Prediction of weather damage of mungbean seed in tropical Australia. I. Relation between seed quality, weather, and reproductive development

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Yeates ◽  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
S. W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Australian Monsoon ◽  
Cumulative Duration ◽  
Weather Damage

Assessment of the potential for mungbean cropping in the Australian monsoon tropics required a model that could predict pre-harvest seed quality from long-term climatic data. Empirical relations between seed quality and pre-harvest weather were developed from field-grown mungbean using 22 sowings over 3 seasons. Seed quality reflected visual symptoms of weather damage expressed as the percentage of undamaged seed. A minimum exposure to rainfall was required before seed quality was reduced. After this minimum was exceeded, the effect of additional rainfall was cumulative and the percentage of unweathered seed decreased proportionally until a maximum was reached whereby all susceptible seed was weather damaged. The percentage of unweathered seed was best predicted as a function of the cumulative duration of rainfall events. Exposure to at least 300 min of rainfall was required before seed quality was downgraded. Exposure to 4000 min of rainfall was required to reach the maximum threshold. The linear decline in the percentage of unweathered seed was accurately predicted with independent data (r2 = 0.84) by a function that combined the cumulative duration of rainfall and the standard deviation of evaporation. This function reflected the weathering process, that is, cumulative exposure to moisture and the extent of drying of the atmosphere between rainfall events. Alternatively, where pluviograph data were unavailable, combining the sum of rainfall events (>0.5mm) with the standard deviation of evaporation and mean daily solar radiation was also highly correlated with the proportion of unweathered seed; accurate predictions were made using independent data during crop ripening (r2 = 0.93) and after ripening (r2 = 0.72). Weather damage was sensitive to the timing of reproductive development relative to rainfall; adjusting climate variables for cohort-specific exposure removed the confounding effects caused by the daily ripening of pods. Time to flowering was accurately predicted, 2–3 days from observed, using mean daily photoperiod and temperature. As expected, rate of progress from flowering to the first ripe pod and crop maturity was dependent on photoperiod, temperature, and moisture availability. The proportion of pods ripe on any day was highly (P < 0.01) correlated with the proportion of the pod-ripening phase completed.

Prediction of weather damage of mungbean seed in tropical Australia. II. Model application

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Yeates ◽  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
S. W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Field Experimentation ◽  
High Quality Seed ◽  
Weather Damage

To demonstrate a model to simulate the risk of weather damage of mungbean, application studies were undertaken using 27 years of climatic data collected at Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. In terms of the risk of weather damage, the transition from high risk to low risk occurred after mid-February but before 20 March. High quality seed could be expected in 70% of seasons for a crop that matured after 20 March. For planting dates prior to 25 January, the chance of producing premium quality seed was enhanced to 40–70% of seasons by sowing a cultivar that matured 2 weeks later and by harvesting promptly (4 days after maturity). There was no benefit from later maturity or harvest promptness where sowing was made after 25 January, because maturity occurred after the wet season was complete. In contrast, yield was optimised at early January sowing dates. Calculating gross margins by combining yield and weather damage simulations identified an optimum sowing date between the optimum for yield and seed quality. It was shown that later maturity combined with photoperiod sensitivity increased the sowing window from 10 to 29 days compared with a short duration variety that was insensitive to photoperiod. The relative merits of modelling and field experimentation in assessing the cropping potential for mungbean in a new region are discussed. The need to be able to simulate the yield of the second flush of flowers was acknowledged as a future research requirement.

Effects of photoperiod on reproductive development of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a cool subtropical environment. I. Field studies

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Bell ◽  
G Harch
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Subtropical Environment

The effects of photoperiod on reproductive development and yield of two Virginia, one Spanish and one Valencia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar were investigated in the field at Kingaroy, Australia. The objective was to assess the importance of photoperiod as a limitation to post-flowering reproductive development in a cool subtropical environment. A total of five experimental sowings were made between the 1986/87 and 1988/89 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of either natural photoperiods (ranging from 11 to 14 h, depending on sowing date and growth stage) or long (16 h) photoperiods during a range of phenological stages, both pre- and post-flowering. Long photoperiods were achieved by using low intensity light from incandescent bulbs with equal extension periods in both morning and evening. Different sowing dates and seasons were used to produce a range of natural photoperiods, radiation and temperature regimes, while shadecloth was used to alter incident irradiance during the 1988/89 experiments. Photoperiod responses were significant in only one experiment (S2, 1986/87), and were due to effects of treatment during the immediate post-flowering period. Numbers of flowers, pegs and pods were reduced under long photoperiods in cv. Robut 33-1, and to a lesser extent, in cv. White Spanish. The Virginia cv. Uf 781 14-5 was unaffected. The effects of long photoperiods during this 30 day post-flowering treatment were not expressed until after the treatment period. Effects were relatively small and reproductive (pod) yields at maturity were not significantly reduced. The lack of strong photoperiod responses in the reportedly sensitive Valencia cv. NC17090 and the occurrence of the strongest response in the relatively insensitive cv. Robut 33-1 were unexpected. Analysis of climatic data from these experiments, and others reported in the literature, suggested interactions between photoperiod and temperature, with photoperiod effects being only significant at higher temperatures, i.e. in our studies, when mean daily temperature during the treatment period was 26-0�C. This finding is of considerable significance in assessing the importance of photoperiod sensitivity for cultivar adaptation to long day/subtropical environments. A subsequent paper in this series examines photoperiod x temperature interactions more closely under controlled environment conditions.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF GENERATIONS OF UENF/CALIMAN 01 PAPAYA AND CORRELATIONS BETWEEN GERMINATION, VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
LIANA HILDA GOLIN MENGARDA ◽  
JOSÉ CARLOS LOPES ◽  
RODRIGO SOBREIRA ALEXANDRE ◽  
ADÉSIO FERREIRA ◽  
ALICE DE FREITAS BRAGA
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Canonical Correlation Analysis ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Physiological Quality

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the seeds quality and the plant development of F1 and F2 generations of hybrid UENF/Caliman 01 papaya, and the relations between the physic-chemical and physiological quality of seeds, vegetative and reproductive development of plants in the field for 360 days, and fruit quality. The relative contribution (Cr %) to the genetic divergence for each characteristic was estimated. For those with higher importance for each group (Cr = 25%), the Pearson correlation and the canonical correlation analysis were applied. The F1 seeds showed higher physic-chemical and physiological quality, with greater length (0.55 cm), sugar and lipid levels (5.13 and 11.58 mg g-1, respectively), germination and normal seedlings percentages (94 and 98.31%, respectively). The F2 plants showed higher stem diameter (81.08 mm), fruits insertion height (184.8 cm) and fruits number (11.73). It was observed that higher levels of lipid in the seeds were associated with lower fruits number. Lower levels of sugar and lipid of the seeds and lower speed germination index were associated with lower survival. Thus, seed quality is associated with survival of hybrid UENF/Caliman 01 papaya plants in the field, but it does not have relation with the vegetative and reproductive development of plants.

scholarly journals Analisis Risiko Produksi Sayuran Daun Indigenous di Kecamatan Kadudampit, Kabupaten Sukabumi, Jawa Barat

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syaima Lailatul Mubarokah ◽  
Wini Nahraeni ◽  
Arti Yusdiarti ◽  
Arifah Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Process Risk ◽  
Deviation Coefficient

This study aims to identify 1) the source of production risk in some indigenous leaf vegetables, especially basil 2) the level of risks encountered, and 3) formulate strategies tocontrol the risk of production of indigenous leaf vegetable. The research was conducted in Kecamatan Kadudampit Sukabumi, the method of sampling used simple random sampling.The number of farmers were 42 farmers. In specialization activities, the method to process risk data used are analysis of variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Theresults showed that the source of production risk faced by farmers were weather / climate, pest and disease diseases and seed quality. The expected return value of basil commodityRp.1.801.204 with the risk level of losses was 0.382 or 38%. Strategies that could be done to reduced the risk was the diversification activity with . timing and appropriate commodities of diversification activities, plan intercropping cropping pattern between two combination basil with lettuce were 60% and 40% and basil with gourd were 60% and 40%, risk managementin production through preventive strategies with improvement of physical facilities and mitigation strategies with pest and disease controls encountered.Keywords: basil, variance analysis, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, risk management.

scholarly journals Attributes of Several Methods for Detecting Discontinuities in Mean Temperature Series

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 838-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur T. DeGaetano
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Temperature Series ◽  
Test Series ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
Series Length

Abstract Simulated annual temperature series are used to compare seven homogenization procedures. The two that employ likelihood ratio tests routinely outperform other methods in their ability to identify modest (0.33°C; 0.6 standard deviation anomaly) shifts in the mean. The percentage of imposed shifts that are detected by these methods is similar to that based on tests that rely on a priori metadata information concerning the position of potential shifts. These methods, along with a two-phase regression approach, are also best at identifying and placing multiple shifts within a single time series. Although the regression procedure is better able to detect multiple breaks that are separated by relatively short time intervals, in its published form it suffers from a higher-than-expected Type I error rate. This was also found to be a problem with a metadata-based procedure currently in operational use. The likelihood tests are strongly influenced by the presence of trends in the difference series and short (&lt;20 yr) series length. The ability of a given procedure to detect a discontinuity is predominately influenced by the magnitude of the discontinuity relative to the standard deviation of the data series being evaluated. Data series length, correlation between the test series and its associated reference series, and test series autocorrelation also influence test performance. These features were not considered in previous homogenization method comparisons. Discontinuities with magnitudes less than 0.6 times the standard deviation of the time series represent the lower limit for homogenization. Based on the most effective homogenization techniques, 10% of the 1.25 standard deviation discontinuities are likely to remain in climatic data series, unless reference station correlations are exceptional or quality station metadata are available.

scholarly journals Three-Way Error Analysis between AATSR, AMSR-E, and In Situ Sea Surface Temperature Observations

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1197-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne G. O’Carroll ◽  
John R. Eyre ◽  
Roger W. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Along Track

Abstract Using collocations of three different observation types of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) gives enough information to enable the standard deviation of error on each observation type to be derived. SSTs derived from the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS; AMSR-E) instruments are used, along with SST observations from buoys. Various assumptions are made within the error theory, including that the errors are not correlated, which should be the case for three independent data sources. An attempt is made to show that this assumption is valid and that the covariances between the different observations because of representativity error are negligible. Overall, the spatially averaged nighttime AATSR dual-view three-channel bulk SST observations for 2003 are shown to have a very small standard deviation of error of 0.16 K, whereas the buoy SSTs have an error of 0.23 K and the AMSR-E SST observations have an error of 0.42 K.

scholarly journals Response of Seed Carrot to Various Water Regimes. II. Reproductive Development, Seed Yield, and Seed Quality

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Steiner ◽  
R.B. Hutmacher ◽  
A.B. Mantel ◽  
J.E. Ayars ◽  
S.S. Vail
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Wide Range

Seed yield and quality of carrot (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.) were influenced by a wide range of water application regimes and levels. Irrigation treatments were imposed beginning at the time of extension of the primary umbel and extending throughout the reproductive development period. The three application regimes used were: 1) a high-frequency, low water deficit treatment [100% of daily accumulated crop evapotranspiration (ETc)]; 2) a series of five low-frequency (irrigated after 30 mm of accumulated ET,) application treatments with a range of water deficits from moderate to minimal (40% to 120% of ETc applied); and 3) a series of three treatments that had rapidly developing water deficits applied by terminating irrigation at 7, 5, and 2 weeks before harvest after being grown under low-stress conditions. Pure live seed (PLS) yield was optimized by different treatments within each of the three application regimes. Maximum yields were achieved with short-term (2-week) rapidly developing water deficits near harvest, moderate deficit irrigation with 60% to 80% of ETc applied after 30 mm of ETc, or with a low water deficit, high-frequency application. Seed germination percentage decreased as the amount of applied water increased. This effect was more pronounced in the later-developing umbel orders. However, seed quality measured as seedling root length was improved with increasing water application.

Evaluation of Stochastic Perturbed Parameterization Tendencies on Convective-Permitting Ensemble Forecasts of Heavy Rainfall Events in New York and Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Lupo ◽  
Ryan D. Torn ◽  
Shu-Chih Yang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Stochastic Perturbation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Error ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Parameterization Schemes ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events

Abstract The representation of model error in ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) can be limited by the assumptions within parameterization schemes. Stochastic perturbed parameterization tendencies (SPPT) is one representation of model error that randomly perturbs parameterized physical tendencies using a spatially and temporally correlated red-noise field. This research investigates the sensitivity of ensemble rainfall forecasts produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to the configuration of SPPT and independent SPPT (iSPPT) for three meso–synoptic-scale heavy rainfall events over the United States and Taiwan, primarily focusing on the ensemble mean and standard deviation as well as forecast skill. Thirty-two 20-member ensembles, which represent a combination of eight configurations of the stochastic perturbation time scale, length scale, and amplitude scale, and four perturbed parameterization schemes, as well as an unperturbed control simulation, are examined for each event. In each case, rainfall standard deviation is most sensitive to the perturbation time scale and amplitude scale. Moreover, microphysics tendency perturbations are associated with the largest standard deviation in two of the three events, followed by perturbations to the total (nonmicrophysics), turbulent mixing, and radiation parameterized tendencies. Additionally, microphysics tendency perturbations are associated with an increase in the areal coverage of heavy rainfall compared to the control forecast, regardless of whether the control forecast over or underrepresents the observed rainfall distribution.

scholarly journals Analysis of QTLs for Reproductive Development and Seed Quality Traits in Soybean using Recombinant Inbred Lines

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Watanabe ◽  
Teuku Tajuddin ◽  
Naoki Yamanaka ◽  
Masaki Hayashi ◽  
Kyuya Harada
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Seed Quality Traits
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