weight. All were slaughtered as they attained a predetermined series of live weights ranging from 20 to 75 kg.Throughout the experiment, rates of live-weight gain were substantially higher with the high-protein (HP) than with the low-protein (LP) diet, but were highest after a change from low to high protein (LHP). The feed consumption of the LHP lambs did not exceed that of the HP lambs, but the former showed a substantial superiority in feed conversion ratio at the same live weight.At similar empty body weights, the LP lambs contained more fat and less water in the empty body than the HP lambs. Although the percentage differences decreased at higher weights, differences were still apparent at 70 kg live weight.The LHP lambs showed dramatic and rapid changes in body composition, particularly in water and fat content. By 40 kg live weight, their composition approached that of the HP lambs.The ratio of water to protein was consistently lower for the LP lambs. The ratio of protein to ash also differed between LP and HP lambs. It was initially highest for the HP lambs, at about 40 kg live weight it was the same, and at 70 kg live weight it was highest for the LP lambs.The ash content of the LHP lambs remained virtually constant during the period of rapid growth and rapid deposition of water, protein and fat which took place immediately after the change of diet, and only showed compensatory increases after 35 kg live weight. This finding was supported by the pattern of changes in weight and specific gravity of the femur and tibia + fibula.Use was made of separate relationships between live weight and body composition for the LP, HP and LHP lambs to estimate rates of accretion of crude protein, fat and water in the empty body. There was a particularly striking increase in the rate of accretion of water immediately following the change of diet. There was an increase in the water content of empty-body gain and a reduction in the ratio of gain in fat to gain in protein.Derived estimates of the ratio of metabolizable energy intake above maintenance to the energy content of empty-body gain gave some suggestion of an improvement in efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for gain following the change from low to high protein. It is concluded however that the improvement in food conversion ratio following the change is attributable mostly to difference in the composition of gain.

The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.

A note on the apparent digestibility of energy and protein in dried poultry excreta

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
D. W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Detailed Work

SUMMARYThe nutritional value of dried poultry excreta was investigated by determining the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, energy and copper in five diets containing 0 to 100% of this feed. Dried poultry excreta supplied 20·21% apparently digestible crude protein and approximately 1·57 or 1·74 Mcal of metabolizable energy per kg dry matter.The copper in dried poultry excreta was found to be less digestible than the copper in barley. It is concluded that, as far as copper levels are concerned, dried poultry excreta are safe for ruminants, and are a source ofcheap protein. More detailed work is needed to determine the metabolizable energy of the material accurately.

EFFECT OF COLLECTION INTERVAL ON NUTRIENT DIGESTION DETERMINED WITHIN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF BEEF CATTLE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. B. MANDELL ◽  
G. I. CHRISTISON ◽  
H. H. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Nutrient Digestion

Duodenal digesta, ileal digesta, and feces were collected from steers fed diets containing 50% barley grain, 50% brome-alfalfa hay. These were composited over days 1–3, 4–6 and 1–6 of each experimental period. Acid detergent lignin and chromic oxide were used as digestibility markers. Three- or six-day collection intervals did not affect the estimate of organic matter digestion in the forestomach, small or large intestine, and total tract. Differences (P < 0.05) in estimates of nutrient digestion between 3-d collection periods occurred for neutral detergent fiber in the forestomach and crude protein in the small intestine. Key words: Collection interval, partitioning of digestibility, markers, cattle, gastrointestinal tract

Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Cilly ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Meat Type

SummaryExperiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.

The influence of wilting and season of silage harvest and the fat and protein concentration of the supplement on milk production and food utilization by lactating cattle

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Peoples ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Utilization Data

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the influence of pre-wilting and season of harvesting of silage on milk production and food utilization by dairy cattle and also the response to protein and fat concentration of the supplement given with silage. Twenty-four lactating British Friesian cows were used i n a four-period, partially balanced, change-over design experiment to evaluate 12 treatments consisting of three silage types (spring harvest unwilted (lUnW), autumn harvest unwilted (3UnW) and autumn harvest wilted (3W), each offered in addition to supplements containing both two crude protein levels (160 and 210 g/kg fresh weight) and two levels of inclusion of a fat supplement (0 and 100 g/kg fresh weight) in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All supplements were offered at the same rate of 6·8 kg/day. Total diet digestibility and food utilization studies were carried out on all animals at the end of the third and fourth experimental periods.The wilted silage (3W) had a higher digestibility than the unwilted (3UnW) material and animals offered 3W silage consumed proportionately 0·18 more silage DM and produced 1·6 MJ/day more milk energy output than those offered 3UnW. The total ration digesibility and food utilization data showed the animals given the 3W silage consumed 13·5 MJ more metabolizable energy (ME) per day than those offered the 3UnW silage and were less efficient at converting the ME available for production into milk energy output than those given the 3UnW silage (efficiencies were 0·58 and 0·53 for 3UnW and 3W silages respectively).There were no differences between the digestibilities of the spring (lUnW) and autumn (3UnW) silages with the concentrations of digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DM) being 650 and 648 g/kg respectively. However, animals offered lUnW silage consumed proportionately 0·12 more DM and produced 1·05 kg/day more fat-corrected milk than those given 3UnW silage. The food utilization data indicated that this milk production difference could be accounted for by the higher ME intake on lUnW and that the efficiencies of conversion of ME available for production to milk energy output were similar with both seasons of harvests (efficiencies were 0·57 and 0·58 for lUnW and 3UnW respectively).Increasing the crude protein concentration of the supplement from 160 to 210 g/kg increased silage DM intake, milk yield and milk energy output by 0·2 kg, 0·66 kg and 1·9 MJ/day respectively with the response being greatest with lUnW and least with 3UnW silage. Increasing the fat concentration of the supplement depressed silage DM intake but increased milk yield by 0·53 kg/day.The effects of the treatments on total diet digestibility, energy and nitrogen utilization, and the volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen fluid are also given.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the nutritive values of the different varieties of rice straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
MR Alam ◽  
MR Amin ◽  
NG Das
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
P Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Key Words Rice

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 75-82 This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional quality. The Dry matter (DM), Organic matter (OM), Crude protein (CP), Acid detergent fibre (ADF), Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lignin, Ca and P contents of Pajam, Nijershail, Kablabadam, BR 11, BINA 5 and BRRI 29 varieties of rice straw varied from 92.21 to 93.05%, 81.21 to 86.24%, 3.49 to 5.10%, 41.38 to 46.32%, 72.16 to 77.57%, 4.3 to 6.97%, 0.10 to 0.245% and 0.046 to 0.146%, respectively. The OM content in Nijershail was significantly higher (P<0.01) than Kablabadam, BR 11, BRRI 29, Pajam and BINA 5, respectively. The variety BRRI 29 contained significantly higher (P<0.01) CP content (5.1%) than BINA 5, BR 11, Pajam, Nijershail and Kablabadam, respectively. Significantly (P<0.01) higher NDF content was found in BR 11 (77.57%) followed by Kablabadam, Nijershail, Pajam, BRRI 29 and BINA 5, respectively. Acid deter gut Fibre (ADF) content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Nijershail (46.32%) than Kablabadam, BR 11, BINA 5, Pajam and BRRI 29, respectively. Significantly (P<0.01) higher lignin content was found in BRRI 29 (6.97%) compared to Kablabadam, BINA 5, Pajam, Nijershail and BR 11, respectively. The Ca content in Pajam and BR 11 was significantly (P<0.01) higher (0.245%) than Nijershail, BRRI 29, Kablabadam and BINA 5, respectively. BRRI 29 contained significantly (P<0.01) higher P content (0.146%) compared to BINA 5, Pajam, Nijershail, Kablabadam and BR 11, respectively. Organic Matter (OM) digestibility, and ME content in BRRI 29 was significantly (P<0.01) higher followed Nijershail, BINA 5, Pajam, Kablabadam and BR 11, respectively. Straw of BRRI 29 is expected to provide more nutrients, digestible organic nutrients and metabolizable energy to ruminants. Key words: Rice straw; Chemical composition; Energy content; Digestibility DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v39i1-2.9679 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 75-82

scholarly journals Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Effective Energy ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Gross Energy

An energy system is described in which, in both single-stomachedand ruminant animals, the heat increment of feeding is considered to be linearly related to five measurable quantities. For both kinds of animals there of the quantities, with their heat increments in parentheses, are urinary N(wu;kJ/g),faec alorganic matter (wd; kJ/g) and positive protein retention (wp; kJ/g). Inruminants the other two, with their heat increments in parentheses, are CH4energy (wm; kJ/kJ) and positive lipid retention (w1;kJ/g); in single-stomached animals they are positive lipid retention from feed lipid (wu; kJ/g), and positive lipid retention not from feed lipid (w1; kJ/g). Data from suitable experiments on steers, pig sandchickens were used to test the system and to estimatewu29·2, wd3·80, wp36.5, wm0·616, w116·4 and w114·4. The values for wu, wd, wm and (wI–wII) allow an energy scale, called effective energy, to be defined for both single-stomached animals and ruminants. On this energy scale the values of wp and w1, to gether with the heats of combustion of protein and lipid of 23·8 and 39·6 kJ/g respectively, allow the energyr equirement to be expressed as (MH+ 50 PR+56 LR) for both kinds of animal, where PR and LR are the rates of positive protein an lipid retention (g/d), and MH is the maintenance heat production (kJ/d) which can be estimated as 0·96 of the fast in gheat production. The effective energy (EE) yielded toaruminant animal by a feeding redient can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg organic matter)=1·15 ME–3·84–4·67 DCP, where ME is the metabolizable energy value (MJ/kg organic matter)and DCP is the digested crude protein content (kg/kg organic matter) with both measured at maintenance. Alternatively, EE can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg)=GE (d–0·228)–4·67 DCP, where GE is the gross energy (MJ/kg)and d is the energy digestibility (MJ/MJ) also measured at maintenance. The EE yielded to a single-stomached animal can be estimated as EE(kJ/g)=1·17 ME–4·2 CP–2·44, where ME(kJ/g)is measured at, orcorrected to, zero N-retention and CP (g/g)is the crude protein (N×6·25) content of the feeding redient. The system is simpler for ruminants, and more accurate for both kind soft animal, than those no win use. As effective energy values can be tabulated foring redients, and are additivet othe extent that ME values are additive, they can be used to formul at ediet susing line ar programming.

The effect of concentrate level on the intake of grass silages by ewes in late pregnancy

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Concentrate Level

ABSTRACTIn two experiments, six silages were offered either alone or with constant daily levels of a barley-based concentrate (450 or 900 g fresh weight per ewe) to Finn Dorset ewes carrying between one and four foetuses in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. The silages (SI to S3, experiment 1 and S4 to S6, experiment 2) had dry matter (DM) concentrations of 256, 190, 278 and 294, 216, 201 g/kg fresh weight and crude protein (CP) concentrations of 106, 164, 212 and 119, 148, 194 g/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of the silages (digestible energy × 0·81), in weeks 16 and 20, were 9·2, 10·3, 12·0 and 8·8, 10·9, 11·0 MJ/kg DM. Total ME intakes were 12·6, 13·5, 18·6 and 14·5, 15·1, 16·8 MJ/day in week 16 of gestation and were 11·6, 11·2, 17·2 and 12·2, 11·8, 13·3 MJ/day in week 20. Total ME intakes were increased by offering higher levels of concentrates and for levels of 0, 450 or 900 g/day these were 12·3, 14·8, 17·9 MJ/day in week 16 and 9·6, 12·8, 15·5 MJ/day in week 20. Intakes were similar for ewes carrying twins or multiples in experiment 1, but in experiment 2, intakes by ewes with twins or multiples were proportionately 0·97 and 0·85 of those for ewes with singles. Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were —0·09, —0·08, —0·60 and —0·06, —0·25, —0·38 g silage organic matter (OM) per g concentrates OM for silages SI to S3 and S4 to S6. Only on silage S6 did the replacement rate differ significantly from zero.

Cereal processing and food utilization by sheep. 3. The effect of replacing whole barley by whole oats on food utilization and firmness and composition of subcutaneous fat

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
W. R. H. Duncan ◽  
Constance A. Carnie
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARY1. Forty-eight early-weaned lambs were used in an experiment in which whole barley was gradually replaced by whole oats in order to produce different types of rumen fermentation.2. The type of rumen fermentation promoted by whole barley did not give rise to excessively soft fat in female lambs; in males, however, some carcasses were unacceptable. An increase in the proportion of propionic acid in the rumen liquor was associated with an increased proportion of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids and a decreased proportion of stearic acid in carcass fat. When the molar proportion of propionic acid in the rumen liquor was above 30%, three out of every five carcasses from the entire male lambs had excessively soft fat.3. Assessment of food utilization was complicated by lower daily intakes of digestible organic matter (DOM) when more than about 15% of barley was replaced by oats and also influenced by changes in gut contents. With 100% whole barley the mean gut fill was 4·7 kg while with 100% oats it was 9·4 kg.Assuming a maintenance requirement of 100 kcal metabolizable energy/kg0·75, it was calculated that the digestible organic matter of oats was utilized more efficiently than that of barley to produce empty-body gain. Most of the differences in utilization disappeared if an adjustment was made for differences in gut contents. The results indicate that the maintenance requirement/kg0·75 decreases with increasing gut content.

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