Forage tree legumes. I. Productivity and N economy of Leucaena, Gliricidia, Calliandra and Sesbania and tree/green panic mixtures

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
N Transfer ◽  
Tree Legume ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Tree Legumes ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
Establishment Phase ◽  
Stem Production

A field experiment was conducted at Gowa, S. Sulawesi, Indonesia, to assess the productivity of 4 tree legumes. The experiment consisted of an establishment phase of 6 months, a tree only phase of 8 months, followed by a tree/grass phase of 14 months. After the initial cutting to 1 m, trees were lopped to 1 m when they reached heights of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 m above the soil surface. Leaf production was unaffected by cutting at the various attainment heights. Over the 14 month establishment and tree phase, yields totalled 2 1.8 t DM ha-1 in leucaena, 19.2 t DM ha-1 in gliricidia, 18.2 t ha-1 in calliandra and 6.7 t ha-1 in sesbania, which did not survive cutting. Stem production increased as attainment height increased. Yield of the understorey grass (Panicum maximum cv. Riversdale) in the 14 month tree/grass phase was unaffected by tree attainment height and was highest in the grass monoculture plots (12.0 tha-1), and lowest under leucaena and gliricidia. Nitrogen yields totalled 103 kg ha-1 in the grass monoculture and 901 kg ha-l in the tree monoculture and tree/grass mixtures. There was little N transfer from the tree legume to the grass.

Forage tree legumes. II. Investigation of nitrogen transfer to an associated grass using a split-root technique

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
N Transfer ◽  
Tree Legume ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Split Root

In an earlier field experiment in this series, we found no significant transfer of N between Leucaena or Gliricidia and Panicum maximum. The glasshouse study reported here employed a split-root technique, whereby trees of leucaena and gliricidia were grown in boxes with 15N fed to one half of the root system and the transfer of N to the other half of the box was measured by sampling tree and planted grass. Detection of l5N in the grass tops and roots from the unlabelled half of the box was used to indicate N transfer from the tree roots to the grass. Transfer of labelled N to the grass amounted to 4.1% in the first 6 week period when 15N was being injected into the tree root zone. A harvest of the tree and grass was made at 6 weeks and both allowed to regrow for a further 6 weeks with no further addition of l5N. Over the entire 12 week experimental period 7.6% of the labelled N from the tree was transferred to the grass. The low proportion of N transferred from tree legume to the grass in this experiment, where herbage was cut and removed, is similar to the findings in the earlier field experiment and indicates that, in such a system, little direct beneficial effect of N fixation would be expected in an understorey grass or food crop.

scholarly journals Sulfentrazone efficiency on Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as influenced by rain and sugarcane straw

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M Correia ◽  
E.H Camilo ◽  
E.A Santos
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Rain Simulation

The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of sulfentrazone applied in pre-emergence in controlling Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as a function of the time interval between herbicide application and the occurrence of rain, and the presence of sugarcane straw on the soil surface. Two greenhouse experiments and one field experiment were conducted. For the greenhouse experiments, the study included three doses of sulfentrazone applied by spraying 0, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ha-1, two amounts of straw on the soil (0 and 10 t ha-1), and five time intervals between the application of herbicide and rain simulation (0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 days). In the field experiment, five herbicide treatments (sulfentrazone at 0.6 and 0.9 kg ha-1, sulfentrazone + hexazinone at 0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1, amicarbazone at 1.4 kg ha-1, and imazapic at 0.147 kg ha-1) and two controls with no herbicide were studied. Management conditions with or without sugarcane straw on the soil were also assessed. From the greenhouse experiments, sulfentrazone application at 0.6 kg ha-1 was found to provide for the efficient control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit in a dry environment, with up to 90 days between herbicide application and rain simulation. After herbicide application, 20 mm of simulated rain was enough to leach sulfentrazone from the straw to the soil, as the biological effects observed in I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit remained unaffected. Under field conditions, either with or without sugarcane straw left on the soil, sulfentrazone alone (0.6 or 0.9 kg ha-1) or sulfentrazone combined with hexazinone (0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1) was effective in the control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, exhibiting similar or better control than amicarbazone (1.4 kg ha-1) and imazapic (0.147 kg ha-1).

scholarly journals Study on Physiological Parameters and Economics of Rice Cultivation under Different Establishment Methods and Water Management Practices

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
S. Selvakumar ◽  
S. Sakthivel ◽  
Akihiko Kamoshita ◽  
R. Babu ◽  
S. Thiyageshwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Physiological Parameters

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, during summer 2019 to study about the changes in physiological parameters of rice under various establishment and water management strategies and to find out the suitable method of rice establishment and irrigation management practices for tank irrigated command areas during water scarcity situation. Field experiment comprised of four establishment methods in combination with four irrigation management strategies. Medium duration fine grain rice variety TKM 13 was used for the study. Results of the study revealed that machine transplanting under unpuddled soil combined with irrigation after formation of hairline crack recorded improved physiological parameters and yield. It was on par with machine transplanting under unpuddled soil combined with irrigation when water level reaches 5 cm below soil surface. Higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio were observed with machine transplanting under unpuddled soil combined with irrigation after formation of hairline crack. This was followed by machine transplanting under unpuddled soil combined with irrigation when water level reaches 5 cm below soil. Hence, the result of study concluded that machine transplanting under unpuddled soil combined with irrigation when water level reaches 5 cm below soil surface can be recommended as the suitable technology for the farmers of tank irrigated command area to get higher return with minimum use of resources under water scarcity situation.

scholarly journals S-metolachlor efficacy on the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in mechanically green harvested sugarcane

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. Correia ◽  
F.J. Perussi ◽  
L.J.P. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of S-metolachlor applied in pre-emergence conditions for the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in sugar cane mechanically harvested without previous burning of the crop (green harvest) with the crop residue either left or not on the soil surface. The experiments were established in the field according to a randomized complete block design with four repetitions in a 7 x 2 split-plot scheme. In the plots, five herbicide treatments were studied (S-metolachlor at 1.44, 1.92, and 2.40 kg ha-1, clomazone at 1.20 kg ha-1, and isoxaflutole at 0.188 kg ha-1), and two control treatments with no herbicide application. In the subplots, the presence or absence of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface was evaluated. S-metolachlor efficacy was not hampered by either 14 or 20 t ha-1 of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface. When sugar cane crop residue was covering the soil surface, S-metolachlor at a rate of 1.44 kg ha-1 resulted in weed control similar at their larger rates, where as without the presence of crop residue, S-metolachlor controlled B. decumbens, D. horizontalis, and P. maximum at the rates of 1.92, 1.44, and 1.92 kg ha-1, respectively. The herbicides clomazone and isoxaflutole were effective for the studied species, independently of the crop residue covering the soil surface. S-metolachlor caused no visible injury symptoms to the sugar cane plant. Clomazone and isoxaflutole caused visible injuries to the sugar cane plant. None of the herbicides negatively affected the number of viable culms m² or the culm height and diameter.

Effect of plant density and spatial arrangement on the yield of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru in subcoastal south-eastern Queensland

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Cooksley ◽  
EA Goward
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Density Maximum ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Establishment Phase

Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru) was sown at 5 plant densities with 2 spatial arrangements at Brian Pastures Pasture Research Station, Gayndah, to determine the effects of these factors on leucaena and inter-row grass dry matter yield. During the 2 year establishment phase, yields of edible leucaena (leaves, pods, flowers and stems to a diameter of 5 mm) averaged 4400 and 2440 kg/ha respectively. Yields in subsequent years stabilised to an overall mean of 1360 kg/ha, with the amount of edible leucaena increasing with increasing leucaena plant density from 640 to 2260 kg/ha at 6000 and 62 500 leucaena plants/ha respectively. Edible leucaena yield for the mean of the 5 plant densities was increased by 38% when row spacing was doubled. Yields of both total and senesced leucaena were directly related to the annual rainfall. At the end of each growing season in May, edible leucaena yield remained stable between rainfall extremes of 492 and 878 mm while the amount of senesced leucaena litter increased. Edible leucaena yield was directly related to leucaena plant density (R2= 0.86). Annual total leucaena yield (edible leucaena yield plus leucaena litter) was best related to the plant parameters leucaena plant volume (R2 = 0.92), leucaena stem numbers (R2 = 0.90) and leucaena stem diameter (R2 = 0.90). Number of green panic (Panicum maximum var, trichoglume) shoots showed a marked increase at the 3 higher leucaena densities (mean of 28 shoots/m2) compared with the 2 lower leucaena densities (mean of 7 shoots/m2). Total soil nitrogen also increased at the 3 higher leucaena densities (mean of 0.186%) relative to the 2 lower leucaena densities (mean of 0.170%). Inter-row grass and grass litter yields both declined from 4640 and 4010 kg/ha to 31 10 and 2420 kg/ha respectively with increasing leucaena density. Maximum yields of edible leucaena were obtained when leucaena was grown at a density of 62 500 plants per ha in rows 0.8 m apart.

Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.

Forage tree legumes. III. Release of nitrogen from leaf, faeces and urine derived from Leucaena and Gliricidia leaf

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
15N Recovery ◽  
Tree Legume ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Source ◽  
N Status

The role of tree legume leaf as a green manure in increasing the N status of soils has been widely recognized. An alternative to the direct application of leaf is the feeding of the leaf to animals and using the dung and urine as the N source. This experiment was undertaken to measure the release of N from dried leaf of Leucaena leucocophala cv. Cunningham and Gliricidia sepium and from the dung and urine from goats fed the same leaf. The residue materials were labelled with 15N and either incorporated into the soil or applied onto the surface. ISN released from the residues was measured over a 10-week period by extraction using a grass crop of Panicum maximum cv. Riversdale and measurement of mineral N in the soil. Highest recovery was 89.6% in the leucaena-derived urine incorporated treatment and lowest (< 10%) in the surface-applied faeces treatment of both species. 15N recovery in the grass indicated that leucaena leaf is more resistant to breakdown than gliricidia leaf. These data suggest that careful consideration should be given to the use of leaf litter as an N source. In situations where volatilization of N from excreta can be minimized, such as in cut-and-carry systems, the N economy of the system could be enhanced by including the animal in the N cycle.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Flooding on Survival of Leptosphaeria biglobosa ‘brassicae’ in Stubble of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in Central China

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Cai ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Mingde Wu ◽  
Daohong Jiang ◽  
Guoqing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Central China ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Cotton Field ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape

Blackleg (Phoma stem canker) caused by Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa is an economically important disease on oilseed rape and many cruciferous vegetables. Oilseed rape–rice rotation is a routine cultivation practice in central China. This study was conducted to assess the effect of flooding on survival of L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’ in the stubble of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Basal stems with typical blackleg symptoms were collected and cut into small pieces (2 cm) that were either submerged in water at 16 and 20, 20 and 28, 28 and 33, and 33 and 40°C (12 and 12 h) or kept dry at room temperature (control). Moreover, in a field experiment, the stem pieces were placed on the soil surface in a rice field or in a cotton field and either flooded in water or not flooded, respectively. After 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, the stem pieces were sampled for retrieval of L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’ on V8-juice agar and for determination of dry weight. Selected L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’ isolates from the stem pieces were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results from the two experiments showed that, compared with the controls, flooding for 1 to 2 weeks substantially reduced recovery of L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’ and flooding for 4 weeks resulted in negligible recovery of L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’. All of the 99 selected isolates produced a 444-bp DNA fragment in the PCR, confirming that they belong to L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’. Results also indicated that flooding caused rapid decomposition of the stem pieces. After flooding for 8 weeks, the dry weight of the stem pieces was reduced by 28 to 42% in the laboratory experiment and by 26 to 36% in the field experiment. These results suggest that oilseed rape–rice rotation is probably an efficient way to reduce longevity of L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’ in stubble of winter oilseed rape in central China.

Effects of NPK Fertilizers on young Coconut (Cocos nucifera) on a Sandy Soil in Sri Lanka

1980 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Loganathan ◽  
T. S. Balakrishnamurti
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Low Solubility

SUMMARYIn a 4 × 4 × 4 NPK field experiment with coconut on a sandy soil, N increased girth, height and leaf production during the pre-bearing period, but phosphorus (up to 6½ years) and K (up to 3½ years) had no effect on any vegetative growth parameters. The rates of fertilizers for optimum copra and nut yield (13 to 16 years) were 0.35, 0.73 and 0.64 kg N, PO and KO/palm/ year respectively. The high P requirement was due to the low solubility of the saphos phosphate in these sandy soils. A positive N × P interaction was also observed.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Clomazone Formulations Under Different Applications Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. TROPALDI ◽  
I.P.F.S. BRITO ◽  
R.C. DIAS ◽  
M.L.B. TRINDADE ◽  
C.A. CARBONARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Urochloa Decumbens ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Production Areas

ABSTRACT: Maintenance of straw on the soil surface in sugarcane production areas can influence weed occurrence and herbicide dynamics. After application, considerable losses of clomazone can occur as a result of its physicochemical characteristics. For this reason, novel formulations have been developed. In addition to the conventional formulation, microencapsulated formulations are currently available. Thus, the aim of this study was to observe and compare the effect of clomazone formulations under different application conditions. For this purpose, the experiment was carried with 12 treatments in a completely randomized design, with four replications, using clomazone formulations (1,200 g a.i. ha-1), on soils with different moisture levels, in the presence and absence of sugarcane straw, followed or not by rainfall simulation. The treatments were compared by observation of number of emerged plants and phytotoxicity at 7 and 14 DAA, as well shoot dry matter at 14 DAA for Ipomoea nil, Urochloa decumbens and Panicum maximum. In general, the microencapsulated formulation presented a better performance under the less suitable application conditions when compared to the conventional one. However, for the other conditions, both formulations had a similar performance.

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