Root growth of wheat. I. Early patterns of multiplication and extension of wheat roots including effects of levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Root Numbers ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Wheat root growth was followed to 30 days from planting in wheat supplied with standard, twofold, half and nil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Root numbers and lengths followed consistent patterns of increase in the seminal and nodal root systems of all treatments. Most root components demonstrated their highest rates of relative increase in length and number immediately after first appearance. Within a few days this decreased to a constant rate of increase which continued until the end of the experiment. Rates during the stages of constant relative increase were higher with increasing order of lateral, and the same for all treatments, except when nutrient deficiency seriously suppressed root growth. Potassium deficiency stopped root growth completely within 10–12 days of planting. Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies gave increasing delays in root component appearance with increasing order of lateral. Increasing suppression of seminal lateral numbers and a severe suppression of nodal root growth followed. Lower root numbers caused by nitrogen deficiency were compensated by greater lateral lengths in the seminal but not the nodal root systems. Some reduction in root growth resulted from application of the half and twofold levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. All responses to applied nutrient levels were more obvious with increasing order of lateral and with the nodal rather than seminal root systems. The nodal root system reflected plant response better than the seminal root system.

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

scholarly journals Contemporary Concepts of Root System Architecture of Urban Trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Susan Day ◽  
P. Eric Wiseman ◽  
Sarah Dickinson ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Urban Settings

Knowledge of the extent and distribution of tree root systems is essential for managing trees in the built environment. Despite recent advances in root detection tools, published research on tree root architecture in urban settings has been limited and only partially synthesized. Root growth patterns of urban trees may differ considerably from similar species in forested or agricultural environments. This paper reviews literature documenting tree root growth in urban settings as well as literature addressing root architecture in nonurban settings that may contribute to present understanding of tree roots in built environments. Although tree species may have the genetic potential for generating deep root systems (>2 m), rooting depth in urban situations is frequently restricted by impenetrable or inhospitable soil layers or by underground infrastructure. Lateral root extent is likewise subject to restriction by dense soils under hardscape or by absence of irrigation in dry areas. By combining results of numerous studies, the authors of this paper estimated the radius of an unrestricted root system initially increases at a rate of approximately 38 to 1, compared to trunk diameter; however, this ratio likely considerably declines as trees mature. Roots are often irregularly distributed around the tree and may be influenced by cardinal direction, terrain, tree lean, or obstacles in the built environment. Buttress roots, tap roots, and other root types are also discussed.

EFFECTIVE SOIL VOLUME AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO ROOT AND TOP GROWTH OF PLANTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Root System ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
Individual Root

Root and top growth of clover, wheat, and sunflowers varied consistently and quantitatively with changing soil volumes.A definition for effective soil volume is given and discussed in terms of root growth and root densities. The postulate is made that in root systems above a certain density each individual root can interfere with the daily water supply of nearby roots and hence restrict the growth of the whole root system and plant. The theoretical geometric proportions of this interference are discussed. The importance of soil volume in experimental work is indicated.

scholarly journals An approach to modelling tree root architecture in virtual urban growing conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Miron
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Architecture Model ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Urban Conditions

Understanding the architecture of tree roots is an important component of urban forestry management practice. Tree roots are structurally and functionally important to the survival of trees, and this can be even more so in urban environments where underground space for roots is limited. Tree root architecture models can provide a complementary approach to traditional on-site field investigation methods. Root architecture models are unique in that they can simulate the spatial arrangements of root system structure explicitly, and allow investigators to create hypothetical simulations to test their assumptions about what may be driving root growth. The use of root architecture models in the literature is extensive and may be applied in diverse streams of investigation, but their application to tree root systems is less common. This research demonstrates a root architecture model, Rootbox, as a case study in the application of plant architecture models to simulate tree root growth in urban conditions. Model parameterization was based on conformity of root simulations to tree root architecture reported in the literature. The model is deployed in four hypothetical urban soil scenarios, which are representative of planting sites commonly observed in urban settings. The analysis demonstrates that plausible tree root system architectures – specifically, commonly observed growth attributes - can be produced by Rootbox, but only after several adaptive changes to both the source code/model design are made. Custom soil models can integrate with the simulation to represent urban conditions by modifying both the growth direction and elongation of portions of the root architecture, and thus offer greater control over the output architecture. Rootbox offers a flexible method of simulating the architecture of tree root systems, but further research should focus on optimizing the model’s parameters and functions to enable greater user control over model output.

scholarly journals 285 Some Polyethylene Mulches Increase Root Numbers in Peppers

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 440D-440
Author(s):  
R.E. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Numbers ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
Pepper Plants

In 1999, `Sweet Banana' pepper plants were grown under clean cultivation or SMR—red, silver, or black polyethylene mulches. Plants in each of three replications per treatment were field-set on 15 June. On 22 Sept., plants were excavated, and their root systems were examined. The total number of roots per plant at 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-cm depths and 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-cm distances from plant stems were recorded. Distribution and architecture of the root systems also were examined. Plants grown under clean cultivation developed 50 to 60 adventitious roots each, while those grown under red mulch developed about 20, and those under black and silver mulch about nine adventitious roots each. In all treatments, the adventitious roots radiated from the stem at an oblique, downward 35° angle. No plants had vertical roots. Root system architecture was similar among treatments, with 40% of the roots in the upper 5 cm of soil and 70% in the upper 10 cm. Thirty percent of roots were within 10 cm of the plant stem, and 50% were within 20 cm. Nearly 100% of the roots were located within 40 cm of the plant stem. Root count decreased with increasing depth and distance from the plant stem. Plants grown beneath the silver mulch produced the greatest number of lateral roots, followed by plants grown in clean cultivation and under black mulch. Plants grown under red mulch produced the fewest roots. Differences among treatments were significant. Colored mulches influence the total number of adventitious and lateral roots but not the root system architecture of pepper plants.

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON LODGING IN OATS

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Casserly
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Studies under both greenhouse and field conditions have been conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on lodging of oats. Resistance to lodging in oats is influenced to an important degree by the development of culm, coronal root system, and plant height. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the three characters were measured and combined into single lodging index value in order to determine the complete effect of treatment on lodging.Phosphorus improved lodging resistance to an important degree. Nitrogen increased lodging susceptibility, except when it was combined with phosphorus. Potassium, alone, improved lodging resistance but was not effective when applied with either phosphorus or nitrogen. The greatest resistance to lodging was provided by a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

scholarly journals Inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis modulates the relationship between root growth and nutrient content in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rosario Ramírez-Flores ◽  
Elohim Bello-Bello ◽  
Rubén Rellán-Álvarez ◽  
Ruairidh J. H. Sawers ◽  
Víctor Olalde-Portugal
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTPlant root systems play an essential role in nutrient and water acquisition. In resource-limited soils, modification of root system architecture is an important strategy to optimize plant performance. Most terrestrial plants also form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to maximize nutrient uptake. In addition to direct delivery of nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit the plant host by promoting root growth. Here, we aimed to quantify the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on root growth and nutrient uptake in maize. Inoculated plants showed an increase in both biomass and the total content of twenty quantified elements. In addition, image analysis showed mycorrhizal plants to have denser, more branched root systems. For most of the quantified elements, the increase in content in mycorrhizal plants was proportional to root and overall plant growth. However, the increase in boron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur and strontium was greater than predicted by root system size alone, indicating fungal delivery to be supplementing root uptake.

scholarly journals An approach to modelling tree root architecture in virtual urban growing conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Miron
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Architecture Model ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Urban Conditions

Understanding the architecture of tree roots is an important component of urban forestry management practice. Tree roots are structurally and functionally important to the survival of trees, and this can be even more so in urban environments where underground space for roots is limited. Tree root architecture models can provide a complementary approach to traditional on-site field investigation methods. Root architecture models are unique in that they can simulate the spatial arrangements of root system structure explicitly, and allow investigators to create hypothetical simulations to test their assumptions about what may be driving root growth. The use of root architecture models in the literature is extensive and may be applied in diverse streams of investigation, but their application to tree root systems is less common. This research demonstrates a root architecture model, Rootbox, as a case study in the application of plant architecture models to simulate tree root growth in urban conditions. Model parameterization was based on conformity of root simulations to tree root architecture reported in the literature. The model is deployed in four hypothetical urban soil scenarios, which are representative of planting sites commonly observed in urban settings. The analysis demonstrates that plausible tree root system architectures – specifically, commonly observed growth attributes - can be produced by Rootbox, but only after several adaptive changes to both the source code/model design are made. Custom soil models can integrate with the simulation to represent urban conditions by modifying both the growth direction and elongation of portions of the root architecture, and thus offer greater control over the output architecture. Rootbox offers a flexible method of simulating the architecture of tree root systems, but further research should focus on optimizing the model’s parameters and functions to enable greater user control over model output.

Genetic variability of root growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
L O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Definition Of

Ten wheat genotypes were examined for their pattern of root development in glass-fronted growth containers in the greenhouse. Differences between genotypes were recorded in the number of first-order lateral roots at 2,3 and 4 weeks' growth, the number of second-order lateral roots, the maximum depth of penetration, and the angle between the seminal root axes at 4 weeks' growth and the length of lateral root per 10 cm depth increment at 5 weeks' growth. Significant positive correlations existed between many of the seminal root parameters. Differences between genotypes in the length of nodal root axes were recorded at 7 and 8 weeks' growth. Nodal root length was influenced by tiller number and the rate of tiller initiation. Tiller development, and consequently root growth, was related to plant phasic development. Genetic modification of seminal root development appears possible, with the direction of selection depending on the definition of an optimum root development pattern.

scholarly journals Maize nodal root growth under water deficits

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kara J. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Nodal Root

The nodal root system is critical for the development of the mature root system in maize (Zea mays L.) and other grasses. Under drought conditions, nodal root axes may need to grow through surface soil that is dry, hard, and hot. These roots are known to have a superior ability to continue elongation at low water potentials relative to other organs of the plant, but the physiology of this response has been little studied. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental system that models the field situation in which upper soil layers dry, to enable studies of nodal root growth regulation under water deficit conditions. A divided-chamber experimental system was developed to allow the growth of maize primary and seminal root systems in well-watered conditions while the nodal root system is exposed to precise conditions of low soil water potential. The divided-chamber system was used to characterize nodal root growth responses to a range of soil water potentials under steady-state and reproducible conditions. Two contrasting genotypes, selected for differences in root growth response to water stress based on a previous study of the primary root, displayed similarly sensitive growth responses to -0.3 MPa soil, but different capacities to maintain high root tip water potential corresponding with different growth responses at lower soil water potentials. Both genotypes maintained relatively high nodal root tip water potentials in -2.0 MPa soil, despite the decreased soil water potential, suggesting a stress-induced response that enhances water transport to the root tip. The difference in high tissue water potential maintenance was seen not only between the contrasting genotypes but also between the first two developmental nodes of roots. The divided-chamber system provides a powerful experimental approach to investigate the physiological mechanisms regulating nodal root growth responses to adverse soil conditions. Future studies may include measurements of hydraulic conductivity, anatomical characterization of vascular elements near the growth zone, aquaporin content and activity, and suberin deposition in response to low soil water potentials.

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