Grapevine yellow speckle — a newly recognized graft-transmissible disease of Vitis

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Taylor ◽  
RC Woodham
Keyword(s):  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Grapevine Fanleaf Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heat Therapy ◽  
Transmissible Disease ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Evidence is presented to show that many grapevines showing leaf symptoms which, particularly when intense, cannot be distinguished from those caused by strains of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFV) or tomato ringspot virus (TRSV) are infected with a previously undescribed disease for which the name grapevine yellow speckle (GYS) is proposed. The causal agent of the disease has not been isolated, but it is graft-transmissible from infected to healthy grapevines. It has not been transmitted by sap inoculation to herbaceous plants. The disease has been detected in some grapevine cultivars grown in Australia for many years, and also in several other cultivars and rootstocks imported from California over the past 10 years. There is no evidence of natural spread or of seed transmission. Attempts to eliminate GYS from plants by heat therapy and propagation of tip cuttings have been unsuccessful. Mataro and LN33, the best indicators for GYS at present, are not entirely satisfactory and there is a need to find an indicator which will detect GYS in a wide range of environments. The disease has not been previously detected, probably because of its similarity to GFV and TRSV and its peculiarity in expressing symptoms only in some environments.

A Survey for Nine Major Viruses of Grapevines in Tennessee Vineyards

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Nourolah Soltani ◽  
Rongbin Hu ◽  
Darrell D. Hensley ◽  
David L. Lockwood ◽  
Keith. L. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Grapevine Fanleaf Virus ◽  
Arabis Mosaic Virus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus ◽  
The Status ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Das Elisa

Despite the significance of grape production to the fruit industry in Tennessee (TN), no published information has been available on viruses affecting grapevines in the state. Hence, a survey was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons to determine the status of nine major viruses of grapevines in TN vineyards by taking advantage of classical serological assays and confirmatory nucleic acid-based diagnostic approaches. A total of 349 samples from 23 grapevine cultivars mostly displaying viral-like symptoms were collected from 23 commercial vineyards. All samples were assayed by DAS-ELISA for arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV)-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV-4, grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), and tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV). Selected serologically positive samples were also tested by RT-PCR, followed by Sanger sequencing of the generated amplicons. Additionally, 19 grapevines displaying symptoms characteristic of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) were also assayed by PCR followed by confirmatory sequencing-based methods. Collectively, these assays verifiably detected GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, ToRSV, and GRBV in TN vineyards. This is the first record of the presence of these viruses in TN vineyards. ArMV, GLRaV-4, GFLV, and TRSV were not detected. The majority of samples tested positive for a single virus, whereas mixed infections with more than one virus were detected in 37% of samples.

scholarly journals (367) Symptom Expression of Mixed Virus Infections in `Chickasaw' Blackberry

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057E-1058
Author(s):  
Mark M. Bray ◽  
John R. Clark ◽  
Rose C. Gergerich
Keyword(s):  
Latent Infection ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottling ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Latent infection of Blackberry yellow-vein associated virus (BYVaV) in `Chickasaw' blackberry has been reported. However, plants with characteristic leaf symptoms, such as vein yellowing, chlorotic mottling, and oak-leaf patterns, have tested positive for BYVaV using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Experiments were initiated to determine if the symptoms expressed in BYVaV infected `Chickasaw' were caused by mixed virus infections. BYVaV, a recently identified crinivirus, was evaluated for synergistic interactions with Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV). `Chickasaw' blackberry plants infected with BYVaV (single infection) were used as receptor plants to establish mixed virus infections with TRSV and ToRSV transmitted by nematodes and RBDV transmitted by bottle grafts. Characteristic symptoms of multi-virus infection will be presented and discussed.

A New Disease of Epimedium Caused by Carnation Ringspot Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-331
Author(s):  
Roy G. Kiambi ◽  
Mattie M. Baumann ◽  
Benham E. Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Epimediums (Epimedium grandiflorum) are popular perennial groundcovers and are known to produce a wide range of medicinal effects. Extracts have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Carnation ringspot virus (CRSV) has a wide host range. In 2018, symptoms were observed on epimedium in three different landscape settings across St. Paul, MN. Leaf symptoms consisted of conspicuous mottling, chlorotic ringspots, and distortion of leaf margins. CRSV was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The CRSV host range now includes epimedium, which is the first species of the Berberidaceae family shown to be susceptible to CRSV. The potential risk of infection in other ornamental plant species in the family should be evaluated.

scholarly journals Survey for Viruses of Grapevine in Oregon and Washington

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 763-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Martin ◽  
K. C. Eastwell ◽  
A. Wagner ◽  
S. Lamprecht ◽  
I. E. Tzanetakis
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Grapevine Fanleaf Virus ◽  
Arabis Mosaic Virus ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus ◽  
Rupestris Stem Pitting ◽  
Stem Pitting ◽  
Vitis Spp

Grapevines (Vitis spp.) in Washington and Oregon were surveyed for the prevalence of key grapevine viruses. Samples collected from 1,522 vines in Washington were tested for Rupestris stem pitting associated virus (RSPaV), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3). Tests were also conducted for GLRaV-1 and -2 on 420 samples from Washington. Two hundred forty samples collected from wine grape vineyards in Oregon were tested for GLRaV-1, -2, and -3, and an additional 2,880 samples were collected from 40 vineyards known to have high populations of Xiphinema americanum nematodes. The latter were tested for ArMV, ToRSV, and GFLV. GLRaV-1, -2, and -3 were detected in 2.6, 0.2, and 6.5% of the Washington samples and in 3.0, 0.4, and 4.4% of the Oregon samples. RSPaV was detected in 4.6% of the samples from Washington. No ToRSV, ArMV, or GFLV was detected in any of the samples from Oregon or Washington. Transmission of field isolates of GLRaV-3 from Washington by the grape mealybug also was demonstrated.

Optical Properties of HVEM Accelerators

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
A. Strojnik ◽  
J.W. Scholl ◽  
V. Bevc
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Electron Accelerator ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Electron Source ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Behavior

The electron accelerator, as inserted between the electron source (injector) and the imaging column of the HVEM, is usually a strong lens and should be optimized in order to ensure high brightness over a wide range of accelerating voltages and illuminating conditions. This is especially true in the case of the STEM where the brightness directly determines the highest resolution attainable. In the past, the optical behavior of accelerators was usually determined for a particular configuration. During the development of the accelerator for the Arizona 1 MEV STEM, systematic investigation was made of the major optical properties for a variety of electrode configurations, number of stages N, accelerating voltages, 1 and 10 MEV, and a range of injection voltages ϕ0 = 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 kV).

Pursuit of the Abscopal Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
Paul B. Romesser ◽  
Christopher H. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Immunology ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tumor Irradiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tumor Recognition

AbstractEvasion of immune recognition is a hallmark of cancer that facilitates tumorigenesis, maintenance, and progression. Systemic immune activation can incite tumor recognition and stimulate potent antitumor responses. While the concept of antitumor immunity is not new, there is renewed interest in tumor immunology given the clinical success of immune modulators in a wide range of cancer subtypes over the past decade. One particularly interesting, yet exceedingly rare phenomenon, is the abscopal response, characterized by a potent systemic antitumor response following localized tumor irradiation presumably attributed to reactivation of antitumor immunity.

The Many Pasts of Detective Fiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Thomas Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Detective Fiction ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Public History ◽  
Detective Novel ◽  
Sherlock Holmes ◽  
Detective Story ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detective Novels ◽  
The Many

Building on Tzvetan Todorov's observation that the detective novel ‘contains not one but two stories: the story of the crime and the story of the investigation’, this essay argues that detective novels display a remarkably wide range of attitudes toward the several pasts they represent: the pasts of the crime, the community, the criminal, the detective, and public history. It traces a series of defining shifts in these attitudes through the evolution of five distinct subgenres of detective fiction: exploits of a Great Detective like Sherlock Holmes, Golden Age whodunits that pose as intellectual puzzles to be solved, hardboiled stories that invoke a distant past that the present both breaks with and echoes, police procedurals that unfold in an indefinitely extended present, and historical mysteries that nostalgically fetishize the past. It concludes with a brief consideration of genre readers’ own ambivalent phenomenological investment in the past, present, and future each detective story projects.

Nine Centuries of Man

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Scottish History ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

What did it mean to be a man in Scotland over the past nine centuries? Scotland, with its stereotypes of the kilted warrior and the industrial ‘hard man’, has long been characterised in masculine terms, but there has been little historical exploration of masculinity in a wider context. This interdisciplinary collection examines a diverse range of the multiple and changing forms of masculinities from the late eleventh to the late twentieth century, exploring the ways in which Scottish society through the ages defined expectations for men and their behaviour. How men reacted to those expectations is examined through sources such as documentary materials, medieval seals, romances, poetry, begging letters, police reports and court records, charity records, oral histories and personal correspondence. Focusing upon the wide range of activities and roles undertaken by men – work, fatherhood and play, violence and war, sex and commerce – the book also illustrates the range of masculinities that affected or were internalised by men. Together, the chapters illustrate some of the ways Scotland’s gender expectations have changed over the centuries and how, more generally, masculinities have informed the path of Scottish history

Free but fragile: Human relations amidst poverty and HIV in democratic South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Christina Landman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Black People ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
White People ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Township

Dullstroom-Emnotweni is the highest town in South Africa. Cold and misty, it is situated in the eastern Highveld, halfway between the capital Pretoria/Tswane and the Mozambique border. Alongside the main road of the white town, 27 restaurants provide entertainment to tourists on their way to Mozambique or the Kruger National Park. The inhabitants of the black township, Sakhelwe, are remnants of the Southern Ndebele who have lost their land a century ago in wars against the whites. They are mainly dependent on employment as cleaners and waitresses in the still predominantly white town. Three white people from the white town and three black people from the township have been interviewed on their views whether democracy has brought changes to this society during the past 20 years. Answers cover a wide range of views. Gratitude is expressed that women are now safer and HIV treatment available. However, unemployment and poverty persist in a community that nevertheless shows resilience and feeds on hope. While the first part of this article relates the interviews, the final part identifies from them the discourses that keep the black and white communities from forming a group identity that is based on equality and human dignity as the values of democracy.

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