The use of gibberellic acid to control alternate cropping of Late Valencia sweet orange

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Moss ◽  
KB Bevington
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Long Term Adverse Effects

The effect of spraying commercial gibberellic acid (GA) on alternate cropping and yield of Late Valencia orange trees was studied in detail at three sites over three seasons. Two applications of GA were applied at a minimum concentration of 25 ppm (in two experiments 0.75% emulsifiable oil was used as an adjuvant) 3 weeks apart during April and May for Dareton (on the River Murray) or June and early July for Yanco (Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas) prior to the heavy-crop blossom. These sprays partly inhibited flowering and the subsequent heavy crop was reduced by up to 22% (by fruit number). In the next season there were more flowers and the light crop was increased by up to 57% at Dareton and 228% at Yanco. Some treatments practically eliminated alternate cropping while all reduced considerably the heavyllight crop ratio. Mean weight yields over 2 years were increased by up to 17% at Yanco and 16% at Dareton with mean increases for all successful GA treatments of 12.6% and 7.2% respectively. This represented an increase of 34 and 24 kg fruitltree. No long-term adverse effects on yield were found.Apart from re-greening of the fruit present at the time of spraying, fruit quality was not affected. There were fewer non-saleable small fruit at Yanco in the heavy crop as a result of the GA treatments, and a better range of fruit sizes in both the heavy and light crops. Trees on Rough Lemon rootstock responded well to GA treatments, especially in terms of increased yield in the light crop. Poncirus trifoliata rootstock was less responsive than Sweet Orange. This method might be used for the commercial control of alternate cropping of Late Valencia orange trees.

Growth, yield and fruit composition of Washington Navel and Late Valencia orange trees, as affected by rootstock and root temperature

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
PR Cary ◽  
PGJ Weerts
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Washington Navel ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Orange Trees

Wahington Navel and Late Valencia scions were budded onto three clonal rootstocks (rough lemon, sweet orange and Poncirus trifoliata) mist propagated and grown in sand. The six scion/rootstock combinations were grown in containers in a glasshouse with three root temperature treatments (19�C, 25�C, 30�C). Juvenile characteristics, evident for 5-6 years when scions are budded onto seedling rootstocks, were less marked when clonal rootstocks were used. Highest yield of fruit was produced by Late Valencia/sweet orange. This yield was 30 per cent better than previously obtained with Late Valencia grown from rooted cuttings under similar conditions. The yield from Washington Navel/sweet orange was about 30 per cent less than from Late Valencia/sweet orange; and the yields from the other scion/rootstock combinations were about 50 per cent of that from Washington Navel/ sweet orange. For most combinations more total dry matter was produced at a root temperature of 25�C than at 19�C, but there was little benefit from increasing temperature to 30�C. With either scion on rough lemon, fruit abscission was marked if root temperature treatments were imposed early (in late August). The effect was particularly severe at 25� and 30�C. Root temperature treatments for the other rootstocks were not imposed until mid-October when fruitlets were about 15 mm in diameter; under these conditions there was negligible fruit drop.

Rootstock and scion effects on the leaf nutrient composition of citrus trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
RT Dimsey
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Leaf N ◽  
High Range

Four long-term citrus rootstock trials (navel orange, mandarin, Valencia orange, and lime soil trial) established at Irymple, in the Sunraysia district of Victoria, were tested for leaf nutrient composition in each of 2 years. Scion or rootstock significantly influenced leaf nutrient composition in orange and mandarin trees in all 4 trials. Poncirus trifoliata and citrange rootstocks and Ellendale tangor scion resulted in high to moderate leaf N, P, and K concentrations, while Symons sweet orange rootstock and Dancy mandarin gave low leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations. Potassium concentrations of navel and Valencia oranges on rough lemon rootstock were lower than on most of the other rootstocks tested. For all rootstocks, however, leaf N, P, and K concentrations were in the high range in the navel orange and Valencia orange trials, while leaf K concentrations were in the high range in the mandarin trial. Citrange rootstocks and Ellendale scion also had higher concentrations of leaf magnesium (Mg), while Symons sweet orange, Cox sweet orange, and Rangpur lime had lower leaf Mg concentrations than other rootstocks and scions. In the Valencia rootstock trial, rough lemon and Rangpur lime induced the highest leaf sulfur concentrations, while citrange rootstocks gave the lowest. Soil depth in the lime soil trial influenced foliar P and K levels in Valencia orange trees but these differences were small. In all trials, rootstock, but not scion, strongly influenced chloride (Cl) concentrations of citrus leaves. Poncirus trifoliata rootstock accumulated high concentrations of Cl, and the citrange rootstocks moderate, while Cleopatra mandarin rootstock showed consistently low leaf C1 concentrations in all trials. Rough lemon rootstock was not consistently good at excluding C1, and Rangpur lime showed good C1 exclusion only in the Valencia rootstock trial. There was no evidence of a negative relationship between uptake of N and C1 by citrus rootstocks. Poncirus trifoliata had a lower uptake of sodium (Na) in the Valencia rootstock trial, while Cleopatra and Emperor mandarin rootstocks showed slightly higher leaf Na levels than most other rootstocks tested. The 2 citranges, mandarin, rough lemon, and Rangpur lime rootstocks induced higher boron (B) concentrations in leaves of navel orange compared with other rootstocks but they were still in the adequate range for citrus (Reuter and Robinson 1986), while sweet orange rootstocks had lower levels. Emperor mandarin scion on all rootstocks tested had the lowest B levels. Concentrations of iron and copper were rarely influenced by scion or rootstock. Rootstock significantly influenced leaf manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) levels in a number of trials, but scion effects were minor. In comparison with all other rootstocks, rough lemon induced higher Mn levels in some cases; sweet orange rootstocks gave higher leaf Zn levels in other cases; while Rangpur lime induced higher Mn and Zn levels in trees grown in the lime soil trial. In the first 3 trials, concentrations of Zn and Mn were low in many of the rootstocks and scions, indicating a need for a second micronutrient spray per growing season.

Promoting fruit-set and yield in sweet orange using plant growth substances

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (54) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Moss
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Substances ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Washington Navel ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
Orange Trees

Experiments were done over four years to see if certain growth substances would increase the yields of sweet orange by increasing fruit-set. The main object was to find a method to increase yields during an off-year, and so control biennial bearing. Gibberellic acid (GA) was the most promising substance and under glasshouse and controlled environment conditions increased fruit-set when several applications were made, but had only a temporary effect when a single spray was applied. In the first instance a greater volume of fruit was produced although the mean size of the fruit was less. In the second instance some changes in fruit size and shape were found. In the field, a single spray (to part of a tree) of 400 p.p.m. GA at petal fall in one season on both Late Valencia and Washington Navel increased fruit-set, and in the following season 100 p.p.m. GA applied at petal fall increased fruit-set in Washington Navels. When a 50 p.p.m. GA spray was applied to whole Washington Navel trees in successive seasons there was a 20 per cent increase in the number of fruit harvested, but this was barely significant. However, there was a greater percentage of small fruit from the treated trees. This treatment had no effect the following season. Single applications of GA from 25 to 200 p.p.m. applied to Late Valencia trees from petal fall onwards in an 'off year' had relatively little effect. Some treatments retarded fruit-drop, but had insignificant or only minor effects on yield. Applying gibberellic acid to improve fruit-set is not a practical means for controlling yields of sweet orange trees.

scholarly journals First record of a Hop stunt viroid variant on Nagpur mandarin and Mosambi sweet orange trees on rough lemon and Rangpur lime rootstocks

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ramachandran ◽  
J. Agarwal ◽  
A. Roy ◽  
D. K. Ghosh ◽  
D. R. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
First Record ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Orange Trees

Midseason oranges for juice production

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Sarooshi ◽  
RJ Hutton
Keyword(s):  
Orange Juice ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Troyer Citrange

Juice quality, yield performance, and cropping efficiency of 6 midseason orange varieties (Hamlin, Parramatta, Pineapple, Joppa, White Siletta, and Mediterranean Sweet), together with Seedless Valencia on 4 rootstocks [Troyer citrange, Poncirus trifoliata, rough lemon, and either Benton citrange (coastal) or sweet orange (inland)], were studied for their suitability for both processed and fresh orange juice production. Promising midseason varieties for processed orange juice were Parramatta and Hamlin on Troyer citrange, and Parramatta on P. trifoliata, when grown in coastal districts. Debittered juice of Joppa on Troyer citrange could also be used for processing by early September on the coast. Preferred inland varieties for production of processed orange juice were Mediterranean Sweet and Harnlin on Troyer citrange. Midseason oranges grown inland had higher citric acid levels than the same variety grown on the coast. This resulted in inland fruit having lower ratios of total soluble solids (TSS) to acid, and later maturities, than fruit grown on the coast. Acceptable fresh orange juice was produced from fruit of Parramatta, Hamlin, White Siletta, and Mediterranean Sweet varieties grown on Troyer citrange rootstock in coastal districts; inland, fruit of Mediterranean Sweet, Joppa, Parramatta, and White Siletta varieties on Troyer citrange rootstock produced good quality, fresh orange juice. Hamlin can also be marketed as fresh fruit. In coastal production areas, harvesting can commence from mid July for Hamlin, from mid to late August for Parramata, and from early September for White Siletta and Mediterranean Sweet. Harvest in inland districts for processed juice should commence in mid July for Hamlin and in early September for Mediterranean Sweet, whilst harvest for fresh juice and/or fruit should proceed in early September for Mediterranean Sweet, and in late September for Parramatta, White Siletta, and Joppa. Highest fruit yields and large trees were produced by Parramatta and Joppa on Troyer citrange and rough lemon rootstocks. Most quality characteristics were better for fruit produced on Troyer citrange than on rough lemon. Both Benton citrange and sweet orange performed poorly and are not recommended as rootstocks for midseason oranges. All varieties on Troyer citrange had better yield and TSS/ha than those on P. trifoliata rootstock, which produced smaller but highly cropping efficient trees.

scholarly journals Rootstocks and the Performance and Economic Returns of ‘Hamlin’ Sweet Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Castle ◽  
James C. Baldwin ◽  
Ronald P. Muraro
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Volkamer Lemon ◽  
C 32 ◽  
Orange Trees

‘Hamlin’ is a principal sweet orange grown in Florida for processing. It is productive but produces juice with low soluble solids content and poor color. A long-term trial was conducted in central Florida to determine rootstock effects on yield and juice quality and the effect of economic analysis on the interpretation of the horticultural results. The trees were a commonly used commercial selection of ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] propagated on 19 rootstocks planted in a randomized complete block design of three-tree plots with six replicates in a Spodosol soil at a density of 350 trees/ha. Routine horticultural data were collected from the original trial (H1) for 10 years. Trees on some rootstocks that grew and yielded poorly were removed within a few years and replaced with a second trial (H2) with 13 rootstocks from which data were collected for 5 years. The H1 data were financially analyzed to compare the relative usefulness of horticultural and economic data in interpreting results and making rootstock decisions. In H1 after 10 years, tree height ranged from greater than 5 m [Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.)] and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) to 2.4 m {Flying Dragon trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. ]}. In H2, the trees on somatic hybrid rootstocks were ≈2 m tall after 8 years and 4.4 m among those on mandarins and C-32 citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata). Tree losses from citrus blight were generally low except for the trees on Carrizo and Troyer citranges (greater than 50%). Horticulturally, the highest performing trees in H1, measured by cumulative yield and soluble solids production over 10 years, were those on Carrizo, Troyer, and Benton citranges; poor performers were those on Smooth Flat Seville and Kinkoji (putative sour orange hybrids). Fruit yield and soluble solids production were directly related to tree height regardless of the difference among rootstocks in juice quality. The same relationship existed among the trees in H2 in which the best rootstocks were C-32 and Morton citranges. Trees on Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata) ranked no. 12 of 19 rootstocks and 9 of 13 rootstocks in H1 and H2, respectively. Financial interpretation of the outcomes to include tree replacement resulting from blight losses did not substantially change the horticultural interpretations. Additional financial analyses demonstrated that the performance of trees on rootstocks with relatively low productivity/tree, like those on C-35 citrange and Kinkoji, would equal those on more vigorous rootstocks when tree vigor was properly matched with spacing. Yield determined the economic outcomes and financial analysis aided the interpretation of rootstock horticultural effects but did not greatly alter the relationship among rootstock results. Highly significant correlations between annual and cumulative data indicated that relative rootstock performance among ‘Hamlin’ orange trees in Florida could be reliably determined based on the first 4 cropping years.

Uptake and distribution of chloride, sodium and potassium ions in salt-treated citrus plants

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Grieve ◽  
RR Walker
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Chloride Accumulation ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Seedlings of a range of citrus rootstocks were grown under glasshouse conditions and supplied with dilute nutrient solution containing either 0 or 50 mM NaCl. The partitioning of accumulated chloride and sodium into and within the major organs was compared between plants of Rangpur lime (Citrus reticulata var. austera hybrid?), Trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) and sweet orange (C. sinensis). Rootstocks differed in their leaf and stem chloride and sodium concentrations, but there was little or no difference between the rootstocks in root chloride and sodium concentrations. The lowest leaf chloride and sodium concentrations were found in the top region of shoots of all rootstocks. The different patterns of accumulation of chloride and sodium found in the three rootstocks were consistent with the existence of apparently separate mechanisms which operate to limit the transport of these two ions from the roots into the young leaves of citrus plants. The chloride excluding ability of 10 rootstocks and two hybrids was also compared and assessed in relation to rootstock vigour. Sampling from the middle leaves on salt-treated plants enabled a distinction to be made between rootstocks in their chloride accumulation properties. Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata), Rangpur lime, Macrophylla (C. macrophylla) and Appleby smooth Seville (C. paradisi x C. sinensis) accumulated significantly less chloride than did Trifoliata and rough lemon (C. jambhiri). Differences in chloride accumulation properties between rootstocks were unrelated to rootstock vigour.

scholarly journals Soluble Solids Accumulation in `Valencia' Sweet Orange as Related to Rootstock Selection and Fruit Size

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham H. Barry ◽  
William S. Castle ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Rough Lemon

Juice quality of `Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] or rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstocks was determined for fruit harvested by canopy quadrant and separated into size categories to ascertain the direct role of rootstock selection on juice soluble solids concentration (SSC) and soluble solids (SS) production per tree of citrus fruit. SS production per fruit and per tree for each size category was calculated. Juice quality was dependent on rootstock selection and fruit size, but independent of canopy quadrant. Fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange had >20% higher SSCs than fruit from trees on rough lemon, even for fruit of the same size. Large fruit accumulated more SS per fruit than smaller fruit, despite lower juice content and SSC. Within rootstocks, SS content per fruit decreased with decreasing fruit size, even though SSC increased. Rootstock effect on juice quality was a direct rather than an indirect one mediated through differences in fruit size. The conventional interpretation of juice quality data that differences in SSC among treatments, e.g., rootstocks or irrigation levels, or fruit size, are due to “dilution” of SS as a result of differences in fruit size and, hence, juice volume, is only partly supported by these data. Rather, accumulation of SS was greater for fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange than rough lemon by 25% to 30%.

Attempts to control alternate cropping of Valencia orange by inhibiting flower formation with gibberellic acid

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (91) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Gallasch
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Orange Trees

Gibberellic acid (GA) was sprayed on whole Valencia orange trees in 1971 at Loxton in South Australia with the aim of reducing the size of the heavy crop and the alternate cropping cycle. Sprays were applied in June or July at 25 p.p.m. but there was no reduction in mature fruit weights in 1972. In 1973, sprays of GA at 25 p.p.m, were applied twice, about two weeks apart, commencing on either May 7 or 22. In the following November treated trees had 75 per cent fewer fruitlets, but by the time fruit were mature, trees had fully compensated for this early reduction in fruit numbers by increased set and reduced December drop. Again the weight of mature fruit was not reduced at the timings and concentrations used and hence GA cannot be recommended for the control of alternate cropping.

scholarly journals Performance of the pineapple sweet orange on different rootstocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Roberto Martins ◽  
Hélio Wilson Lemos de Carvalho ◽  
Adenir Vieira Teodoro ◽  
Inácio de Barros ◽  
Luciana Marques de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
High Regularity ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

This study aimed at evaluating the agronomical performance of ‘Pineapple’ sweet orange grafted on ten rootstocks, in 2011-2017 harvests, so as to recommend the best combinations to be commercially explored in citrus growing regions in Bahia and Sergipe states, Brazil. An experiment was installed to test ten rootstock for 'pineapple' sweet orange: 'Santa Cruz' Rangpur lime, 'Red Rough' Lemon, 'Orlando' Tangelo, 'Sunki Tropical' Mandarin, 'Swingle' citrumelo, the citrandarins 'Indio' and 'Riverside' and the hybrids HTR-051, LVKxLCR-010 and TSKxCTTR-002. The trial was installed in 2008 in the municipality of Umbauba in Sergipe. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with four replications and two plants per plot. Plant spacing was 6 x 4 m which corresponds to 416 plants per hectare and the orchard was rainfed and followed conventional management. The following agronomical parameters were evaluated: vegetative growth, drought tolerance, yield and physico-chemical quality of fruits as well as the abundance of phytophagous mites. Both hybrids LVK x LCR – 010 and TSKC x CTTR-002 and the ‘Santa Cruz’ rangpur lime bestowed higher tolerance to the dry period on the ‘Pineapple’ orange tree, by comparison with higher water deficit susceptibility conferred by the ‘Orlando’ tangelo and the ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. Rootstocks HTR-051, ‘Riverside’ citrandarin, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and TSKC x CTTR-02 induced plants to remain small and, thus, showed aptitude for culture densification. Cumulative yield of the ‘Pineapple’ orange was higher on rootstocks ‘Red Rough’ lemon and ‘Santa Cruz’ Rangpur lime, the hybrid LVK x LCR-010 and ‘Sunki Tropical’. Yield efficiency was not influenced by the rootstocks. Physico-chemical quality of fruits of ‘Pineapple’ orange is affected by the rootstocks and meets the requirements of juice industries. Regarding plant resistance, the rootstocks did not influence the population density of mites P. oleivora, E. banksi and T. mexicanus on ‘Pineapple’ oranges. Results show that both rootstocks ‘Red Rough’ lemon and ‘Santa Cruz’ rangpur lime conferred high regularity to ‘Pineapple’ orange trees in citrus growing regions in Bahia and Sergipe states.

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