Field responses to cobalt and molybdenum by different legume species, with inferences on the role of cobalt in legume growth

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Gladstones ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
NA Goodchild
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Molybdenum Addition ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Yield Responses

Six legume species were sown over two seasons on a sandy lateritic soil of marginal cobalt and molybdenum status, with varying rates and combinations of applied cobalt and molybdenum. The seeds were from plants previously grown on the same soil without cobalt or molybdenum addition. Species differed in their responses. Lupinus angustifolius responded strongly to cobalt, which increased dry matter yield by nearly 50%, but at most only marginally to molybdenum. Lupinus cosentinii, Vicia atropurpurea and Trifolium subterraneum responded to molybdenum but not to cobalt. Lupinus luteus, and more doubtfully Trifolium hirtum, responded to neither element. Yield responses to molybdenum were always accompanied by increased nitrogen concentrations in the tops. Cobalt application resulted in either no change or a reduction ir, nitrogen concentration in the tops, even when yield was increased. No interaction was evident between the two elements. Neither element increased nodule numbers, which were ample in all treatments, but in L. angustfolius cobalt markedly increased both nodule size and to a lesser extent crown nodule incidence and slightly increased leg-haemoglobin concentration. Possible reasons are discussed for the unexpectedly unchanged or reduced nitrogen concentrations in the tops of L. angustifolius showing yield responses to cobalt. One suggestion is that enhanced rhizobium and nodule growth resulted in greater cytokinin production, with a greater effect on top growth under the conditions of the experiments than that stemming from increased nitrogen fixation.

Liveweight and wool growth of sheep in response to the quantity and botanical composition of annual pasture induced by nitrogen fertilizer and stocking treatments

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
HL Davies ◽  
EAN Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Sheep Production

For five years, three rates of ammonium sulphate (N0, N1, and N3: 0, 280, and 840 kg/ha/year) were applied as a split dressing to ,a pasture of Bromus mollis L. and Trifolium subterraneum L. which was continuously grazed by wethers set-stocked at 8.6 and 12.4 sheep/ha. The N0 treatment produced clover dominance, N1 a mixed sward, and N3 grass dominance. The higher stocking rate increased the proportion of clover in the mixed sward. These differences in botanical composition produced three significant effects on the relation between liveweight gain and quantity of green pasture on offer. An increase in the proportion of clover in the sward increased: (1) the quantity of herbage dry matter on offer required for liveweight maintenance; (2) the maximum rate of liveweight gain; (3) the quantity of dry matter on offer at the point of 90% maximum liveweight gain. Regressions of those three parameters on botanical composition accounted for over 90% of the variance. The effects of treatments on liveweight at other times of the year are also described. In the first year of grazing ammonium sulphate increased liveweight, apparently because of increased pasture on offer after emergence. In subsequent years the effect of ammonium sulphate was reversed: liveweight was reduced, and this was associated with lower nitrogen concentrations in, and lower quantities of, herbage produced. Wool elongation rates were greatest in spring and lowest prior to the germinating rains in autumn. Elongation rate was unaffected by stocking rate and only slightly affected by ammonium sulphate. From January to April, greatest elongation occurred on the grass-dominant N3 paddocks; from May to December greatest elongation occurred on the clover-dominant N0 paddocks. The implications of the role of nitrogen fertilizer in relation to sheep production in the winter rainfall regions of Australia are discussed.

Effects of subterranean, rose and cupped clovers on soil nitrogen and on a subsequent cereal crop

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Watson ◽  
P Lapins ◽  
RJW Barron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Three annual clover species : subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum (cv. Geraldton), rose clover, T. hirtum (cv. Kondinin), and cupped clover, T. cherleri (cv. Yamina) were compared for yield of dry matter, for their effects on soil nitrogen, dry matter yield, and nitrogen uptake by a subsequent cereal crop. In one experiment, the three clover species and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), were grown in lysimeters to provide measurements of dry matter and nitrogen yields of plant tops and roots. Half of the lysimeters, from which the plant roots had not been removed, were later sown with wheat. Rose clover produced the highest yield of root nitrogen, and this was reflected in higher nitrogen uptake in the succeeding wheat crop. Nitrogen yield of wheat after ryegrass was 60% of the average yield after clovers. The three clover species were also included in a pasture experiment, which was grazed by sheep for five years. Samples were taken from the field plots to provide soil for a glasshouse pot experiment, and for chemical analysis. In the pasture experiment, build up of soil nitrogen over six years did not differ significantly between the subterranean and rose clover treatments, although there were large differences in clover plant numbers and herbage production, and botanical composition of the pastures. However, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were much higher in soil from the subterranean clover plots than in soil from the rose or cupped clover plots, particularly in the later stages of the field experiment. Total nitrogen increase and mineral nitrogen concentration were lowest in soil from the cupped clover plots, although herbage yield was comparable with that of rose clover

Nitrogen in temperate crop and pasture plants

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Gladstones ◽  
JF Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Erodium Botrys ◽  
Pasture Plants

Nitrogen concentrations were determined in the tops of 24 annual crop and pasture varieties grown together in ungrazed plots on a lateritic gravelly sand at Gidgegannup, W.A., and sampled at three stages during growth and at maturity. All legumes had higher nitrogen concentrations in the tops than all non-legumes, but considerable variation was evident within each group. Among pasture legumes, Ornithopus compressus and O. sativus had the highest concentrations, especially towards maturity, and Trifolium subterraneum cv. Yarloop and Clare the lowest. Nitrogen concentrations in all Lupinus spp. fell rapidly towards maturity, and they were unique in suffering substantial net nitrogen losses from the tops. The herb Erodium botrys grew better and took up more nitrogen under conditions of deficiency than did the grasses. Its nitrogen concentration was nevertheless very low. Among the grasses, Bromus rigidus consistently had the highest nitrogen concentration and Lolium rigidum the lowest. There was some evidence among non-legumes of a correlation between high nitrogen concentrations and/or total uptake and observed adaptation to sandy soils. The superior adaptation of legumes in the experimental environment was demonstrated. It is suggested that crop legumes could make a more important agronomic contribution than hitherto in this and similar environments.

Differences among Lupinus species in field response to superphosphate

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Rahman ◽  
JS Gladstones
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Mature Seeds

Eight varieties from four lupin species were grown on a virgin lateritic soil with six rates of superphosphate, ranging from 0 to 1,792 kg ha-1. Dry matter yield and phosphorus and nitrogen contents of the tops were measured at about full flowering, together with days to flowering, pods set per primary inflorescence, and phosphorus and nitrogen contents of the mature seeds. All species gave sigmoid yield responses, reaching 90 per cent of maximum yield at superphosphate rates between 600 and 900 kg ha-l, depending on species. Varieties within species responded uniformly. The order of tolerance to deficiency was L. cosentini > L. luteus > L. angustifolius = L. albus. Tolerance was based on uptake rather than differing tissue requirement. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in the seeds varied markedly with species, the rankings being L. luteus > L. cosentini = L. albus > L. angustifolios for phosphorus, and L. luteus > L. albus > L. angustifolius > L. cosentini for nitrogen. Superphosphate application caused parallel changes in phosphorus concentrations in the tops and seeds of each species. It slightly increased nitrogen concentrations in the tops, but not in the seeds.

Nitrogen cycling in a Venezuelan tropical seasonally flooded forest: soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrios E. ◽  
Herrera R.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Flooded Forest ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Minimum Stress ◽  
Seasonally Flooded

ABSTRACTSeasonally flooded forests represent a transition between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The Mapire river, a tributary of the Orinoco river, floods its surrounding forests during the wet season (May–December). The soils are very acid and the total nitrogen concentration (0.1%) is only half that found in nearby soils flooded by Orinoco waters. Ammonium-nitrogen predominates in the soil during the flooded period while nitrate-nitrogen concentrations are higher in the dry period. Wide fluctuations in the inorganic nitrogen fractions did not considerably affect the annual course of soil nitrogen.The predominance of mineralization versus nitrification (56 and 5 μgsoil month−1respectively) and possibly the synchronization of nitrogen availability with plant demand could be considered as nitrogen conserving mechanisms.In synchrony with the hydrologic cycle, the seasonally flooded forest studied shows a nitrogencycle where inputs and accumulation are maximized when the system is under minimum stress (dry season). During flooding, the system enters a period of dormancy making minimal use of nutrient and energy to avoid or tolerate anaerobiosis.

scholarly journals The Fitness Advantage of Commercial Wine Yeasts in Relation to the Nitrogen Concentration, Temperature, and Ethanol Content under Microvinification Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estéfani García-Ríos ◽  
Alicia Gutiérrez ◽  
Zoel Salvadó ◽  
Francisco Noé Arroyo-López ◽  
José Manuel Guillamon
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

ABSTRACTThe effect of the main environmental factors governing wine fermentation on the fitness of industrial yeast strains has barely received attention. In this study, we used the concept of fitness advantage to measure how increasing nitrogen concentrations (0 to 200 mg N/liter), ethanol (0 to 20%), and temperature (4 to 45°C) affects competition among four commercial wine yeast strains (PDM, ARM, RVA, and TTA). We used a mathematical approach to model the hypothetical time needed for the control strain (PDM) to out-compete the other three strains in a theoretical mixed population. The theoretical values obtained were subsequently verified by competitive mixed fermentations in both synthetic and natural musts, which showed a good fit between the theoretical and experimental data. Specifically, the data show that the increase in nitrogen concentration and temperature values improved the fitness advantage of the PDM strain, whereas the presence of ethanol significantly reduced its competitiveness. However, the RVA strain proved to be the most competitive yeast for the three enological parameters assayed. The study of the fitness of these industrial strains is of paramount interest for the wine industry, which uses them as starters of their fermentations. Here, we propose a very simple method to model the fitness advantage, which allows the prediction of the competitiveness of one strain with respect to different abiotic factors.

scholarly journals Nitrogen for growth of stock plants and production of strawberry runner tips

Bragantia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djeimi Isabel Janisch ◽  
Jerônimo Luiz Andriolo ◽  
Vinícius Toso ◽  
Kamila Gabriele Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Jéssica Maronez de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Camino Real ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Crown Roots

The objective of this research was to determine growth and dry matter partitioning among organs of strawberry stock plants under five Nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution and its effects on emission and growth of runner tips. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, from September 2010 to March 2011, in a soilless system with Oso Grande and Camino Real cultivars. Nitrogen concentrations of 5.12, 7.6, 10.12 (control), 12.62 and 15.12 mmol L-1 in the nutrient solution were studied in a 5x2 factorial randomised experimental design. All runner tips bearing at least one expanded leaf (patent requested) were collected weekly and counted during the growth period. The number of leaves, dry matter (DM) of leaves, crown and root, specific leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) was determined at the final harvest. Increasing N concentration in the nutrient solution from 5.12 to 15.12 mmol L-1 reduces growth of crown, roots and LAI of strawberry stock plants but did not affect emission and growth of runner tips. It was concluded that for the commercial production of plug plants the optimal nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution should be 5.12 mmol L-1.

Seasonal fluctuations in river bacteria as measured by multivariate statistical analysis of continuous cultures

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 959-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin R. Bell ◽  
Maxine A. Holder-Franklin ◽  
Mervyn Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Forty-eight continuous culture enrichments were performed on summer and winter water samples from two contrasting rivers. The cell output from each chemostat was dependant on the temperature and nitrogen concentration of each enrichment. The diversity of the populations from the continuous cultures, as assessed by species diversity analysis, was always greater than populations obtained on agar plates. However, the species isolated exclusively by continuous culture in these experiments were not unique to the chemostat. All of these species had been isolated at some time on plates directly. High nitrogen concentrations were found to decrease diversity. Populations sampled during the winter were influenced primarily by the concentration of nitrogen. Summer isolates were affected mainly by the temperature of the culture medium. The nutritional versatility of the population was not affected by enrichment of the continuous culture.

scholarly journals Comparison of the nest materials of Polistes Gallicus (L.), Polistes dominulus (Christ) and Polistes nimpha (Christ) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nil Bagriaçik
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Polistes Dominulus ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Nest Materials ◽  
Physical Features

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the nest materials and some physical features and elemental composition of the nests of Polistes gallicus (L.), Polistes dominulus (Christ) and Polistes nimpha (Christ) collected in similar ecological conditions. The nest architectures of the three species were similar. In the P. gallicus nest, the average thickness of the fibers was 5.73 ?m, the nitrogen concentration was 26.14%, and percentages of the fibers and saliva were 77% and 23%, respectively. In the P. dominulus nest, the average thickness of the fibers was 8.7 ?m, and the nitrogen concentration was 27.42%; the percentages of fiber and saliva were 78% and 22%, respectively. In the P. nimpha nest, the average thickness of the fibers was 9.04 ?m, the nitrogen concentration was 25.82%, and the percentages of the fiber and saliva were 42% and 58%, respectively. There were differences in the amount of saliva and nitrogen concentrations.

scholarly journals Mycelial biomass cultivation of Lentinus crinitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Itaruã Machri Colla ◽  
Olavo Bilac Quaresma de Oliveira Filho ◽  
Janyeli Dorini Silva de Freitas ◽  
Míria Benetati Delgado Bertéli ◽  
Giani Andrea Linde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Mycelial Biomass ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Lentinus crinitus is a medicinal basidiomycete, little studied regarding the basic cultivation conditions, which is used in bioremediation and consumed by native Indians from the Brazilian Amazon. Also, it produces a fungal secondary metabolite panepoxydone that has been described as an essential regulator of the inflammatory and immune response. This study aimed to evaluate basic conditions of temperature, pH, and nitrogen concentration and source in the cultivation of L. crinitus mycelial biomass. In order to evaluate fungal growth temperature, 2% malt extract agar (MEA) medium, pH 5.5, was utilized from 19 to 40 °C. For pH, MEA had pH adjusted from 2 to 11 and cultivated at 28 °C. Urea or soybean meal was added to MEA to obtain final concentration from 0.5 and 16 g/L of nitrogen, pH of 5.5, cultivated at 28 °C. The best temperature growth varies from 31 to 34 ºC and the optimal one is 32.7º C, and the best pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.5 and the optimal one is 6.1. Protein or non-protein nitrogen concentration is inversely proportional to the mycelial biomass growth. Nitrogen concentrations of 2.0 g/L soybean meal and urea inhibit mycelial biomass growth in 11% and 12%, respectively, but high concentrations of 16.0 g/L nitrogen inhibit the growth in 46% and 95%, respectively. The fungus is robust and grows under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, but smaller adaptation with increasing nitrogen concentrations in the cultivation medium, mainly non-protein nitrogen.

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