Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. III.* Influence of intramuscular fat on the weight of total dissected muscle, muscle/bone ratio and the growth coefficients of muscle groups

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

The influence of intramuscular fat weight on total dissected muscle weight, muscle/bone ratio and the growth coefficients of 'standard muscle groups' was examined in 55 cattle (including foetuses and calves) with total dissected fat contents ranging from 1.3 to 38.9%. Intramuscular fat weight was significantly correlated with total dissected muscle weight (r = 0.97, P < 0.01), percentage total dissected fat weight (r = 0.82, P < 0.01) and age (r = 0.72, P < 0.01). Comparison of two regressions of total muscle weight on total muscle plus bone weight, one based on dissected muscle weight and the other on dissected muscle weight less intramuscular fat weight, showed that neither the slopes nor the intercepts differed significantly. Comparison of two regressions of muscle/bone ratio on muscle plus bone weight, one based on dissected muscle weight and the other on dissected muscle weight less intramuscular fat weight, showed that neither the regression coefficients nor the intercepts differed significantly. Intramuscular fat varied from 0.71 to 7.46% of chilled side muscle weight in carcasses which had total dissected fat contents ranging from 1.3 to 35.1 %. The increase in muscle/bone ratio attributable to intramuscular fat weight over this fatness range varied from 0.02 to 0.38. Comparison between pairs of growth coefficients for each 'standard muscle group', one based on dissected muscle weight and the other on dissected muscle weight less intramuscular fat weight, showed that there were no significant differences. _____________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 287 (1973).

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. II. Relationship of intramuscular fat to the quantitative analysis of the skeletal musculature

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson ◽  
WJ Pryor ◽  
RM Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Skeletal Musculature ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Small Muscle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

(1) The fat content of individual muscles of a steer was determined. (2) The intramuscular fat content of 'standard muscle groups' of Angus steers was determined and related to total dissected fat and to muscle weight distribution. (3) The partitioning of intramuscular fat among the standard muscle groups was not affected by the percentage of dissectible fat except in two small muscle groups. (4) The regressions of the weights of standard muscle groups on total muscle weight were not significantly different when calculated on muscle weights as dissected, or minus intramuscular fat content. (5) It is concluded that the differences in muscle weight distribution observed during the fattening process are due to factors other than intramuscular fat.

Muscle growth and distribution of muscle weight in Clun and Southdown sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTA total of 56 sheep, 28 Clun and 28 Southdown were slaughtered, five of each breed, at birth, 50, 100, 150 and 200 days and three of each breed at 415 days of age. The left half of each carcass was separated anatomically into individual muscles, bones and fat depots. For the purposes of analysis, individual muscles were assigned to one of eight muscle groups, depending upon their anatomical location.The relative growth of some individual muscles was found to change over this age range, as indicated by a significant squared term in the quadratic allometric equation: this was true for proportionately 0·33 of the muscles in Clun and for proportionately 0·44 of those in Southdown, accounting for proportionately 0·33 and 0·47 of total muscle weight in Clun and Southdown respectively.Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to derive the multivariate analogue of the quadratic part of quadratic allometry: the sign of the loading on the second principal component had the same sign as the change observed in bq, the quadratic relative growth coefficient. Thus, PCA offers the potential to identify simultaneously, and independently of shape or conformation, all those muscles whose relative growth coefficients change over the period examined. It could be applied successfully to breed comparisons of conformation.The cumulative effects of changing relative growth rates of muscles were small. Muscle weight distribution appears to be almost fixed within the first few weeks after birth. Despite their differences in conformation and mature size, Clun and Southdown lambs had similar distributions of muscle weight at the same age; the high valued muscles constituted 513·8 g/kg total muscle in Clun and 514·7 g/kg total muscle in Southdown lambs at 200 days of age.

MUSCLE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX AND RATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Thoracic Limb ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Spinal Group ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

Muscle distribution was studied in 109 Duroc × Yorkshire, Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either high or low energy rations (3652 and 2757 kcal DE/kg, containing 19.9% and 15.3% protein, respectively) and slaughtered at 23, 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight. Individually dissected muscles from half carcasses were grouped into nine "standard muscle groups" and expressed as percentages of total side muscle. Slight changes occurred in muscle distribution between 23 and 68 kg liveweight, but remained quite constant thereafter. Breed groups were quite similar except that Duroc × Yorkshire pigs had a significantly greater percentage of muscle in the spinal group. The influence of sex appeared to vary relative to liveweight, with gilts maturing at earlier weights than barrows. Ration influence was negligible except for the distal thoracic limb group, which had a slightly greater percentage of muscle in pigs on the HE ration than the LE ration. Unexplained interactions between sex and ration and sex and breed effects occurred for the thorax to thoracic limb muscle group. Comparisons of the present pig data with those from cattle indicated that, in pigs, diphasic growth patterns may not be as pronounced as in cattle, and that individual muscles may be growing proportionate to total muscle very early in life. There seemed to be little evidence to indicate that selection pressures have had any influence on changing the muscle distribution in swine.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity in large and small strains of Australian Merino rams

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
A. M. James ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
Jean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Australian Merino

ABSTRACTMaturing patterns are established for 93 individual muscles, and nine anatomical groups of muscles, using half carcass dissection data from 39 rams of two strains of Merinos of different mature size (91 and 116 kg). The maturity coefficients of the individual muscles and muscle groups are tabulated. Seventy-eight of the 93 muscles, and eight of the nine anatomical muscle groups, had maturing patterns which were not significantly different for the strains of sheep. In general, the muscles of the limbs and muscles surrounding the spinal column were earlier-maturing than total muscle and the muscles in the cranial end of the trunk were late maturing. The muscles of the abdominal wall matured at the same rate as total muscle.Differences in the distribution of muscle weight of the two strains of rams, when compared at the same total muscle weight, were reduced when compared at the same proportion' of mature total muscle weight. It was concluded, therefore, that apparent differences in the distribution of muscle weights, when breeds are compared at the same total muscle weight, may be due largely to differences in mature size.

Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Charles ◽  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

(1) Six buffalo bulls 14–48 months old were slaughtered and subjected to detailed anatomical dissection. (2) The dressing percentage of 55.2 was greater than that in cattle of similar carcass fatness (10.6). (3) Muscle constituted 37.1% of empty liveweight. (4) The carcasses had a high proportion by weight of muscle (68.6%), a low proportion of bone (17.3%), and a low proportion of fat (10.6%) relative to the proportions found in steer carcasses of similar muscle plus bone weights or total dissected fat percentages. (5) A study of muscle weight distribution showed that the spinal muscle group formed a lesser proportion of total muscle than in bovine steers, while the muscles of the proximal forelimb, those of the thorax passing onto the forelimb, and the intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax formed a greater proportion. The possibility of a sex effect on muscle weight distribution was discussed. (6) Fat distribution featured a high proportion of intermuscular fat relative to subcutaneous fat, and the proportions of kidney and channel fats were greater than those encountered in comparable bovine steer carcasses.

Relationships between intramuscular fat and dissected fat in the beef carcass

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Matrix ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Highly Correlated

Quantitative relationships between total dissected fat and weight of intramuscular fat in nine 'standard muscle groups' and total side muscle were investigated in 18 steer carcasses varying in fatness from 9.1 to 38.9% of chilled side weight. A simple correlation matrix showed that both weight and percentage of total dissected fat were more highly correlated with the proportion by weight of intramuscular fat in total side muscle than in any of the 'standard muscle groups'. Predictions of total dissected fat weight from regressions of the intramuscular fat percentages of 'standard muscle groups' and total side muscle were not as accurate as a relatively simple equation employing fat thickness at the 10th rib together with chilled carcass weight. For all six muscle groups used in regression equations, the percentage of total dissected fat in the carcass was more accurately predicted than total dissected fat weight. Standard muscle group 7 was the most accurate of the muscle groups in predicting total dissected fat weight, and it contained the fewest muscles (five), but they were large, expansive muscles which required extensive trimming. Standard muscle groups 3 and 7 were equally accurate in predicting total dissected fat percentage, but the former was associated with even greater dissection and trimming problems than standard muscle group 7. It is concluded that the use of intramuscular fat weight of muscle groups to improve predictions of carcass fatness is neither practicable nor successful.

Breed and sex differences in equally mature sheep and goats 3. Muscle weight distribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Thonney ◽  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTMales and females from Soay, Welsh Mountain, Southdown, Finnish Landrace, Jacob, Wiltshire Horn and Oxford Down sheep breeds and a breed of feral goats were slaughtered when they reached 0·40, 0·52, 0·64 or 0·76 of the mean mature body weight of their breed and sex. Total weight of dissected muscle was close to 0·30 times fleece-free empty body weight, or 0·24 times live weight, for all breeds and stages of maturity. The growth of 12 individual muscles or muscle groups dissected from the commercially higher-valued joints of the carcass, was examined in relation to live weight and total muscle weight. Limb muscles matured early. All 12 muscles, when combined, also matured early so that the proportion of lean tissue from the higher-valued joints declined as live weight increased.There were small but significant sex differences in the relative growth rate of some muscles. The abdominal muscles were early maturing for males and average for females. There were also sex differences in muscle weight distribution. The proportion of muscle in the hind limb of females was 1·055 times that in males, while the 12 muscles from higher-valued cuts constituted 0·403 of total carcass muscle for females and 0·389 for males, a proportional difference of 0·035.Muscle weight distribution was unrelated to breed size with the possible exception of m. gastrocnemius which appeared to be relatively smaller in genetically larger breeds. After accounting for differences in mature weight, there remained small but significant breed deviations in muscle weight distribution. Southdowns had the most attractive distribution. Feral goats and Jacob sheep, although they had the highest proportion of total muscle, had a much less attractive distribution.

Comparison of the exercise pressor reflex between forelimb and hindlimb muscles in cats

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (4) ◽  
pp. R1127-R1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Hayashi ◽  
Shawn G. Hayes ◽  
Marc P. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Hindlimb Muscle ◽  
Static Contraction ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Triceps Surae Muscles

In thirteen cats anesthetized with α-chloralose, we compared the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch of a hindlimb muscle group, the triceps surae, with those to contraction and stretch of a forelimb muscle group, the triceps brachii. Static contraction and stretch of both muscle groups increased mean arterial pressure and heart rate, and the responses were directly proportional to the developed tension. The cardiovascular increases, however, were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) when the triceps brachii muscles were contracted or stretched than when the triceps surae muscles were contracted or stretched, even when the tension developed by either maneuver was corrected for muscle weight. Likewise, the ventilatory increases were greater when the triceps brachii muscles were stretched than when the triceps surae muscles were stretched. Contraction of either muscle group did not increase ventilation. Our results suggest that in the anesthetized cat the cardiovascular responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch are greater when arising from forelimb muscles than from hindlimb muscles.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 2. Individual muscles and muscle groups

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
Jean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Wall Group ◽  
Very High ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Male Sheep

ABSTRACTMaturity patterns have been established for 93 individual carcass muscles and nine standard muscle groups using dissection data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. A very high proportion, 81/93, of the individual muscles and all the muscle groups had maturity patterns which were not different for the rams and wethers.Maturity patterns of some muscle groups varied from those previously demonstrated in Merino rams, in that the abdominal wall group was later maturing and the neck to forelimb and neck and thorax groups were earlier maturing in the Dorset Horns.Comparison of the distribution of muscle weight of the Dorset Horn rams and wethers at the mean total muscle weight resulted in different conclusions to comparison at the mean proportion of maturity. It is concluded that comparisons of muscle weight distribution of entire and castrated male sheep, in which mature muscle weight varies, will be most meaningful if carried out at the same proportion of maturity, since comparisons at the same weight of total muscle will embrace components of difference due to stage of maturity.

RELATIVE GROWTH PATTERNS OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES IN THE PIG

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

The muscle-weight distribution and relative growth rate patterns were determined for 96 muscles and nine anatomical muscle groups dissected from half carcasses of pigs from two studies. The first study involved 109 pigs representing barrows and gilts of three breed groups, fed two rations differing in energy and protein and slaughtered at weights ranging from 23 to 114 kg liveweight. The second study involved 72 pigs representing barrows and gilts of two breed groups, fed one of three levels of a low-energy ration and slaughtered at one of three liveweights from 68 kg to 114 kg. Of the 96 muscles dissected, 69 muscles each weighed less than 1% of total muscle, five ranged from 3 to 7% and one muscle was more than 10% of total muscle. Relative growth rate patterns of individual muscles and anatomical muscle groups from pigs were compared with other studies from cattle and sheep. Generally, relative muscle growth in pigs over the range in liveweight studied appeared to be more monophasic than in cattle or sheep. Relative growth rate of muscles and subsequent muscle distribution appeared to be related to muscle function. Muscles associated with mobility immediately after birth showed much earlier development than those concerned with propulsion. Muscles involved with posture appeared to grow at the same relative rate as total muscle. Key words: Pig, growth, muscle growth

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