Heterosis and breed effect on carcass traits of rams. II. Carcass adiposity traits

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
TS Ch'ang ◽  
RL Hood ◽  
R Evans
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Heterosis Effect ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Perirenal Fat ◽  
Actual Unit

A total of 632 intact rams comprising three purebreds (Dorset Horn, Merino and Corriedale) and their six contemporary F1 crossbreds produced during phase I of the CSIRO Sheep Crossbreeding Experiment were used in the study. The rams were slaughtered at an average age of 21 months, at which time their average (� s.e.) carcass weight was 28.4 �0.2 kg. This paper, the second in the series, is concerned with estimation of the linear effects due to heterosis (hI), breed-transmitted effect (gI) and breed-maternal effect (gM) on four adiposity traits: perirenal fat weight, subcutaneous fat depth, percentage ether extract of m. semimembranosus and adipocyte diameter from the perirenal fat sample. The results showed that, in general, breed-transmitted effects are relatively more important than breed-maternal effects in accounting for breed differences in adiposity traits. Further, data based on all the adiposity traits under investigation are consistent in placing the Corriedale as the 'fattest' of the three purebreds studied. The hI effect is variable, depending on both the trait and the breed combination. Thus, perirenal fat weight (%hI = 22.6) and subcutaneous fat depth (%hI = 13.9) are both more heterotic than percentage ether extract (%hI = 1.6) or adipocyte diameter (%hI = 2.8). In every trait, the estimates of hI are lower in value (actual unit or as a percentage) for the Merino-Corriedale breed combination than for either the Dorset Horn-Merino or the Dorset Horn-Corriedale breed combination, demonstrating the importance of breed as a source of variation in heterosis effect.

Heterosis and breed effect on carcass traits of rams. 1. Carcass weight and component traits

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
TS Ch'ang ◽  
R Evans
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Mating Design ◽  
Diallel Mating Design ◽  
Heterosis Effect ◽  
Component Traits ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Diallel Mating

A three-breed diallel mating design was used to generate 632 rams comprising three purebreds (Dorset Horn, Merino and Corriedale) and their six contemporary F1 crossbreds in the CSIRO Sheep Crossbreeding Experiment to provide materials for studying the heterosis and breed effects on carcass traits of intact rams maintained under pasture grazing conditions. The rams were slaughtered at an average age of 21 months, at which time their average (� s.e.) carcass weight was 28.4 � 0.2 kg. This paper, the first of a series, is concerned with estimation of the linear effects due to heterosis (h') and breed-transmitted effect (gI) and breed-maternal effect (gM) on cold carcass weight and weight components (edible meat, bones and excess fat trim) of the carcass. The results showed that, in general, gI was more important than gM. Whether evaluated as a purebred, or as a paternal or maternal breed, the Dorset Horn produced more edible meat per sheep than either the Merino or the Corriedale. In terms of excess fat trim, the Corriedale tended to be the most wasteful. A significant (P < 0.05) heterosis effect was observed on all traits under investigation, but its main impact was on excess fat trim, where the h1 varied with the specific breed combination and ranged from 10% to 30%, but averaged c. 24% for the whole population.

The value of the rib joint in predicting carcass chemical composition in various breeds of cattle and buffalo

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-707
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Fat Depot

SUMMARYLeft and right 9–10–11 rib joints from 104 Madura, Ongole, Bali, Grati (or Friesian cross) and buffalo bulls were dissected into bone, muscular and fatty tissues and then ground and chemically analysed for water, ash, ether extract and protein contents. The carcasses from 48 of these bulls were also ground and analysed for these same chemical components. Within-breed relationships between dissectible and chemical composition in the rib and between dissectible composition of the rib and chemical composition of the carcass were tested by regression analyses.There were no breed differences in the relationships between bone and ash or between muscle and protein in the rib, but at the same content of rib fatty tissue, buffaloes had less predicted rib ether extract than Bali, Ongole or Madura cattle. At the same ash content of the rib, Madura bulls had the most carcass ash. Rib-muscle content was considered to be a poor predictor of carcass protein. At the same fat content of the rib, breed differences in predicted carcass ether extract were large with Grati having higher levels than Bali and all four cattle breeds having higher levels than buffaloes. Use of rib-fat or rib-energy contents to predict carcass energy yielded relative breed differences similar to those when rib fat was used to predict carcass ether extract.Differences in the distribution of fat within the carcass, particularly in the subcutaneous fat depot, were considered to have a major bearing on differences in the within-breed relationships. Therefore, published part-whole prediction equations should be used with caution when comparing genotypes likely to differ in the distribution of tissue within the carcass.

Corrigendum - Heterosis and breed effect on carcass traits of rams. 1. Carcass weight and component traits

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
TS Ch'ang ◽  
R Evans
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Mating Design ◽  
Diallel Mating Design ◽  
Heterosis Effect ◽  
Component Traits ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Diallel Mating

A three-breed diallel mating design was used to generate 632 rams comprising three purebreds (Dorset Horn, Merino and Corriedale) and their six contemporary F1 crossbreds in the CSIRO Sheep Crossbreeding Experiment to provide materials for studying the heterosis and breed effects on carcass traits of intact rams maintained under pasture grazing conditions. The rams were slaughtered at an average age of 21 months, at which time their average (� s.e.) carcass weight was 28.4 � 0.2 kg. This paper, the first of a series, is concerned with estimation of the linear effects due to heterosis (h') and breed-transmitted effect (gI) and breed-maternal effect (gM) on cold carcass weight and weight components (edible meat, bones and excess fat trim) of the carcass. The results showed that, in general, gI was more important than gM. Whether evaluated as a purebred, or as a paternal or maternal breed, the Dorset Horn produced more edible meat per sheep than either the Merino or the Corriedale. In terms of excess fat trim, the Corriedale tended to be the most wasteful. A significant (P < 0.05) heterosis effect was observed on all traits under investigation, but its main impact was on excess fat trim, where the h1 varied with the specific breed combination and ranged from 10% to 30%, but averaged c. 24% for the whole population.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. B. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

Evolution of various adipose deposits in growing rabbits and sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vezinhet ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYThe importance of the different adipose deposits with respect to the total dissectible fatty tissue in growing rabbits and lambs was studied. Development of the subcutaneous fat in the lamb is late and occurs after birth. In contrast, the internal types of fat, such as the perirenal and pelvic fat, represent at birth an important percentage of the total fat. They tend to lose part of their relative importance between 0 and 250 days after birth. In the rabbit the situation concerning the development of subcutaneous and perirenal fat is inverted. For both species the intermuscular fat remains almost constant in relative importance during the whole growth period.After the period required for the establishment of the different fat deposits, we could observe in lambs, and to a smaller degree in rabbits, a relative growth which tends to become isometric with regard to the total fat deposits.

scholarly journals Genotypic effects, maternal effects and grand-maternal effects of immobilized derivatives of the transposable element mariner.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
A R Lohe ◽  
D A Lidholm ◽  
D L Hartl
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
P Element ◽  
Transformation Rate ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Genotypic Effect ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
Germline Expression ◽  
Helper Plasmids ◽  
Female Germline

Abstract The baseline rate of spontaneous integration of the autonomous mariner element Mos1 into the germline of Drosophila melanogaster is estimated as 16 +/- 5% (mean +/- SE) among fertile G0 flies. However, the transformation rate is reduced approximately 20-fold in Mos1 constructs with exogenous DNA in the size range 5-12 kb inserted into the SacI site. To provide alternative Mos1 helper plasmids for transformation experiments, two types of Mos1-promoter fusions were constructed: hsp-70:Mos1 and hsp26-Sgs3:Mos1. The former has the Mos1 coding region driven by the hsp70 heat-shock promoter; the latter has it driven by the basal Sgs3 promoter under the control of the hsp26 female-germline specific transcriptional regulator. When introduced into D. melanogaster by P-element-mediated germline transformation, these elements are unable to transpose or excise in the presence of autonomous Mos1-related elements (they are "marooned") because the 5' inverted repeat of Mos1 is missing. As expected, the hsp26-Sgs3:Mos1 fusions exhibit a significantly greater rate of germline excision of a target mariner element than do the hsp70:Mos1 fusions. Unexpectedly, the rate of excision of target mariner elements induced by hsp26-Sgs3:Mos1 is the same in the male germline as in the female germline. Both hsp:Mos1 fusions show strong germline expression and a maternal effect of the mariner transposase. A significant grand-maternal effect of the hsp:Mos1 fusions was also detected as a result of a maternal effect on the germline of the F1 progeny. Among flies carrying the promoter fusions inherited maternally, about three-quarters of the overall rate of germline excision derives from the direct genotypic effect and about one-quarter results from the grand-maternal effect. Despite the strong somatic expression of the hsp:Mos1 fusions, mariner transformants carrying a white+ reporter gene at the SacI site remained stable in the soma.

Fluctuation and criteria of porcine fat firmness

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nishioka ◽  
M. Irie
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
Pork Fat ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships ◽  
Perirenal Fat

AbstractFat quality, in particular, firmness is a main contributor to meat appearance, shelf life, taste, and human health. The current study was conducted to examine the fluctuation and criteria of porcine fat firmness. Several physiochemical methods were performed on 237 porcine perirenal fat samples that were obtained randomly from a commercial market. The relationship between perirenal fat and the middle subcutaneous fat layer was investigated to predict carcass fat quality. Each physiochemical property of the perirenal fat showed considerable variation as a 40-fold difference in firmness was observed between the most extreme samples. Differences between these extremes were 19°C in melting point, 0·0043 for refractive index, and 18 g per 100 g fatty acid methyl esters for saturated fatty acids (SFA) concentration. Strong curvilinear relationships were found between Instron and sensory firmness scores (R=0·90–0·96, no.=24). On the basis of these relationships, classification of the perirenal fats obtained from the commercial market was defined. Fats possessing firmness values of less than 7 N have undesirable fat quality, whereas fat samples with values greater than 16 N were not popular in the market. From these data, we conclude that fats of 7–16 N in firmness value were preferred by consumers. Firmness values of perirenal fat samples correlated significantly with the stearic acid (C18:0) and SFA concentrations of samples of the middle subcutaneous fat layer (r=0·68, 0·57, P<0·01). These results indicate that there are wide fluctuations in the porcine fat quality, and that fats ranging in Instron firmness values between 7 and 16 N are most acceptable to consumers. And, subcutaneous fat may prove to be a valuable indicator of whole body pork fat quality.

scholarly journals AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FAT STARVATION WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRODUCTION OF SEROUS ATROPHY OF FAT

1898 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Herter
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Especial Reference ◽  
Considerable Excess ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Perirenal Fat

The following inferences may be made from the foregoing study: 1. The lesions resulting from fat starvation, at least in the case of pigs, do not resemble or even suggest those of rickets. 2. Prolonged fat starvation leads to the entire disappearance of fat from the adipose tissues. The form of fat atrophy observed as the result of experimental fat starvation corresponds to the serous fat atrophy described by Flemming, and is essentially the same type of fat atrophy as that found in the epicardial and perirenal fat in the human subject as the result of wasting disease. 3. The. lecithins of the brain and the fat of the liver are not materially reduced by fat starvation. 4. Fat starvation does not lead to advanced serous fat atrophy of the subcutaneous fat if the animal be given a large excess of carbohydrate food or a considerable excess of the carbohydrate and proteid constituents of milk. 5. Fat starvation causes a very imperfect absorption of the salts of P2O5 from the intestine.

A comparison of different breeds and crosses from the suckler herd 1. Live-weight growth and efficiency of food utilization

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Southgate ◽  
G. L. Cook ◽  
A. J. Kempster
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Sire Breed

Live-weight growth and efficiency of food utilization of purebred Galloway, Luing and Welsh Black steers, and crossbred steers out of Blue-Grey and Hereford × Friesian dams by Aberdeen-Angus, Charolais, Devon, Hereford, Limousin, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires, were examined in two suckled calf fattening systems. In one system, autumn-born calves were purchased at 1 year of age and fattened during their second winter; the other system involved late winter-born calves, which were purchased at 7 months of age, overwintered on a cheap growing diet and fattened during their second summer. The trial involved a total of 1430 cattle and extended over 5 years (winter system) and 6 years (summer system).Cattle were slaughtered as close as possible to a standard carcass subcutaneous fat concentration.The data for crossbred and purebred cattle were analysed separately within the fattening system using least squares models, which included effects for year, sire breed and dam breed, and with regression on the age at beginning of the trial and carcass subcutaneous fat concentration estimated by visual appraisal.Breed differences in live weight at slaughter were similar to those recorded in the Meat and Livestock Commission's on-farm recording work. Among crossbreds, the larger sire breeds consumed more food per day, generally grew faster and were older at slaughter.They did not differ significantly in the efficiency with which food was converted into live-weight gain. Among the purebreds, the Luing had a relatively high daily food intake in relation to its growth rate and, together with the Welsh Black in the summer fattening system, was less efficient than the Galloway (P<0·05).

Maternal effects and Chicken Growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
J. H. Catterall ◽  
G. E. Pollott
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Additive Genetic Effect ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Female Line ◽  
Male Line ◽  
Commercial Breeding

Previous research into the genetics of broiler traits in a commercial breeding operation found a significant maternal effect on juvenile body weight, at 32 days of age, in addition to the additive genetic effect (Morris and Pollott, 1995). Since no nurture or imitative behaviour occurs between the dam and offspring in modem broiler production, any maternal effects are likely to be conferred to the offspring via the egg. This study attempts to investigate the nature of these effects.Pedigreed eggs from two separate broiler breeding lines, one experimental male line and one experimental female line, were individually weighed prior to incubation. In total 2871 eggs were weighed, 1887 eggs from the experimental female line and 984 eggs from experimental male line.

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