The development of solid food intake in calves 4. The effect of the addition of material to the rumen, or its removal from the rumen, on voluntary food intake

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake ◽  
Matter Basis

SUMMARY1. Eight British Friesian male calves were fitted with rumen cannulae at 4 weeks of age, and were given either chopped or pelleted dried grass to appetite. After weaning at 6 weeks the animals were allowed to eat to appetite, or the appropriate food material was added via the cannula, or digesta removed, at the rate of 20 % (dry-matter basis) of voluntary food intake, in alternating periods of 7 days.2. The addition of food material resulted in a depression in drymatter intake (DMI) which was greater than the increase in DMI following the removal of digesta, and the difference approached significance in the small number of comparisons possible.3. The response in voluntary food intake increased significantly with age, and reached or exceeded ‘adult’ levels within 6 weeks from weaning. It is postulated that oropharyngeal factors associated with the development of eating behaviour control the initial development of solid food intake; the influences of physical or metabolic limitations upon food intake increase with time.

Seasonal variation of voluntary food intake and metabolic rate in three contrasting breeds of sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Iason ◽  
D. A. Sim ◽  
E. Foreman ◽  
P. Fenn ◽  
D. A. Elston
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractVoluntary food intake (VFI) of chopped timothy hay and metabolic rate were each measured in each month of the year in six non-breeding ewes of each of three breeds. Metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry over a range of food intakes and adjusted for intake to an estimated maintenance metabolic rate (MMR). The breeds compared were the Dorset Horn (DT), Scottish Blackface (BF) and Shetland (SH), the first being less seasonal in reproductive and other characteristics than the other two which are hill or northern latitude breeds. There was significant overall variation between months in VFI which was higher in the summer (July to September) than in the winter (December to February) months (P < 0·001). There was a significant breed × month interaction (P < 0·01), the seasonal effect being most strongly observed in the BF and SH ewes, whose VFI in summer was proportionately 0-1 greater than the year-round mean but was 0-1 lower in the winter. The DT ewes showed much less seasonal variation in VFI. There was no overall difference in VFI between breeeds (DT: 43-7; BF: 49-5; SH: 48-1 g dry matter per M075 live weight per day, P > 0·1). Although MMR varied significantly between months (P < 0·001), there was no systematic variation between summer and winter. There was no significant breed × month interaction, but the MMR differed significantly (P < 0·001) between breeds giving a high overall MMR in BF (DT: 322-7; BF: 356-6; SH: 324-5 kf/kg M0·75 per day). No significant correlation existed (P > 0·05) between the monthly mean MMR and VFI in any of the breeds. The causal relationship between seasonal cycles of basal metabolic rate and VFI is questioned.

Early weaning of lambs: effect of various preweaning factors on voluntary food intake before and after weaning

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SG Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

Fifty-two crossbred lambs were used in four experiments to study the relative importance of such factors as birth weight, sex, age of weaning, provision of extra salt, and restriction of milk intake, on the intake of solid food (pellets) both before and after weaning, and on the growth check after weaning. Experiment I was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial (sex x birth weight x weaning at 21 or 42 days) with 24 lambs. All lambs were given milk to appetite until they had made an estimated gain of 23 MJ; milk intake then restricted to a maintenance level. Twelve lambs were weaned at 21 days and the remainder were given milk sufficient for maintenance up to 42 days, when the experiment was terminated. Three out of six lambs that weighed less than 2.7 kg at birth died when weaned abruptly off milk at 21 days. Lambs that were heavy at birth (> 3.4 kg) survived weaning at 21 days but had a growth check of 11 � 5 days. Both the heavy and light birth weight lambs that were given a restricted intake of milk daily from 22 to 42 days ate similar amounts of pellets between 22 and 42 days, but less than those eaten by the heavy birth weight lambs weaned at 21 days. There was no effect of sex on pellet intake or on the length of the growth check. In experiment 2 the provision of a block of salt from 10 days of age had no significant effect on pellet intake before or after weaning at 28 days. In experiments 3 and 4 the milk intake of half of the lambs in each experiment was restricted to a maintenance level for 7 days before weaning. In experiment 3 the lambs weighed more than 3.6 kg at birth and were weaned at 21 days. Restriction of milk intake was without effect either on the intake of pellets before and after weaning or on the length of the growth check. In experiment 4 the lambs weighed less than 3.2 kg at birth and were weaned at 35 days. Lambs given a restricted intake of milk from 29 to 35 days ate significantly more pellets both before and after weaning and had a significantly shorter check to growth than lambs given milk to appetite until weaning.

The effect of pregnancy in heifers on voluntary intake, total rumen contents, digestibility and rate of passage

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Lamberth
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Food Residues ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

In two experiments using twin heifers with one of each pair pregnant, the effect of advanced pregnancy on the voluntary food intake, dry matter digestibility and rate of passage of food residues, was studied. In the first experiment sorghum silage was fed ad lib. In the second experiment lucerne chaff was fed at ad lib. and restricted levels and, in addition to the measurements listed above, the quantity of reticulo-rumen contents was determined in each animal. In both experiments each of the pregnant heifers ate less than their non-pregnant CO-twins, and, on analysis of all the data on ad lib. feeding, the differences were significant (P<0.01). The mean coefficients of dry matter digestibility for the pregnant heifers were significantly (P<0.01) less than those for non-pregnant heifers. This caused a significantly (P<0.01) lower intake of digestible dry matter by the pregnant heifers. Measurements of the contents of the reticulo-rumen and the rate of passage of food particles gave inconclusive results. These experiments demonstrated that there was a depression of voluntary intake in late pregnancy the cause of which is not known. This would be nutritionally significant only when the quality and voluntary intake of food were marginal.

scholarly journals Psychobehavioural Factors Are More Strongly Associated with Successful Weight Management Than Predetermined Satiety Effect or Other Characteristics of Diet

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Karhunen ◽  
Marika Lyly ◽  
Anja Lapveteläinen ◽  
Marjukka Kolehmainen ◽  
David E. Laaksonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Flexible Control ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
And Control

This study aimed to investigate factors associated with weight management, especially whether satiety value of food as a part of a weight-maintenance diet would affect self-regulation of food intake and weight management. Altogether 82 obese subjects completed the study consisting of weight-loss and weight-maintenance (WM) periods. During the WM, subjects were randomized into higher- and lower-satiety food groups. No differences were observed in the changes in body weight, energy intake, or eating behaviour between the groups, even despite the different macronutrient compositions of the diets. However, when regarding all study subjects, success in WM was most strongly associated with a greater increase in the flexible control of eating and experience of greater easiness of WM and control of food intake and a greater decrease in uncontrollable eating and psychological distress. Psychobehavioural factors seem to be more strongly associated with successful weight management than the predetermined satiety effect or other characteristics of the diet.

The development of solid food intake in calves 3. The relation between solid food intake and the development of the alimentary tract

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Milk Substitute

SUMMARY1. Jersey calves were fed on milk substitute at the rate of 10% of live weight per day for 5 weeks and were offered either chopped dried grass or ground, pelleted dried grass to appetite. Calves were slaughtered at birth and after 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12 weeks on experiment, and the weights of the component parts of the alimentary tract and their contents were measured.2. There were close correlations between the weights of the sections of the alimentary tract or their contents and the solid food intake at slaughter, total solid food intake, or empty body weight of the calves. There were no consistent changes with age in the DM concentration or the density of the digesta in any section of the alimentary tract except the abomasum, or in the digestibility or mean retention time of the diets.3. Grinding and pelleting the diet increased the DM concentration but did not affect the density of the digesta. The increase in the weight of rumen contents per unit increase in dry-matter intake was much greater for chopped than for pelleted diets. The reverse was true for the contents of the abomasum and small intestine. There were relatively small variations between diets in the predicted weight of rumen contents, total digesta, or the volume of organs in the abdomen, at the within-diet mean levels of dry-matter intake.

A relationship between thyroid activity, acetate infusion and food intake in rams

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
B. E. A. Borhami ◽  
K. El-Shazly
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

SUMMARYSix mature rams were used in a 6 × 6 latin square experiment. They were put on a high concentrate ad lib. diet. Voluntary food intake was measured on the rams which received the following treatments: control, thiouracil, sodium acetate, thyroxine, sodium acetate plus thiouracil and sodium acetate plus thyroxine. Acetate was infused intraruminally at the level of 6·2 g/kg W0·75 per day for 4 successive days. Thyroxine was injected subcutaneously at the level of 0·3, 0·6, 0·9 and 0·9 mg/kg W0·75/day successively. Thiouracil was given orally as the propionyl derivative at a level of 0·03, 0·06, 0·06 and 0·06 g/kg W0·75/day successively.Respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were measured before and 1 h after dosing. A period of at least 25 days was allowed between the trials. All the results were calculated as feed intake (g dry matter)/kg W0·75.Injection of thyroxine, sodium acetate and both together inhibited food intake significantly. Thiouracil showed no significant effect on feed intake but it relieved part of the depression caused by acetate. Pulse rate showed significant differences between treatments but rectal temperature and respiration rate did not change significantly. The results are discussed in the text.

Lactation studies with Blackface ewes and their lambs

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

SUMMARYData collected from mid-pregnancy until the 5th week of lactation were used to select three nearly uniform groups each of nine ewes suckling single lambs. After 4 weeks of lactation, experimental treatments were applied to these selected groups as follows: Group I. Both ewes and lambs fed ad lib.throughout. Group II. Ewes fed ad lib. throughout. Lambs offered one-third the quantity of solid food being consumed by group I lambs. Group III. Food intake of ewes restricted to 9·2 g D.o.M./kg, based on their mid-pregnancy live weights. Lambs fed ad lib. throughout. The effects of these treatments were assessed in terms of milk production, food intakes and live-weight changes of ewes, and the solid food intake and growth rates of lambs. Mean total milk production of ewes of groups I and II remained similar until the 8th lactation week, but during the 8–12 week period milk production of the ewes in group II was 6·17 kg greater than that of ewes in group I. The data suggest this difference was due to a reduced intake of milk by the lambs suckling the ewes in group I during the weaning process. From week 4 the milk yield of group III ewes declined rapidly and though these ewes drew on body reserves for milk production, this process could not sustain milk yields. The average daily live-weight gains of lambs of groups I and III were both significantly greater than that of group II, and the gain of group I lambs was significantly greater than that of group III. All groups of ewes made similar live-weight gains during early lactation and after 4 weeks each group had attained a mean value of about 60 kg. Groups I and II continued to gain weight and during week 12 their respective mean weights were 67 and 65 kg. This difference was not statistically significant. The mean live weight of group III ewes declined rapidly after week 4, reaching a minimum value of 41·5 kg. The mean daily intake of dry matter by ewes of all groups reached a maximum value of about 2·9 kg/ewe in lactation week 3 and declined to about 2·6 kg in week 4. Intakes by ewes in groups I and II were almost identical throughout. During the period of restricted feeding the mean daily intake of group III ewes was 0·58 kg dry matter/ewe. During week 5 the mean daily intakes of solid food dry matter by lambs of groups I, II and III were 44, 32 and 158 g respectively. These increased to 1230, 418 and 1537 g respectively during week 12.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SILAGE PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND PLASMA AMINO ACID RATIOS IN THE CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE BY LAMBS FED ENSILED AND FRESH ALFALFA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. FLORES ◽  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Particle Length

Alfalfa (30% dry matter) was harvested with a particle length of 0.6 cm, conserved fresh (frozen) or as silage and fed to eight lambs during two 27-d periods. The ensiling process resulted in substantial degradation of lysine, threonine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan and tyrosine in the original herbage. Isoleucine, leucine and valine resisted degradation during ensilage. As a consequence of these changes, the ratios of tyrosine: large neutral amino acids and tyrosine: phenylalanine (TYR:LNAA and TYR:PHE) were markedly lower in ensiled compared to fresh alfalfa (0.035 vs. 0.051 and 0.235 vs. 0.313, respectively) but these ratios in plasma were higher (P < 0.05) with silage than with fresh forage (0.114 vs. 0.095 and 1.020 vs. 0.997). Ensiling of alfalfa resulted in a 19% reduction in silage intake but the response did not correlate with changes in plasma ratios of TYR:LNAA and TYR:PHE. Nitrogen retention was 27% lower with ensiled than with fresh alfalfa. Plasma levels of branched chain and other essential amino acids tended to be higher with fresh than ensiled forage but the difference was not significant. It is concluded that the reduction in food intake with alfalfa silage was unrelated to changes in specific ratios of amino acids in plasma but could be related to the supply of essential amino acids to the intestine of lambs. Key words: Silage intake, lambs, nitrogen balance, plasma amino acids, alfalfa

The development of solid food intake in calves. 1. The effect of previous experience of solid food, and the physical form of the diet, on the development of food intake after weaning

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Time Required

SUMMARY1. British Friesian male calves were offered reconstituted milk substitute four times a day in steadily increasing quantities, so that the amount offered exceeded appetite after 14 days. They were given one of three dried herbage diets (pellets P1 and P2, and untreated material H2 made from the same crop as P2) to appetite, either from the start of the experiment (Treatment A) or from the start of weaning (Treatment W) 21 days after arrival. The experiment was terminated six weeks after the calves were weaned.2. Grinding and pelleting (P2 v. H2) markedly reduced the in vivo digestibility of the diet, and the time of retention in the alimentary tract, increased the voluntary dry-matter intake by 50% and live-weight gain of the calves by 100%. The intakes of the two pelleted diets were similar.3. The intake of diet H2 after weaning was greater in calves which had experience of the diet before weaning than in those which did not, but the intake of the pelleted diets was not affected by previous experience of solid food. The time required to eat unit weight of dry matter was four times as long for diet H2 as for the pelleted diets, and there were similar differences between diets in ruminating time. It is suggested that the development of solid food intake is influenced by the ease with which the diet can be eaten.4. The initial increase in solid food intake after weaning was related to an increase in the times spent eating and ruminating, but later increases in food intake were achieved with no further increases in eating or ruminating time.

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