The effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth of temperate perennial pasture legumes.

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
R Luck
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Sericea Lespedeza ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Germination of 10 perennial pasture legumes, white clover, red clover, strawberry clover, lucerne, Caucasian clover, cicer milkvetch, crownvetch, birdsfoot trefoil, big trefoil and sericea lespedeza, was compared under five day/night temperature regimens: 24/20, 20/15, 15/10, 12/6 and 8/2�C. Growth of seedlings of Caucasian clover, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, crownvetch and sericea lespedeza was compared with that of white clover at four serial harvests over a 5-week period at the three highest temperatures. Three main patterns of germination were observed. Firstly, temperature had little effect on maximum percentage, time to first germination and rate of germination in lucerne. Secondly, all Trifolium species and birdsfoot trefoil exhibited reductions in rate of germination and increases in time to germination at the two lowest temperatures. Thirdly, the remaining species showed either very slow or no germination at the two lowest temperatures, where there were large reductions in the maximum germination where germination occurred. Seedling growth was characterized by better dry matter and leaf production from white and Caucasian clovers at 15/10�C than for the other species, but very marked increases in growth at the higher temperatures by the other four species. Lespedeza was always the least vigorous seedling, and birdsfoot trefoil and crownvetch grew as well or better than the Trifolium species at 24/20�C. Slow first leaf appearance in crownvetch and cicer milkvetch seemed to be associated with a much greater capacity for cotyledon expansion in these species. While Caucasian clover appears to be well suited for establishment under Australian conditions, promising species such as cicer milkvetch and crownvetch will require selection for better germination and seedling growth at low temperatures or the introduction of more winter active germplasm if they are to become useful plants in Australian pastures.

scholarly journals 159 The effect of multispecies swards on parasite faecal egg counts of grazing lambs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 170-170
Author(s):  
Romina A Rodriguez ◽  
Cornelia Grace ◽  
Mary B Lynch ◽  
Helen Sheridan ◽  
Stephen Lott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts

Abstract Multispecies swards (MSS) for ruminants are increasing in popularity in temperate regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of MSS containing grasses, legumes and herbs on lambs faecal egg counts (FEC) compared to a perennial ryegrass monoculture. Over two years (2015 and 2016) lambs (n = 60 per year, n = 120 in total per treatment) grazed one of four sward types. The treatments were: perennial ryegrass only (PRG), perennial grass and white clover (PRGWC), six species sward (perennial ryegrass, timothy, plantain, chicory, white and red clover; 6S) and nine species (9S) additional to the 6S were cocksfoot, greater birdsfoot trefoil and yarrow. Feces samples were collected fortnightly commencing when lambs were six weeks old and FEC were determined by the modified McMaster procedure for quantifying Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus eggs. All lambs were treated with anthelmintic at 12 weeks of age and subsequent anthelmintic treatments were administered when a threshold of 400 egg per gram (epg) was reached. The statistical analysis used was a repeated measures model in PROC MIXED of SAS. Nematodirus FEC did not differ with treatment (P > 0.05). Trichostrongylus FEC was influenced by sward type (P < 0.05), the lambs grazing the PRG sward displaying higher FEC, while the lambs grazing the 9S sward displaying lower FEC compared to other treatments. The lambs offered PRG required fewer days in reach the 400 epg threshold compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05) that did not differ. The repeatability of FEC from one date to the next date was 21.54% and 11.85% for Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus respectively, being considered low. The correlation between FEC (Nematodirus) and ADG (weaning-slaughter) was positive (0.1377), but FEC (Trichostrongylus) and ADG correlation was negative (-0.1084). These results suggest that lambs offered the 9S treatment had lower FEC of Trichostrongylus eggs compared to PRG.

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

Defoliation frequency and cultivar effects on the storage and utilisation of stolon and root reserves in white clover

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Lawson ◽  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Stolon Length ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
Leaf Appearance

The effects of defoliation frequency (2 or 6 defoliations over a 91-day period) on the reserve status and growth rate of 2 white clover cultivars, cvv. Irrigation (medium-leafed) and Haifa (large-leafed), were examined over the final 42 days of the defoliation treatments. The clover plants consisted of single stolons growing in a sand/scoria mix in an unheated glasshouse, and were fertilised weekly with a solution containing essential nutrients excluding nitrogen. More frequent defoliation reduced the leaf appearance rate, stolon elongation rate, and plant size, and increased stolon death, with all of these effects being less pronounced in Irrigation than in Haifa (18% v. 30%, 60% v. 80%, and 23% v 34%, respectively, for leaf appearance rates, stolon elongation rates, and the proportion of stolon length that died). With infrequent defoliation, the combined utilisation of starch and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves in the first 14 days after defoliation was equivalent to 15% of the plant weight at defoliation, and to 95% of the new leaf produced during that period. Frequent defoliation reduced the reserve content and remobilisation less in Irrigation than in Haifa, with the combined mass of remobilised starch and WSC over the first 14 days after defoliation being 2.9% and 2.0% of the plant weight at defoliation, and 29% and 19% of leaf production over that period, for Irrigation and Haifa, respectively. The greater reserve mobilisation in Irrigation than in Haifa plants under frequent defoliation probably contributed to their higher growth rates and reduced stolon death. These cultivar differences with frequent defoliation suggest that Irrigation is more suited to frequent defoliation than Haifa.

Effect of Imazethapyr on Legumes and the Effect of Legumes on Weeds

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Weed Biomass

A three-year experiment was conducted near Scottsbluff, NE, to evaluate the selectivity of POST-applied imazethapyr for weed control in alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, red clover, sainfoin, and yellow sweetclover. Imazethapyr injured all legumes 15 DAT. Imazethapyr also reduced the height of birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, red clover, and yellow sweeclover 28 DAT. Legume first cutting yields were not reduced by imazethapyr and with alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, and sainfoin, first cutting yields were increased by imazethapyr. Imazethapyr reduced weed biomass in all legume seedings. Weed biomass in new seedings of alfalfa was reduced more than that of the other legumes.

The transference of nitrogen from pasture legumes to an associated grass under several systems of management in pot culture

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Intact Root ◽  
Pot Culture

The extent of underground transference of nitrogen from three pasture legumes, each growing in association with a grass, has been studied in pot culture under several systems of management during the first 12–18 months after sowing. The three legumes performed quite differently. Subterranean clover did not release any nitrogen until senescence and then produced a rapid transference. White clover was competitive for nitrogen until the autumn-winter period. Lucerne released nitrogen gradually over the whole experimental period. Frequent defoliation of the legumes reduced competition for nitrogen by white clover but also reduced transference from the other legumes. Killing the perennial legumes produced only a small temporary increase in transference. Wilting and temporary drying treatments also reduced the transference. Thus there was no evidence that the nitrogen transference from lucerne was due to a shedding or decay of nodules induced by defoliation; it could equally well be due to direct excretion of nitrogen from the intact root system. The significance of the results in pasture establishment in infertile areas is discussed.

Selective behaviour in cattle grazing pastures of strips of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover. 2. The effects of sward maturity and structure

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. E. C. POLI ◽  
J. HODGSON ◽  
G. P. COSGROVE ◽  
G. C. ARNOLD
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Partial Preference ◽  
Ingestive Behaviour ◽  
Selection Of

The effects of manipulation of sward maturity on ingestive behaviour and diet selection of grazing cattle were tested in two experiments using legumes which are equally preferred by cattle. Yearling heifers, in groups of three, grazed plots formed by alternate 2·4 m wide strips of a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (BW) and strips of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (RC). The treatments comprised four combinations of each of the two swards at two contrasting levels of maturity/height replicated over four successive 3-day periods, in an order which balanced the effect of previous treatments. Observations of the distribution of grazing activity and biting rate were made over 3-hour periods each evening and in the morning of Day 2.Rate of biting was generally greater on immature than mature swards, and on BW than on RC, with little evidence of interactions between these effects. The animals demonstrated partial preference throughout the two studies, the proportion of grazing time devoted to BW being 0·40±0·010 in Expt 1 and 0·47±0·017 in Expt 2. The distribution of grazing time between sward type and maturity combinations was influenced progressively by herbage mass and height contrasts as strips were grazed down. An overall analysis using the results from these studies and a companion experiment indicated differences between studies in partial preference for BW and RC which appeared to be related to variations in sward morphology.

Nitrogen Transfer from White Clover, Red Clover, and Birdsfoot Trefoil to Associated Grass

1990 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Mallarino ◽  
W. F. Wedin ◽  
C. H. Perdomo ◽  
R. S. Goyenola ◽  
C. P. West
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil

scholarly journals Pasture legumes for the drought-prone, outwash soils of the southern Mackenzie Basin

1996 ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
R.F. Woodman ◽  
J.M. Keoghan ◽  
B.E. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Mackenzie Basin ◽  
A Site

The persistence of lucerne (Medicugo sativa L.), red clover (Trifofiumpratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus cornicufatus L.) and perennial lupin (Lupinuspolyphyks Lindley), overdrilled with and without companion grasses, was compared at a site representative of dry, acidic, outwash soils in the southern Mackenzie Basin, South Island. Plant populations were monitored for 9 years and legume seedling regeneration and stand recruitment were examined over three consecutive years under grazing by sheep and cattle. Pcrcnnial lupin was the best adapted legume species. Stand density increased by re-seeding. In contrast, few seedlings of birdsfoot trefoil developed as a result of reseeding, and survival of birdsfoot trefoil was generally restricted to the more favourable areas of the mosaic of soil. Red clover did not persist, and the few plants of lucerne that survived lacked vigour. Tall oat grass and cocksfoot showed good vigour and persistence across the mosaic of soil; smooth brome performed well and spread within the more favourable areas. From these results, _p_erennial.lupin,-tall-oat-grass-and-cocksfoot~a~~ to be the best species available for the future development of sustainable pastoral systems in drought-prone outwash landscapes in the Mackenzie Basin. Keywords: dryland, establishment, Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus po&phyflus, outwash soils, pasture legumes, persistence, seedling recruitment

scholarly journals HERBAGE PRODUCTION OF PASTURE LEGUMES AT THREE SITES IN OTAGO

1975 ◽  
pp. 182-195
Author(s):  
R.B. Allen ◽  
I.R. Mcdonald ◽  
N.A. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Matter Production

White clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (T. pratense), subtcrrnnean clover (T. subterraneum) and alsike clover (T. hybridum) were sown singly or in combinations at three sites in Otago. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was included in all clover treatments and was also sown alone. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was sown alone at two sites. Herbage dry matter production was measured over a three-year period. At the high fertility lnvermay site, white and red clovers gave similar total and legume dry matter production and were markedly superior to alsike and subterranean clovers. White and nlsike clovers were most productive at the higher altitude, low fertility Berwick site, and at the dry, medium fertility Dunback site red clover produced the highest yields. Lucerne greatly outyielded all other species in the second and third years at Invermay and in the third year at Dunback.

EFFECT OF THE ROOT-LESION NEMATODE ON YIELD OF FOUR FORAGE LEGUMES UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Willis ◽  
L. S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Foliage yields of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were reduced by root-lesion nematodes [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filip. and Stekh, 1941]. Foliage yields generally decreased with increased infestation levels. Significant yield reductions were recorded at the time of first cutting for white clover and birdsfoot trefoil, but not until several cuts later for red clover and alfalfa. Mean yields of birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, alfalfa, and white clover infested with 7,500 nematodes per pail were 50, 73, 83, and 93%, respectively, of control yields.

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