RELATIVE GROWTH PATTERNS OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES IN THE PIG

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

The muscle-weight distribution and relative growth rate patterns were determined for 96 muscles and nine anatomical muscle groups dissected from half carcasses of pigs from two studies. The first study involved 109 pigs representing barrows and gilts of three breed groups, fed two rations differing in energy and protein and slaughtered at weights ranging from 23 to 114 kg liveweight. The second study involved 72 pigs representing barrows and gilts of two breed groups, fed one of three levels of a low-energy ration and slaughtered at one of three liveweights from 68 kg to 114 kg. Of the 96 muscles dissected, 69 muscles each weighed less than 1% of total muscle, five ranged from 3 to 7% and one muscle was more than 10% of total muscle. Relative growth rate patterns of individual muscles and anatomical muscle groups from pigs were compared with other studies from cattle and sheep. Generally, relative muscle growth in pigs over the range in liveweight studied appeared to be more monophasic than in cattle or sheep. Relative growth rate of muscles and subsequent muscle distribution appeared to be related to muscle function. Muscles associated with mobility immediately after birth showed much earlier development than those concerned with propulsion. Muscles involved with posture appeared to grow at the same relative rate as total muscle. Key words: Pig, growth, muscle growth

Muscle growth and distribution of muscle weight in Clun and Southdown sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTA total of 56 sheep, 28 Clun and 28 Southdown were slaughtered, five of each breed, at birth, 50, 100, 150 and 200 days and three of each breed at 415 days of age. The left half of each carcass was separated anatomically into individual muscles, bones and fat depots. For the purposes of analysis, individual muscles were assigned to one of eight muscle groups, depending upon their anatomical location.The relative growth of some individual muscles was found to change over this age range, as indicated by a significant squared term in the quadratic allometric equation: this was true for proportionately 0·33 of the muscles in Clun and for proportionately 0·44 of those in Southdown, accounting for proportionately 0·33 and 0·47 of total muscle weight in Clun and Southdown respectively.Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to derive the multivariate analogue of the quadratic part of quadratic allometry: the sign of the loading on the second principal component had the same sign as the change observed in bq, the quadratic relative growth coefficient. Thus, PCA offers the potential to identify simultaneously, and independently of shape or conformation, all those muscles whose relative growth coefficients change over the period examined. It could be applied successfully to breed comparisons of conformation.The cumulative effects of changing relative growth rates of muscles were small. Muscle weight distribution appears to be almost fixed within the first few weeks after birth. Despite their differences in conformation and mature size, Clun and Southdown lambs had similar distributions of muscle weight at the same age; the high valued muscles constituted 513·8 g/kg total muscle in Clun and 514·7 g/kg total muscle in Southdown lambs at 200 days of age.

Low temperature effects on the growth of evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) rosettes

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
A. F. Fieldsend
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Intermittent Exposure ◽  
Environment Experiment

In field crops of evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) the post-winter growth of rosettes is slow to re-start. The effect of temperature on the growth of rosettes was assessed in a controlled environment experiment. Relative growth rate was positively correlated with temperature, but in apparent contrast to the results from field trials, the rosettes grew at constant temperatures as low as 6.5ºC. However, following transfer to warmer temperatures an increase in relative growth rate did not occur until 7-10 days later, whilst a change to a cooler environment caused an immediate reduction in relative growth rate. Thus, it seems likely that growth is inhibited by intermittent exposure to temperatures of 0°C or below. Partitioning of biomass between root and shoot was independent of temperature, but at 6.5ºC the relative rate of leaf area increase was very low. Consequently, the specific leaf area was lower in rosettes growing at lower temperatures.

MUSCLE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX AND RATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Thoracic Limb ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Spinal Group ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

Muscle distribution was studied in 109 Duroc × Yorkshire, Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either high or low energy rations (3652 and 2757 kcal DE/kg, containing 19.9% and 15.3% protein, respectively) and slaughtered at 23, 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight. Individually dissected muscles from half carcasses were grouped into nine "standard muscle groups" and expressed as percentages of total side muscle. Slight changes occurred in muscle distribution between 23 and 68 kg liveweight, but remained quite constant thereafter. Breed groups were quite similar except that Duroc × Yorkshire pigs had a significantly greater percentage of muscle in the spinal group. The influence of sex appeared to vary relative to liveweight, with gilts maturing at earlier weights than barrows. Ration influence was negligible except for the distal thoracic limb group, which had a slightly greater percentage of muscle in pigs on the HE ration than the LE ration. Unexplained interactions between sex and ration and sex and breed effects occurred for the thorax to thoracic limb muscle group. Comparisons of the present pig data with those from cattle indicated that, in pigs, diphasic growth patterns may not be as pronounced as in cattle, and that individual muscles may be growing proportionate to total muscle very early in life. There seemed to be little evidence to indicate that selection pressures have had any influence on changing the muscle distribution in swine.

scholarly journals Leaf and Stem Traits are Linked to Liana Growth Rate in a Subtropical Cloud Forest

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Xiao-Long Bai ◽  
Yun-Bing Zhang ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Yang-Si-Ding Wang ◽  
Da Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Density ◽  
Leaf Vein Density

There is accumulating evidence that the abundance and biomass of lianas are increasing with global climate change in the Neotropics. However, our knowledge of growth–trait relationships among lianas is surprisingly rare. Here, we monitored the relative growth rate of 2860 individuals from seven deciduous and four evergreen liana species in a 20 ha subtropical cloud forest dynamics plot at high elevation (2472–2628 m a.s.l.) in southwest China. We linked the relative growth rate of lianas with nine leaf traits associated with leaf morphology, nutrient concentrations, and water hydraulic capacity as indicated by leaf vein density, and five stem wood traits related to stem water transport capacity and wood density. Our results showed that deciduous lianas have higher relative growth rates than their evergreen counterparts. Across all lianas studied, the relative growth rate was positively correlated with the leaf area and specific leaf area, but negatively correlated with leaf dry matter content. The relative growth rate of lianas was strongly correlated with nitrogen concentration after excluding the legume liana species. The relative growth rate was decoupled from leaf phosphorus and potassium concentrations, leaf vein density, and stem vessel traits across all lianas investigated. For four evergreen lianas, there were positive associations of the relative growth rate with the leaf thickness and diameter of the largest vessels. This study is the first to illustrate the relationships of liana growth with leaf and stem traits in the high-elevation subtropical cloud forest. More studies from diverse forest ecosystems are needed to comprehensively understand the mechanism underlying liana growth patterns.

scholarly journals Alternative graphical displays for the monitoring of epidemic outbreaks, with application to COVID-19 mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Perneger ◽  
Antoine Kevorkian ◽  
Thierry Grenet ◽  
Hubert Gallée ◽  
Angèle Gayet-Ageron
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Exponential Rates ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Classic epidemic curves – counts of daily events or cumulative events over time –emphasise temporal changes in the growth or size of epidemic outbreaks. Like any graph, these curves have limitations: they are impractical for comparisons of large and small outbreaks or of asynchronous outbreaks, and they do not display the relative growth rate of the epidemic. Our aim was to propose two additional graphical displays for the monitoring of epidemic outbreaks that overcome these limitations. Methods The first graph shows the growth of the epidemic as a function of its size; specifically, the logarithm of new cases on a given day, N(t), is plotted against the logarithm of cumulative cases C(t). Logarithm transformations facilitate comparisons of outbreaks of different sizes, and the lack of a time scale overcomes the need to establish a starting time for each outbreak. Notably, on this graph, exponential growth corresponds to a straight line with a slope equal to one. The second graph represents the logarithm of the relative rate of growth of the epidemic over time; specifically, log10(N(t)/C(t-1)) is plotted against time (t) since the 25th event. We applied these methods to daily death counts attributed to COVID-19 in selected countries, reported up to June 5, 2020. Results In most countries, the log(N) over log(C) plots showed initially a near-linear increase in COVID-19 deaths, followed by a sharp downturn. They enabled comparisons of small and large outbreaks (e.g., Switzerland vs UK), and identified outbreaks that were still growing at near-exponential rates (e.g., Brazil or India). The plots of log10(N(t)/C(t-1)) over time showed a near-linear decrease (on a log scale) of the relative growth rate of most COVID-19 epidemics, and identified countries in which this decrease failed to set in in the early weeks (e.g., USA) or abated late in the outbreak (e.g., Portugal or Russia). Conclusions The plot of log(N) over log(C) displays simultaneously the growth and size of an epidemic, and allows easy identification of exponential growth. The plot of the logarithm of the relative growth rate over time highlights an essential parameter of epidemic outbreaks.

Growth of bovine tissues 2. Genetic influences on muscle growth and distribution in young bulls

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Berg ◽  
B. B. Andersen ◽  
T. Liboriussen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Tissue Separation ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTMuscle weight distribution was compared by jointing and complete tissue separation of carcasses from 277 young male progeny of eight sire breeds and two dam breeds, serially slaughtered at 300 kg live weight, 12 months and 15 months of age. The sire breeds were Simmental, Charolais, Danish Red and White, Romagnola, Chianina. Hereford, Blonde d'Aquitaine and Limousin; the dam breeds were Danish Red and Danish Black Pied.Growth impetus for muscle in each joint was established from the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients, b, were homogenous among breeds, indicating similar muscle development patterns over the range of weights studied. Growth impetus waves increased centripetally on the limbs, caudocephalically on the whole of the body (being more marked dorsally) and dorsoventrally on the trunk.There were small but significant breed differences in the proportion of muscle in different joints at similar total muscle weight. They probably reflect differences in maturity and other minor functional influences. Chianina and Hereford crosses were the two extremes for muscle distribution with many of the remaining breed groups being very similar. Differences were already established by 300 kg live weight and muscle growth patterns were similar among breeds over the range of the experiment.

Breed and sex differences in equally mature sheep and goats 3. Muscle weight distribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Thonney ◽  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTMales and females from Soay, Welsh Mountain, Southdown, Finnish Landrace, Jacob, Wiltshire Horn and Oxford Down sheep breeds and a breed of feral goats were slaughtered when they reached 0·40, 0·52, 0·64 or 0·76 of the mean mature body weight of their breed and sex. Total weight of dissected muscle was close to 0·30 times fleece-free empty body weight, or 0·24 times live weight, for all breeds and stages of maturity. The growth of 12 individual muscles or muscle groups dissected from the commercially higher-valued joints of the carcass, was examined in relation to live weight and total muscle weight. Limb muscles matured early. All 12 muscles, when combined, also matured early so that the proportion of lean tissue from the higher-valued joints declined as live weight increased.There were small but significant sex differences in the relative growth rate of some muscles. The abdominal muscles were early maturing for males and average for females. There were also sex differences in muscle weight distribution. The proportion of muscle in the hind limb of females was 1·055 times that in males, while the 12 muscles from higher-valued cuts constituted 0·403 of total carcass muscle for females and 0·389 for males, a proportional difference of 0·035.Muscle weight distribution was unrelated to breed size with the possible exception of m. gastrocnemius which appeared to be relatively smaller in genetically larger breeds. After accounting for differences in mature weight, there remained small but significant breed deviations in muscle weight distribution. Southdowns had the most attractive distribution. Feral goats and Jacob sheep, although they had the highest proportion of total muscle, had a much less attractive distribution.

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