Nodulation failure in Trifolium subterraneum L. CV. Woogenellup (Sum. Marrar)

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 907 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Culture Experiment ◽  
Agar Culture ◽  
Tube Culture ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Competition Study ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Pot Culture

The symbiotic relationship between Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Woogenellup and a number of strains of Rhizobium trifolii was examined in tube and pot culture experiments. Plants grown in agar culture with the roots darkened and at 22°C either failed to nodulate or formed nodules slowly when inoculated with a number of strains; with other strains nodulation was prompt and the effectiveness levels were similar to those achieved with other subterranean clover cultivars. Exposure of the roots to light in tube culture experiments promoted nodulation by the "slowly nodulating" strains; higher root temperatures (28°) also promoted nodulation. Nine samples of the cultivar from widely separated sources behaved in a similar manner. Approximately 50% of 287 field isolates of R. trifolii from three localities were slow to nodulate this host, even when the roots were exposed to light. The proportion of field isolates nodulating the host promptly, and the effectiveness of nodulation achieved varied within and between the localities from which the isolations were made. R. trifolii strain TA1 failed to nodulate Woogenellup adequately in a pot culture experiment with two soils differing in the size of their natural population of R. trifolii (< 2/g, 104/g). Under the same conditions, three other strains formed a high proportion (> 80%) of the nodules in both soils, as determined by serological analysis of isolates from the nodules. A competition study with mixed inoculants showed that strain CC2480a formed a higher proportion of the nodules on cv. Woogenellup than strains WA67 or WU290, the present commercial inoculant strains. The results are discussed in relation to conflicting reports of poor nodulation of Woogenellup in the field, and of satisfactory nodulation in the laboratory and the glasshouse.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Persistence of introduced strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii in acidic soils of north-eastern Victoria

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Slattery ◽  
D. R. Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
High Background ◽  
Poor Tolerance ◽  
Acidic Sites ◽  
Commercial Inoculant

Summary. A 5-year study was undertaken to establish if introduced rhizobia with higher tolerance to Al than the current inoculant Rhizobium can persist and continue nodulating subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in acidic soils. Two Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii strains were introduced as seed inoculants with subterranean clover at 2 acidic sites (pHCa 4.1 and pHCa 4.3), where lime and gypsum had been applied as soil amendments. Strain NA3001 was selected for its tolerance to high Al concentrations when grown on an agar medium and WU95, which is a widely used commercial inoculant strain, for its relatively poor tolerance to Al when grown on agar. Liming the soil increased its pH and reduced the concentration of extractable Al at both sites. In the year the subterranean clover was sown, strain WU95 had nodule occupancy of 20–49%, decreasing with time to 4–7% after 5 seasons (1991–95). The nodule occupancy of strain NA3001 was initially lower than strain WU95 (14–16%), but its occupancy did not vary with time (significant strain x time interactions, P<0.05). These data indicate that the acid-tolerant strain NA3001 has the potential to persist in these strongly acidic soils and, despite the presence of high background populations of naturalised rhizobia, to continue initiating nodulation. The use of soil amendments (lime and gypsum) to increase pH and reduce soluble Al concentrations did not affect the nodule occupancy of either NA3001 or WU95 with time, nor did it slow the rate of decline in nodule occupancy of WU95.

scholarly journals The Interaction of Light and Temperature in Determining the Growth Rate of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum l.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Pot Culture

An experiment is described in which the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the early vegetative stage was measured over 52 consecutive weekly periods. To eliminate possible trends of growth rates with age, plants of comparable morphological stage were used for each period. The variety Bacchus Marsh was grown in pot culture in the open at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia.

Symbiotic characteristics of subspecies of Trifolium subterraneum L.

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson ◽  
J Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Effective Strain ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Inoculant Strain

An examination was made of the ability of lines of Trifolium subterraneum L. subsp. subterraneum, subsp. yanninicum Katzn. et Morley, and subsp. brachycalycinum Katzn. et Morley to nodulate and fix nitrogen with strains of .Rlzizobium trifolii isolated from habitats dominated by each of the subspecies.Host line x bacterial strain specificity was demonstrated at two levels: (a) some strains nodulated one, or two, host lines ineffectively, yet formed an effective symbiosis with the other host lines; (b) among the symbiotic combinations classed as effective, the degree of effectiveness of the strains was dependent on the host lines. It was found that the lines of a subspecies were not more effectively nodulated by the bacterial strains isolated from a habitat in which that subspecies was the predominant subterranean clover, than they were by strains isolated from habitats in which the other subspecies predominated. For example, lines of T. subterraneum subsp. yanninicum fixed nitrogen as well with strains of R. trifolii isolated from habitats of subsp. subterraneum or subsp. brachycalycinum as they did with strains isolated from its own habitat. Similarly, there was little evidence that the strains from the habitat in which a subspecies predominated were more effective in their symbiosis with the lines of that subspecies than they were with the lines of the other subspecies. The only exception to this latter generalization was that the strains isolated from the subsp. brachycalycinum habitat were slightly more effective with subsp. brachycalycinum than with subspp. yanninicum or subterraneum. Groupings of the strains based on their response with the lines of any subspecies, or with the lines of all subspecies combined, bore no relation to groupings based on the origin of the strains. It was concluded that it was not possible to predict the effectiveness of any symbiotic combination from a consideration of the taxonomy of the host or the habitat from which the bacterium was isolated. The feasibility of using a standard host line for the screening of the general effectiveness of all strains of potential value in subterranean clover inoculants is discussed. The commercial inoculant strain, TA1, was not the most effective strain with all lines, and overall, ranked fifth among the strains examined.

Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the South-west of Western Australia. III. The effect of sulphur on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
South West ◽  
Pasture Plants ◽  
Pot Culture

Sulphur applied as calcium sulphate or sodium sulphate significantly increased the growth of subterranean clover on a number of sandy soils in pot culture and also on a gravelly sand under field conditions at Kojonup. In the field trial a significant response was also obtained in the volunteer annual, capeweed.Total sulphur in the tops of both clover and capeweed was markedly increased by sulphur application; the lowest values were observed in one of the pot-culture trials, where deficiency symptoms were most prominent. Some reasons are suggested for the earlier appearance of deficiency symptoms in the field trial, where the deficiency was less severe than in the pot-culture experiments.

Strain reaction to potassium deficiency in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Pot Culture

The results of three experiments — two in pot culture and one in the field — are described in which five commercial strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were grown on Crawley sand at Perth. The strains were Dwalganup, Yarloop, Bacchus Marsh, Mt. Barker, and Tallarook. All strains were affected similarly by potassium deficiency and no evidence of differential response to applied potassium was obtained, either in dry matter yield or potassium content. As an aid in the diagnosis of potassium deficiency, the value 0.8 per cent. potassium in the leaf plus petiole of clover tops (irrespective of strain) sampled 10 weeks or more after germination may be taken to indicate incipient deficiency.

The influence of soil type on phosphorus toxicity in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
Soil Effects ◽  
Pot Culture

Five soils were investigated in pot culture, using a wide range of levels of monocalcium phosphate. The amount of phosphorus required to produce phosphorus toxicity symptoms in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) varied widely between soils, even when all other nutrients were adequately supplied. Soil effects are ascribed largely to differences in capacity to "fix" soluble phosphorus in forms not readily available for plant growth. Wherever the problem is likely to occur in the field, poor nodulation may accentuate the malady.

Effects of soil surface sealing on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pot culture.

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Millington
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Surface Sealing ◽  
Pot Culture ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Root growth of Trifolium subterraneum L. (var. Bacchus Marsh) in pot culture was substantially reduced when the available soil-surface pore space was reduced to 0.06 c.c. per c.c. Top growth was also reduced. Measurements of oxygen concentration in the soil atmosphere showed that both sealing of the soil surface and sowing at high density depressed oxygen concentrations in the soil. It is suggested that the available pore space at the soil surface limited gas exchange, resulting in a depression of both the quantity of respiring root tissue and the resultant oxygen concentrations. The amount of root material present at any time is a function of sowing density and may further modify the response to sealing of the soil surface.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

scholarly journals Host plant recognition by the root feeding clover weevil, Sitona lepidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Johnson ◽  
P.J. Gregory ◽  
P.J. Murray ◽  
X Zhang ◽  
I.M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Root Feeding

AbstractThis study investigated the ability of neonatal larvae of the root-feeding weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, to locate white clover Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae) roots growing in soil and to distinguish them from the roots of other species of clover and a co-occurring grass species. Choice experiments used a combination of invasive techniques and the novel technique of high resolution X-ray microtomography to non-invasively track larval movement in the soil towards plant roots. Burrowing distances towards roots of different plant species were also examined. Newly hatched S. lepidus recognized T. repens roots and moved preferentially towards them when given a choice of roots of subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (Fabaceae), strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. (Fabaceae), or perennial ryegrass Lolium perenneL. (Poaceae). Larvae recognized T. repens roots, whether released in groups of five or singly, when released 25 mm (meso-scale recognition) or 60 mm (macro-scale recognition) away from plant roots. There was no statistically significant difference in movement rates of larvae.

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