Early weaning of lambs: effect of various preweaning factors on voluntary food intake before and after weaning

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SG Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

Fifty-two crossbred lambs were used in four experiments to study the relative importance of such factors as birth weight, sex, age of weaning, provision of extra salt, and restriction of milk intake, on the intake of solid food (pellets) both before and after weaning, and on the growth check after weaning. Experiment I was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial (sex x birth weight x weaning at 21 or 42 days) with 24 lambs. All lambs were given milk to appetite until they had made an estimated gain of 23 MJ; milk intake then restricted to a maintenance level. Twelve lambs were weaned at 21 days and the remainder were given milk sufficient for maintenance up to 42 days, when the experiment was terminated. Three out of six lambs that weighed less than 2.7 kg at birth died when weaned abruptly off milk at 21 days. Lambs that were heavy at birth (> 3.4 kg) survived weaning at 21 days but had a growth check of 11 � 5 days. Both the heavy and light birth weight lambs that were given a restricted intake of milk daily from 22 to 42 days ate similar amounts of pellets between 22 and 42 days, but less than those eaten by the heavy birth weight lambs weaned at 21 days. There was no effect of sex on pellet intake or on the length of the growth check. In experiment 2 the provision of a block of salt from 10 days of age had no significant effect on pellet intake before or after weaning at 28 days. In experiments 3 and 4 the milk intake of half of the lambs in each experiment was restricted to a maintenance level for 7 days before weaning. In experiment 3 the lambs weighed more than 3.6 kg at birth and were weaned at 21 days. Restriction of milk intake was without effect either on the intake of pellets before and after weaning or on the length of the growth check. In experiment 4 the lambs weighed less than 3.2 kg at birth and were weaned at 35 days. Lambs given a restricted intake of milk from 29 to 35 days ate significantly more pellets both before and after weaning and had a significantly shorter check to growth than lambs given milk to appetite until weaning.

The development of solid food intake in calves 5. The relationship between liquid and solid food intake

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYReconstituted milk substitute was given at two concentrations of powder (10% and 20%), each at four levels (10% powder—8, 12, 16 and 20% of live weight (LW); 20% powder—6, 8, 10 and 12% of LW) to 3 British Friesian male calves per treatment from 2 to 4 weeks after arrival, and the calves were weaned over the next 7 days. Chopped dried grass was offered to appetite before and for 3 weeks after weaning. The amount of solid food eaten was not affected by the dry-matter concentration of the milk substitute, but was significantly depressed as the amount of milk consumed increased. Between-treatment differences in solid food intake established at weaning persisted until the end of the experiment. There was a dose, positive relationship between milk intake and live-weight gain (LWG) before weaning, but weight gain after weaning was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake before weaning.

The responsiveness of suckling piglets to solid food presented in different forms

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
P. J. A’Ness ◽  
R. I. Horrell ◽  
T. S. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Food Acquisition ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Suckling Piglets

The practice of early weaning of young piglets is associated with a sudden change in both their diet and their method of food acquisition. It can be argued that 4-week-old piglets are neither physiologically nor behaviourally prepared for these rapid changes and the provision of solid creep food is largely ineffective in facilitating adaption to weaning (Fraser et al., 1994). Previous studies which have attempted to promote solid food intake in pre-weaned piglets have tended to focus on dietary factors, such as palatability and digestibility (Bruneau and Chavez, 1995). However for ingestion to occur piglets must first perceive the food items and then establish an attraction to and acceptance of them.

Effects of levels of food intake and body condition on the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary to ovarian steroid feedback in ovariectomized ewes

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Rhind ◽  
S. McMillen ◽  
W. A. C. McKelvey
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Condition Scores

ABSTRACTIn two experiments involving ovariectomized Scottish Blackface ewes and steroid replacement therapy, the effects of level of food intake and of body condition on hypothalamic and pituitary sensitivity to progesterone and oestradiol feedback were investigated. In experiment 1, groups of 16 ewes in similar levels of body condition were given dried grass pellets ad libitum (mean dry-matter (DM) intake of 2481 (s.e. 71) g per head per day; group H) or 1105 g DM per head per day (group M). In experiment 2, groups of 16 ewes were fed so that they achieved body condition scores of 2·70 (s.e. 0040; group HBC) or 1·67 (s.e. 0·036; group LBC) prior to the start of the experiment. All ewes were then fed to maintain their respective levels of body condition. In both experiments, all ewes were ovariectomized and intravaginal progesterone pessaries and subcutaneous oestradiol implants were inserted; these were designed to induce circulating concentrations of these steroids within the normal range for intact ewes. Approximately 1 week later, blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 10 h, and at 10-min intervals for 8 h before and after pessary withdrawal respectively. All samples were assayed for LH and selected samples were assayed for FSH and progesterone. Gonadotropin profiles were also recorded during 2-h periods following injection (i.v.) of 0·25 μg and 5 μg GnRH. When circulating progesterone concentrations were elevated, due to the presence of a progesterone pessary, there was no effect of level of food intake on mean LH or FSH concentrations or mean LH pulse frequency but H ewes had a higher mean LH pulse amplitude than M ewes (P < 005). When the progesterone pessaries were absent, H ewes had a higher mean LH concentration (P < 001), mean LH pulse frequency (P < 001) and LH pulse amplitude (P < 0·01) than M ewes but mean FSH concentrations were similar in the two groups. Irrespective of the presence or absence of elevated progesterone concentrations, the pituitary responses to GnRH injection were either not significantly different or were lower in H compared with M ewes. In experiment 2, HBC ewes had a higher mean LH concentration (P < 001), LH pulse frequency (P < 0·001), pulse amplitude (P < 0·001) and FSH concentration (P < 001) than LBC ewes, irrespective of circulating progesterone concentrations. The mean heights and ‘areas’ of the LH peak induced by injection of 0·25 μg GnRH were larger in HBC than LBC ewes (P < 005) irrespective of circulating progesterone concentrations. When mean concentrations before injection were taken into account, the corresponding increases in FSH concentration were similar for the two groups. Following injection of 5 u.g GnRH, the differences in peak size were generally not significant. It is concluded that during the follicular phase of the cycle, a low level of intake is associated with increased hypothalamic sensitivity, but not pituitary sensitivity to oestradiol feedback. Body condition affects both hypothalamic and pituitary activity but the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of body condition on the sensitivity of these organs to steroid feedback, remains to be elucidated.

Effect of hunger and exploration on first consumption of solid food by piglets

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 181-181
Author(s):  
H. F. Lee ◽  
M. C. Appleby ◽  
C. A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Exploratory Behaviour ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Large White ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Before And After

Piglets are usually supplied with solid food - creep food - at a time when most are still obtaining adequate nutrition from milk. Getting piglets started on solid food may help their growth performance both before and after weaning. As young piglets are highly exploratory animals (A'Ness et al., 1997) and food restriction increases the tendency of older pigs to express foraging behaviour (Lawrence et al., 1988), the objective of this experiment was to examine the relative importance of exploratory behaviour and hunger on initiation of creep feeding by piglets.Eight litters of Large White x Landrace piglets were used in this study. Each piglet was ear tagged and weighed within 24h of birth. When a litter was 16 days old (d16), each piglet was weighed and 8 piglets were taken in pairs, between nursings, to one of two experimental pens for 30 mins familiarization and filming, twice each.

Interactions between concentrations of Metabolizable Energy in calf milk replacers and calf starter diets

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 119-119
Author(s):  
J.R. Newbold ◽  
J.S. Blake ◽  
N.G. Haggis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Calf Rearing ◽  
Intake Control

One classical theory of food intake control suggests that, within limits, food intake is regulated to ensure that requirements for energy are just met. Two of the prime objectives of the calf rearer are to achieve rapid growth and early intake of solid food (to allow early weaning). The optimum concentration of energy, therefore, will be sufficiently low to maximise intake of solid food, yet high enough to maximise total intake of energy. A complication is introduced by the fact that the pre-ruminant calf receives two foods simultaneously; a daily allowance (usually fixed) of milk replacer supplemented by ad libitum access to solid starter feed. Theory predicts that intake of starter will be determined by concentrations of energy in both starter and milk replacer (assuming other nutrients supplied in excess of requirements). If the calf is able to select a level of intake of starter which allows requirements for energy to be met, rate of growth will be independent of concentrations of energy in both starter and milk replacer. Our objective was to test these predictions in a conventional calf rearing system.

A note on the relationships between solid food intake, the volume of the abdominal organs, and external body measurements in calves

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson ◽  
K. M. Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake ◽  
External Body

SUMMARYRegression equations derived from Jersey calves fed on either chopped or ground and pelleted dried grass indicated that the volume of the organs of the abdomen or abdomen plus thorax could be predicted from simple external body measurements. The prediction equations did not differ significantly between diets. It is suggested that this measurement may be of importance in studies on the voluntary food intake of ruminants.

The development of solid food intake in calves 4. The effect of the addition of material to the rumen, or its removal from the rumen, on voluntary food intake

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake ◽  
Matter Basis

SUMMARY1. Eight British Friesian male calves were fitted with rumen cannulae at 4 weeks of age, and were given either chopped or pelleted dried grass to appetite. After weaning at 6 weeks the animals were allowed to eat to appetite, or the appropriate food material was added via the cannula, or digesta removed, at the rate of 20 % (dry-matter basis) of voluntary food intake, in alternating periods of 7 days.2. The addition of food material resulted in a depression in drymatter intake (DMI) which was greater than the increase in DMI following the removal of digesta, and the difference approached significance in the small number of comparisons possible.3. The response in voluntary food intake increased significantly with age, and reached or exceeded ‘adult’ levels within 6 weeks from weaning. It is postulated that oropharyngeal factors associated with the development of eating behaviour control the initial development of solid food intake; the influences of physical or metabolic limitations upon food intake increase with time.

Individual variation in feeding and growth of piglets: effects of increased access to creep food

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Appleby ◽  
E. A. Pajor ◽  
D. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One

AbstractConsumption of solid food before weaning and growth before and after weaning were studied in 24 litters of eight to 13 Yorkshire × Landrace piglets per litter. From day 21 until weaning at day 28,12 litters were provided with a single two-space feeder, while the other 12 litters were provided with four similar feeders. Daily food intake by each litter was recorded throughout this period and feeding behaviour of individual piglets was filmed during the final 24 h. On the one-feeder treatment there were 4·1 (s.e. 0·6) piglets per litter which fed very little on the day before weaning (< 0·005 of sample video frames). These tended to have high birth weights and high growth rates on days 0 to 21, but low growth rates on days 28 to 42. Conversely, piglets which fed most on creep food were often those which had gained least on days 0 to 21. The four-feeder treatment increased average intake in the last 3 days before weaning and reduced the number of piglets which fed very little in the final 24 h to 0·6 (s.e. 0·3) per litter. However, neither average growth after weaning nor the occurrence of poorly performing individuals was different between treatments. Furthermore, regression analysis of factors related to weight gain from days 28 to 42 showed that feeding behaviour proportionately accounted for 0·02 only of within-litter variation and food intake on days 21 to 28 did not contribute significantly to between-Utter variation. These results suggest that low consumption of solid food before weaning is a predictor of poor growth after weaning, but not a cause.

Pengaruh Perawatan Metode Kanguru (PMK) terhadap Pencegahan Hipotermi pada Bayi Baru Lahir

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Parti ◽  
Sumiati Malik ◽  
Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Before And After

Most causes of infant death are problems that occur in newborn/neonatal (0-28 days old), Low Birth Weight Babies (LBW) is one of the factors which has a contribution to infant mortality, especially in the neonatal period. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a benchmark in determining the degree of public health, both at the National and Provincial levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Kangaroo Mother Care Method (KMC) on the prevention of hypothermia in low birth weight infants at Morowali District Hospital in 2019. The type of research used was a quasi-experiment. The population is all low birth weight babies born from May to July 2019. The sample in this study was all newborns with low birth weight born from May to July 2019, totaling 30 babies. There is a difference (influence) on the baby's body temperature before and after KMC with a p-value=0,000. The kangaroo mother care can continue to be affiliated considering its benefits for both infants and mothers, as well as increasing the ability of health workers in conducting KMC so that they can provide in-house training for mothers to be carried out at home.

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