Responses of pigs fed wheat naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum and containing the mycotoxins 4-deoxynivalenol and zearalenone

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Williams ◽  
BJ Blaney ◽  
MH Magee
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Teeth Grinding ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Abdominal Distress ◽  
Over Time

Wheat naturally infected with Fusariurn graminearurn on a farm in south-eastern Queensland contained mean concentrations of 23 mg 4-deoxynivalenol (DON) kg-1 and 4 mg zearalenone (ZEA) kg-1. No other mycotoxins were detected. The wheat was incorporated into diets containing DON ranging from 0-14 mg kg-1 and corresponding ZEA concentrations. Diets were fed in two experiments to a total of 66 pigs of an improved synthetic breed (half each sex, initial liveweights about 27 kg). The first experiment lasted 14 days and tested short-term responses, while the second was a growth trial lasting up to 14 weeks. Pigs were fasted for 24 h before the diets were first offered. In the first experiment, the pigs ate readily for 10-15 min and thereafter sparingly or not at all for several hours. Vomiting commenced in pigs consuming the most DON after 10-20 min and continued for the next hour. A similiar pattern was seen in the growth trial. In total, vomiting was observed in 13 pigs on the first day of feeding, but not thereafter. Vomiting was accompanied by signs of abdominal distress and teeth grinding. This was followed by marked feed refusal, the extent being related linearly to increasing DON concentrations, so that pigs offered the most DON lost weight during the growth trial. Voluntary feed intake was depressed by about 6% for each 1 mg kg-1 of dietary DON, although some tolerance developed over time. Slight diarrhoea was noted in some pigs, and a few females showed oestrogenic effects due to the ZEA. The feed refusal was well correlated with that obtained by other workers using purified DON. Feed conversion was not adversely affected until DON concentrations exceeded about 8 mg kg-1.

scholarly journals Lack of response to garlic fed at different dose rates for the control of Haemonchus contortus in Merino wether lambs

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Strickland ◽  
J. S. Fisher ◽  
W. T. Potts ◽  
G. W. Hepworth
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Worm Count ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Over Time

With the increased incidence of parasite resistance to chemical anthelmintics worldwide novel approaches to manage parasite infection, such as medicinal plants and their extracts, are being investigated by the scientific community. The current study tested the effect of three rates of garlic (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6%) in a pelleted ration on Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Thirty-nine Merino wether lambs aged 6 months were divided into five treatment groups, including three garlic dose rates and two control groups that received no garlic. All animals were infected with 4000 L3 H. contortus larvae 3 weeks after allocation to treatments. A positive control group was drenched with abamectin 28 days after infection. The synthetic drench was effective in controlling the parasites, but there was no reduction in either worm egg counts (WEC) or total worm count due to the garlic. The 3.6% garlic treatment had significantly lower (P < 0.05) liveweight, feed intake, body condition score and feed conversion ratio than any of the other treatment groups, suggesting that this level of garlic had a low level of anti-nutritional properties. There was an interaction between faecal WEC and voluntary feed intake over time, with the animals with higher voluntary feed intake having lower WEC over time.

Effect of the mycotoxins, nivalenol and zearalenone, in maize naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum on the performance of growing and pregnant pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Williams ◽  
BJ Blaney
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Daily Gain

Maize naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum and containing 11.5 mg nivalenol (NIV) kg-1 and 3 mg zearalenone (ZEA) kg-1 was fed to grower and pregnant pigs in five experiments. Inclusions of infected maize at 500 and 750 g kg-1 in diets for grower pigs caused a deterioration of all performance traits in a 14 day experiment: voluntary feed intake (VFI) from 2-17 kg day-1 (control) to 1.45 and 1.09 kg day-1; average daily gain (ADG) from 0.79 kg day-' (control) to 0.50 and 0.45 kg dayV1; and feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 2.45 (control) to 3.49 and 3.23 respectively. In a paired-feeding experiment of 8 weeks duration, the VFI, ADG and FCR of grower pigs progressively worsened with increasing infected maize content. However, when pigs were fed a nutritionally similar control diet at intakes matched to those achieved by pigs given the mycotoxin-containing diets, their ADG and FCR were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The nutrient similarity of these diets was confirmed in an independent metabolism study measuring apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention. Feeding pigs with infected maize caused a marked and dose dependent depression (P < 0.05) in white cell and neutrophil counts. In two studies with sows, a comparison was made between a control diet and one containing 600 g kg-1 infected maize when each diet was formulated to the same nutrient content and sows fed at 2 kg day-1. In one study, diets were offered from when pregnancy was confirmed at 30 days post-mating until slaughter approximately 35 days later. In the second study, the diets were offered either from day of mating or from 30 day post-mating with all sows being slaughtered approximately 35 days later. In both studies, the infected maize diet had no adverse effect on the conception rate nor on the number and weight of foeti at slaughter compared to controls. In the second study, total white cell and lymphocyte counts were lower (P < 0.05) in sows fed the infected maize diet.

Impact of wet feeding wheat-based diets with or without enzyme on broiler chick performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Digesta Viscosity

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of wheat source on voluntary feed intake when diets were offered in a wet or dry form. The first experiment was designed to establish if a mould inhibitor was necessary. The second experiment allowed more extensive screening of wheat types to determine if there is a genetic component in wheat that explains the differences observed in exp. 1. Experiment 1 was based on two wheat cultivars [Hard Red Spring (HRS) and Durum]. Each wheat was ground, one portion was used as is, the other pelleted and re-ground. The four wheat sources were included at 80% of a standard bioassay diet (with enzyme) and each diet was fed with or without propionic acid. The eight diets were fed ad libitum as is or with 1.2 g water per gram of feed. The wet diets were prepared daily and all diets were fed to four groups of six male broilers from 1 to 17 d of age. The second experiment utilized three cultivars each of HRS and Durum wheat fed in similar bioassay diets with no pre-pelleting or added mould inhibitor; each diet was fed with or without enzyme. Each of the 12 diets in the second experiment was fed with and without 1.2 g water per gram of feed to six groups of eight male broilers from 1 to 21 d of age. For both experiments, the daily intake of feed, on an air-dried basis, was detennined for each diet and used to calculate feed conversion for the respective feeding periods. Experiment 1 showed no effect of supplementing the wheat-based diets with propionic acid. This same experiment also clearly showed that feed intake was increased with wet feeding and there were significantly greater effects when HRS as compared to Durum wheat was fed. Experiment 2 clearly established that there are distinct differences in voluntary feed intake with wet feeding utilizing HRS as compared to Durum wheat. This experiment indicated that wet feeding mimics enzyme supplementation with regard to lowering digesta viscosity, but it is clearly unique from enzyme supplementation with its large effect on feed intake and growth. These studies support our hypothesis that variability in hydration rate of cereal-based diets may limit intake. Key words: Wheat, wet feeding, enzymes, feed intake, broilers

The effect of design of mono-place feeders on growth performance of finishing pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Growth Trial

When feed is offered ad libitum from hopper feeders, with water supply remote from the feeder, the feed conversion ratio with pelleted diets is improved by around 10% compared with non-pelleted diets (Patterson and Walker, 1989). This difference was reduced to around 6% when mono-place feeders with built-in water supply were used (Walker, 1990). The improved digestibility due to pelleting accounts for only 1% unit of these differences and the majority therefore appears to be due to feed wastage. A hopper feeder was developed by Baxter (1989) which minimised feed wastage of both pelleted and non-pelleted diets when assessed by short term collections of spilled feed. It was considered that a longer term growth trial would be a good indicator of the benefits of this feeder compared with other designs which had been used here in previous experiments.

scholarly journals The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Centrifugation Method ◽  
Water Holding

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the capacities of pigs for bulky feeds. In Expt 1 fifteen pigs were offered, from 12 to 25 kg live weight, ad lib. access to one of five feeds which were made by progressively diluting a high-quality feed with wheat bran. Intake initially increased, and then declined, as the proportion of wheat bran was increased. The pigs became better able to accommodate to the more bulky feeds over time. In Expt 2 thirty-six pigs, initially of 12 kg live weight, were used. The feeds were the same high-quality basal feed as in Expt 1 and three others made almost entirely of either wheat bran, dried grass or dried citrus pulp, respectively. The equal-parts mixtures of each of these three bulky feeds with the basal feed were also made to give three series of feeds each comprising the basal, the mixture and the bulky feed. The three feeds in each series were given ad lib. to twelve pigs in a design of two replicated Latin squares with three time-periods. Within each series, and across periods, the intakes of the feeds that were limiting intake were directly proportional to live weight and so a scaled intake, expressed as g/kg live weight per d, was calculated. Across the six limiting feeds, scaled intakes in the final 5 d of each period, when the pigs were in equilibrium with their feeds, were directly proportional to the reciprocal of the water-holding capacities (WHC) of the feeds, as measured by a centrifugation method. There were large effects of feed changes on intake, in the short term, with previous experience of a bulky feed leading to higher intakes of another bulky feed. The intake of the basal feed was not affected by the feed given previously. It was concluded that: (a) the time of adaptation to bulky feeds needs to be considered when attempting to measure, or predict, the rates of intake on different bulky feeds and, (b) the WHC of the feeds could be an appropriate measurement of‘bulk’responsible for limiting their intake, and could be used to predict the maximum feed intake capacity of pigs on different bulky feeds.

scholarly journals Effects of Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation to Broiler Diets With Varying Energy Content

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Heger ◽  
Jiří Zelenka ◽  
Vlastislav Machander ◽  
Carlos de la Cruz ◽  
Martin Lešták ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid

An experiment was conducted to determine the response of broiler chickens to guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) added to diets with different energy levels during fattening to 35 days of age. Ross 308 male chicks were allotted to 10 treatments, each consisting of six replicates of 140 birds/pen. Five maize-soyabean meal isonitrogenous diets with decreasing AMEnlevels (100, 99, 98, 97 and 96% of requirement) with or without supplements of 0.6 g/kg CreAMINO® containing a minimum of 96% GAA were formulated. The criteria of response were feed intake, body weight gains, feed conversion ratio and carcass, breast meat, leg meat and abdominal fat yields. Supplementation of broiler diets with 0.06% GAA resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in voluntary feed intake. With decreasing AMEnlevel, voluntary feed intake and consequently protein and amino acid intakes increased which was manifested by improved growth performance (P < 0.01). GAA supplements significantly (P < 0.001) improved feed conversion ratio and efficiency of AMEnutilization and significantly (P < 0.01) increased breast meat yield. With decreasing AMEnlevel, the effects of GAA supplementation tended to diminish.

Automatic recording of individual voluntary feed intake in group housed pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
A.N.R. Brown ◽  
H.A.M. van der Steen
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Automatic Recording ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sib Pairs

Genetic improvement of pigs relies heavily on improving feed conversion and controlling feed intake capacity. For this purpose it is vital to measure feed intake of individual pigs. Traditionally this has been achieved by keeping pigs singly or in sib-pairs in small pens. Such facilities are expensive to build and are difficult to design to cater adequately for pigs over a wide range of weights and at low stocking density. Keeping animals in small pens is less than satisfactory from a welfare aspect.

High protein soybean as a source of protein and energy for starter pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-422
Author(s):  
M. A. McNiven ◽  
A. G. Castell
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Heat Processing ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
New Type ◽  
Excellent Source ◽  
Growth Trial

Two starter pig trials were conducted to evaluate a new type of soybean (SB), AC Proteus, containing higher levels of protein than conventional cultivars. In the first trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20% of the isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soybean meal based diets and fed to starter pigs from 10 to 25 kg In the second trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 or 14% of the diet, or a conventional soybean, Baron, was included at 0, 4.4, 8.8, 13.3 or 17.7% of the diet on an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous basis.Amino acid levels in AC Proteus on an air-dry basis were higher than those in the conventional soybean, Baron. In the first trial, inclusion of AC Proteus at higher levels appeared to decrease feed intake and rate of gain, although this appeared to be due to lower levels of amino acids in the diets and overheating of the roasted soybean. In the second trial, inclusion of either type of soybean had no effect on feed intake, rate of gain, or feed conversion efficiency. At higher levels of inclusion of AC Proteus, feed intake was reduced slightly.AC Proteus appears to be an excellent source of protein and energy in starter pig diets and gives equivalent growth responses compared with soybean meal or conventional soybean. Care must be taken to optimize heat processing of AC Proteus. Key words: High protein soybean, starter pigs, growth trial

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