Degradation of mimosine by rumen contents: effects of feed composition and Leucaena substrates

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Tangendjaja ◽  
JP Hogan ◽  
RBH Wills
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
In Vitro Incubation

Samples of rumen fluid obtained from sheep that had been fed on different diets were fractionated into microorganism and supernatant fractions, and the former divided into bacteria-rich and protozoa-rich fractions. The fractions were evaluated for their ability to degrade purified mimosine during in vitro incubation. The rumen contents of sheep fed on a lucerne-oats mixture produced a more rapid degradation of mimosine than did that from sheep fed on lucerne hay, which was greater than that from a Digitaria pentrii diet. Most activity was in the bacteria-rich fraction for the lucerne-oats diet and in the protozoa-rich fraction for the other diets. The rate of degradation of endogenous mimosine in Leucaena leaf during incubation in ruinen fluid was much greater than for the purified mimosine. The substantial degradation observed when a buffer solution was substituted for rumen fluid was attributed to endogenous leaf enzymes. These enzyme systems were more efficient at degrading mimosine than were the microorganisms in the rumen liquor.

scholarly journals Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Yuhui Zheng ◽  
Yanyan Zhao ◽  
Shenglin Xue ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Cassava Residue

The feeding value of replacing concentrate with cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue in the feed of Holstein cows was confirmed using an in vitro gas test. The treatments consisted of 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% inclusion of cassava residue in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution (50 mL) and filtrated rumen fluid (25 mL). The parameters analyzed included the kinetics of gas production and fermentation indexes. Forty-eight hours later, there were no significant differences on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), pH, and microbial crude protein (MCP) content among treatments (p > 0.05). However, the “cumulative gas production at 48 h” (GP48), the “asymptotic gas production” (A), and the “maximum gas production rate” (RmaxG) all increased linearly or quadratically (p < 0.01). The GP48 was significantly higher in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 30% (p < 0.01). The A was significantly larger in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 20% and 30% (p < 0.01). The RmaxG was distinctly larger in the 25% treatment compared to other treatments (p < 0.01); moreover, the “time at which RmaxG is reached” (TRmaxG) and the “time at which the maximum rate of substrate degradation is reached” (TRmaxS) were significantly higher in the 25% treatment than the CON, 20%, and 30% treatments (p < 0.01). Additionally, the content of ammonia-N (NH3-N) in all treatments showed linearly and quadratically decreases (p < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA), iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate contents changed quadratically (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively); all of these values peaked in the 25% treatment. In summary, the 25% treatment was associated with more in vitro gas and VFA production, indicating that this cassava residue inclusion level may be used to replace concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. However, these results need to be verified in vivo.

scholarly journals Essential oils effect on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation under in vitro conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gunal ◽  
A. Ishlak ◽  
A.A. AbuGhazaleh ◽  
W. Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Tea Tree

The effects of adding essential oils (EO) at different levels (125, 250, 500 mg/l) on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation were examined in a rumen batch culture study. Treatments were: control without EO (CON), control with anise oil (ANO), cedar wood oil (CWO), cinnamon oil (CNO), eucalyptus oil (EUO), and tea tree oil (TEO). Essential oils, each dissolved in 1 ml of ethanol, were added to the culture flask containing 40 ml of buffer solution, 2 ml of reduction solution, 10 ml of rumen fluid, 25 mg of soybean oil, and 0.5 g of the diet. After 24 h of incubation in a water batch at 39&deg;C, three samples were collected from each flask and analyzed for ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fatty acids (FA). Expect for CNO, the proportions of acetate, propionate, and acetate to propionate ratios were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by EO addition. Addition of CWO, CNO, and TEO reduced total VFA concentrations (P &lt; 0.05) regardless of dose level. The ammonia-N concentration was greater in cultures incubated with EO regardless of dose level. Compared with the CON, the concentrations of C18:0 and trans C18:1 were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) with EO addition regardless of dose level. Compared with the CON, the concentration of linoleic acid was greater (P &lt; 0.05) when EO were added at 500&nbsp;mg/l. EO tested in this study had no effects on VFA profile but significantly reduced the formation of biohydrogenation products (C18:0 and trans C18:1).

scholarly journals Effects of Melia azedarach L. leaf and fruit on mineralization of carbon in soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Nacide Kizildag ◽  
Sahen Cenkseven ◽  
Husniye Aka Sagliker ◽  
Cengiz Darici
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
In Vitro Incubation

Carbon mineralization in soil increased significantly due to additions of pure azadirachtin and powdered leaves and fruits of Melia azedarach L. under in vitro incubation for 30 days at 28°C. Cumulative respired C(CO2) clearly increased with incubation time in all treatments except in soil mixed with pure azadirachtin (p < 0.001). Carbon mineralization ratio in soils mixed with single doses of powdered leaf and fruit were significantly higher than the other doses tested.  

scholarly journals Comparison of three different rumen fluid as a source of inoculum to evaluate in vitro gas production and digestibility of elephant grass-concentrate mixture

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 (1) ◽  
pp. 012076
Author(s):  
H Soetanto ◽  
RM Aprilia ◽  
MS Pramita ◽  
I Banna
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

Abstract This study aimed at elucidating the use of three different rumen fluid (RF) of indigenous cattle breeds i.e. Bali, Madura and Crossbred Ongole immediately after slaughtered at abattoir to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass( EG) -concentrate mixture using a standard in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. Approximately 500 mg feed dry matter/syringe was added with 50 ml RF-buffer solution and incubated in a 39 0C water bath for 48 hours where gas production was observed at time intervals. Following termination of incubation the content was transferred into tare glass crucible to measure rumen dry matter (RDMD) and organic matter (ROMD) digestibility. The results showed that there was no significant different (P>0.05) in gas production parameters. In contrast, RDMD and ROMD differed significantly (P<0.01) among cattle breeds. RF from OCB resulted in the highest IVGP, RDMD and ROMD as compared with other RF sources. In conclusion, the use of RF from abattoir for IVGP measurement can be warranted using the same source of RF. The highest values resulted from OCB suggests that the abundance and variation in rumen microbiota may exist among cattle breeds.

scholarly journals Strongyloses ratti and S. stercoralis: effects of cambendazole, thiabendazole and mebendazole in vitro

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Grove ◽  
Carolyn Northern
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
In Vitro Incubation ◽  
Living Adult

The effects of in vitro incubation of three henzimidazole anthelmintics, thiabendazole, mebendazole and cambendazole on Strongyloides were compared. No drug affected hatching of S. ratti eggs or the viability of infective larvae or parasitic adult worms, but all three inhibited moulting of S. ratti larvae. In addition, cambendazole, but not thiabendazole or mebendazole, impaired the viability of S. ratti first- and second-stage larvae. The three drugs had no effect on isolated S. stercorais free-living adult worms, but they all prevented development of S. stercoralis rhabditiform larvae. Thiabendazole and mebendazole had no effect on the infectivity of either S. ratti or S. stercoralis infective larvae, but infection with these worms was abrogated by prior incubation with cambendazole. These results indicate that cambendazole acts in a different manner to the other two drugs. Since it is active against larvae migrating through the tissues, it is potentially of much greater value than thiabendazole or mebendazole in the therapy of strongyloidiasis.

scholarly journals The degradation and utilization of formaldehyde-treated urea by rumen microbes in vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Jouko Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Tungstic Acid ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Rumen Microbes

Urea was treated with different levels of formaldehyde (HCHO). The HCHO percentages, on a weight basis, were 0(F0), 0.25 (F0.25) 0.50 (F0.50), 0.75 (F0.75), 1.0 (F1.0), 1.5 (F1.5), 2.0 (F2.0), 3.0 (F3.0) and 5.0(F5.0). Twenty milligrams of urea was incubated for 5 hours in 40 ml of sheep rumen fluid-buffer solution (1:1) together with 1.5 grams of substrate. The substrate consisted of vacuum-dried and milled feeds: barley (25 %), molassed beet pulp (25 %) and NaOH-treated straw (50 %). The feeds and urea were used in the same proportions as in the diet of the sheep which yielded the rumen fluid for incubation. Treatment with HCHO decreased hydrolysis of urea to ammonia. The ammonia concentration in contents offer mentors 2 hours after the start of incubation had a highly significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.976, n = 72) with the HCHO treatment level. Microbial protein synthesis was calculated from tungstic acid - sulphuric acid precipitation. Synthesis of protein, expressed as grams of nitrogen per 100 grams fermented organic matter was highest when F1.5-F3.0 urea was used. Treatment with more than 3 % of HCHO decreased the number of protozoa and the general activity of the microbes, thus decreasing fermentation of organic matter and lowering the yield of microbial protein. When F1.5 urea was used, the total yield (mg protein/hr) was significantly higher than with untreated urea, but the results obtained with F1.5 urea did not differ significantly from those with F0.75 or F2.0 urea.

scholarly journals In vitro estimation of rumen fermentable organic matter using rumen fluid and a cell free preparation of rumen fluid

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Cone ◽  
A.H. Van Gelder ◽  
E.T. Veerman ◽  
A.M. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
A Cell

The amount of microbial protein leaving the rumen is considered as a function of the amount of rumen-fermentable organic matter (FOM) in the rumen. FOM can be calculated using tables, or estimated by in situ incubation, but both methods have some drawbacks. In vitro methods were therefore developed to estimate FOM, using fresh rumen fluid or a cell-free preparation of rumen fluid. Results were compared with the in situ method and a method using chemical feed composition. The in vitro methods gave a good prediction of the in situ estimation of FOM for the majority of feeds. For some feeds rich in starch or fat, the correlation was poor. Because no in vivo data of FOM were available, it could not be determined whether the in vitro or in situ methods gave false results. However, arguments suggest that the in situ method is not suitable for some feeds.

Fermentation in the Rumen of the Sheep

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
F. V. GRAY ◽  
A. F. PILGRIM ◽  
R. A. WELLER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Absorption

1. When wheaten hay and lucerne hay were fermented by organisms from the rumen of the sheep it was necessary to employ a large inoculum of rumen fluid in order to reproduce the rumen fermentation in vitro. With a small inoculum the fermentation did not conform to the known characteristics of the natural process. 2. Products per kilogram of wheaten hay fermented in vitro were: fatty acids 200-250 g.--acetic acid 41%, propionic acid 43% and butyric acid 16% (by weight); methane 15 l. Products per kilogram of lucerne hay were: fatty acids 250-300 g.--acetic acid 53%, propionic acid 29% and butyric acid 18% (by weight); methane 20 l. 3. The findings support the view that, owing to the more rapid absorption of propionic than of the other acids from the rumen, the proportion of this acid remaining in the rumen fluid is considerably less than the proportion actually formed in the fermentation.

Immune Reactions of Human Blood Platelets

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch Mueller-Eckhardt ◽  
E. F Lüscher
Keyword(s):  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Fibrin Clot ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
The Other ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Plasma Fractions ◽  
Mediator Substances ◽  
Human Blood Platelets

SummaryThe effect on human platelets of 2 endotoxin preparations (one had known Shwartzman-activity in rabbits, the other was not tested for its biological activity) was investigated in vitro. The following results were found:1. Endotoxin has no effect on washed human platelets suspended in isotonic, plasmafree buffer solution.2. Aggregation or release of adenine nucleotides from human platelets by endotoxin does also not occur if the platelets are suspended in coagulable, complement active, pooled human plasma or plasma fractions.3. Platelets pretreated with α-chymotrypsin do not show aggregation or release of nucleotides by endotoxin.4. The ability of human platelets to retract a fibrin clot is not disturbed by endotoxin. This excludes a functional platelet injury by endotoxin not detectable by aggregation or nucleotide release.5. There is no evidence for the assumption that the effect of endotoxin on platelets is transmitted by yet hypothetical, platelet-damaging mediator substances from leukocytes.6. These results suggest that an immunological injury of platelets by endotoxin comparable with the effect of immune complexes or aggregated gammaglobulin is highly improbable.

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