The influence of soil type on phosphorus toxicity in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
Soil Effects ◽  
Pot Culture

Five soils were investigated in pot culture, using a wide range of levels of monocalcium phosphate. The amount of phosphorus required to produce phosphorus toxicity symptoms in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) varied widely between soils, even when all other nutrients were adequately supplied. Soil effects are ascribed largely to differences in capacity to "fix" soluble phosphorus in forms not readily available for plant growth. Wherever the problem is likely to occur in the field, poor nodulation may accentuate the malady.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Nutrient problems in sown pasture on an acid soil. 2. Role of lime and superphosphate

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (106) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
P 16 ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium

A study was made of the role of superphosphate and lime on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) production on an infertile acid soil in pot culture. Both fertilizers increased the exchangeable calcium in this deficient soil. Lime and superphosphate were involved in nodulation of the clover plants. There was no evidence of the direct involvement of either of them in the nitrogen fixation process, but they did increase nitrogen uptake by the plants. Once the legume functioned adequately, full expression of the yield response to phosphorus on this deficient soil followed. Most efficient phosphorus use occurred at the lime 1255, superphosphate 2000 kg ha-1 level (lime 1/2, P 16). Heavy lime dressing reduced exchangeable magnesium and the phosphorus available to the plant. Aluminium and pH were involved in the effects observed. Lime reduced CaCl2-extractable aluminium and the titratable acidity in the soil. Phosphate increased the CaCl2-extractable aluminium and apparently reduced the titratable aluminium. The combined treatments reduced these three attributes and promoted increased plant growth. Increased plant growth was associated with increased aluminium uptake by the plants, which suggests that the real effect of aluminium may have been on the calcium and phosphorus uptake by the plants, rather than on the toxic nature of the element itself.

Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritive value of 26 cultivars of dry, mature subterranean clover was evaluated at Shenton Park, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-week intervals during the growing season. Dry mature plant material and soil were sampled in summer to examine the effect of grazing and cultivar on seed yield and nutritive value of feed residues. Cultivars heavily grazed in spring had a low herbage mass. There was no difference in seed yield and seed weight between heavily and lightly grazed cultivars. Dry matter digestibility and mineral content of dry residues was inconsistent for the 2 grazing treatments. The dry matter digestibility of dry, mature subterranean clover ranged from 40 to 56%, with a wide range of crude fibre, nitrogen and mineral content for the 26 cultivars. While most minerals in the dry residues were above the requirement for sheep, 7 cultivars had a zinc content less than the maintenance requirement for sheep. There was an imbalance for all cultivars in calcium: phosphorus with a range of 4–10: 1. Concurrent estimates on the yield and composition of seed indicated that seed can be resource of minerals for grazing animals in summer. Most cultivars had a seed yield over 100 g/m2 with that of 9 cultivars being over 130 g/m2. Seed was rich in nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and copper, and poor in sodium, calcium and manganese. However, there were no cultivars with an appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The imbalance in nitrogen and sulfur was a result of high nitrogen content with the ratio ranging from 19: 1 to 29: 1.

scholarly journals Leaf development and dry matter production of subterranean clover cultivars in relation to autumn sward management

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
D.J. Moot ◽  
A.D. Black ◽  
W.R. Scott ◽  
J. Richardon
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Lincoln University

Seeds of five cultivars of subterranean clover, together with one of white clover, were sown in a wide range of temperature regimes under both controlled environment and field conditions. Results were consistent across temperature regimes and showed that the first trifoliate leaf emerged after 230 °Cd for all subterranean clover cultivars and 309 °Cd for the white clover cultivar. For subterranean clover, exponential leaf appearance commenced after 434 °Cd at the six total leaf stage. At this time, subterranean clover can be defoliated without causing permanent physical damage to seedlings. The field study at Lincoln University showed that subterranean clover that germinated in March produced 44 kg DM/ha/day for 158 days to yield approximately 7 000 kg DM/ha by mid-September. Subterranean clover that germinated in May produced 15 kg DM/ha/day for 120 days to yield only 1 800 kg DM/ha by mid September. These results are discussed in relation to the time of autumn grazing management for subterranean clover, including extrapolation to other climatic areas of New Zealand. Key words: herbage yield, phyllochron, seedling establishment, thermal time, Trifolium subterraneum, T. repens, white clover

scholarly journals The Interaction of Light and Temperature in Determining the Growth Rate of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum l.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Pot Culture

An experiment is described in which the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the early vegetative stage was measured over 52 consecutive weekly periods. To eliminate possible trends of growth rates with age, plants of comparable morphological stage were used for each period. The variety Bacchus Marsh was grown in pot culture in the open at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia.

Distribution of magnesium in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in relation to supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Supply Current

The objectives of this study were to examine Mg distribution in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), to identify an appropriate tissue for diagnosis of deficiency and to establish minimum tissue concentrations associated with maximum plant growth. Plants were grown in solution culture with both discontinued (40 8M and 160 8M reduced to nil) and constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 8M Mg). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was interrupted. However, deficiency symptoms occurred first on the young tissue under these conditions. Under constant but inadequate supply, initial deficiency symptoms occurred in old tissue. Symptoms in leaves were associated with Mg concentrations in the leaf of < 1046 8g g-1 with constant root supply and 586 8g g-1 when supply was interrupted. At luxury constant supply, concentrations of Mg tended to be higher in the older leaves than in the young leaves; the reverse occurred with inadequate supply. Tissue choice for diagnosis was not critical, but the minimum Mg concentration in tissue commensurate with maximum shoot growth varied from 740 8g g-1 for the unifoliate leaf to 1310 8g g-1 in the youngest open leaf (YOL), when plants were grown under constant Mg supply. Current supply of Mg to roots was reflected more rapidly in the concentrations in young leaf than in old leaf tissue.

Investigations on copper deficiency in plants

1942 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Piper
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wide Range

A water-culture technique has been described which makes it possible to determine with precision the effects on plant growth resulting from the absence of traces of the various heavy metals.The essential nature of copper for plant growth has been confirmed, and the quantitative data presented show that the addition of traces of copper to a nutrient solution leads to increases of growth of the order of 200–1200%.The characteristic symptoms produced by growing oats, peas, wheat, Wimmera rye-grass, Phalaris, flax, tomato, subterranean clover, and lucerne in nutrient solutions devoid of copper are described. Copper becomes necessary for normal healthy growth at an early seedling stage and is required so long as active growth is proceeding. Optimum growth of oats was obtained throughout a wide range of copper concentration in the nutrient solution.Oats grown in a copper-free nutrient solution until the development of acute deficiency symptoms recovered and completed their normal life cycle on the addition of sufficient copper to the solution.The copper content of oats at various stages of growth has been determined. The proportion of copper in the dry matter of the plant was greatest in the young stages and rapidly decreased as growth proceeded.The copper content of mature oat plants showing symptoms of copper deficiency was less than 1·0 mg. per kg. whether grown in nutrient solution or obtained from copper-deficient soils. Oats which ceased growth from copper deficiency at an earlier stage of development contained a relatively greater amount of copper in their dry matter.

Humidity, free water and light in relation to development of Kabatiella caulivora (Kirchn.) Karak in Trifolium subterraneum L. cv.Yarloo

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 511
Author(s):  
K Helms
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Kabatiella Caulivora ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
And Control

The effects of moisture conditions on disease development and plant growth were examined in subterranean clover plants which were inoculated with K. caulivora 4 weeks after sowing and were maintained after inoculation at 20°C and with a light intensity of 2000 f.c. In plants which received 100% relative humidity (RH) with free water on leaves, for at least 4 days after inoculation, 15–20% of leaves developed lesions within 11 days. In plants which received continuously 90% RH with free water on leaves, or 100% RH without free water on leaves, less than 1.5% of leaves developed lesions within 11 days. There was no evidence of spread of infection in plants maintained for 11 or 25 days after inoculation. The effects of light intensities of 2000, 500 and 125 f.c. on disease development and plant growth were examined in plants which received 100% RH with free water on leaves and were grown for 25 days after inoculation, either in simulated swards or in standard pots. In most treatments a reduction in light intensity from 2000 to 500 f.c. reduced the growth of plants but had no effect on the percentage of diseased leaves, whereas a reduction in light intensity from 500 to 125 f.c. reduced growth and increased the percentage of diseased leaves of plants grown in swards from 30 to 70% and in standard pots from 10 to 35%. There were mortalities among both inoculated and control plants grown under 125 f.c. : in swards, 80–90% of inoculated plants and 30–40% of control plants died, whereas in standard pots 20–30% of inoculated plants and only occasional control plants died. The data show that environmental conditions favourable for the development of the disease were unfavourable for growth of control plants.

Corrigendum - Humidity, free water and light in relation to development of Kabatiella caulivora (Kirchn.) Karak in Trifolium subterraneum L. cv.Yarloo

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 511
Author(s):  
K Helms
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Kabatiella Caulivora ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
And Control

The effects of moisture conditions on disease development and plant growth were examined in subterranean clover plants which were inoculated with K. caulivora 4 weeks after sowing and were maintained after inoculation at 20°C and with a light intensity of 2000 f.c. In plants which received 100% relative humidity (RH) with free water on leaves, for at least 4 days after inoculation, 15–20% of leaves developed lesions within 11 days. In plants which received continuously 90% RH with free water on leaves, or 100% RH without free water on leaves, less than 1.5% of leaves developed lesions within 11 days. There was no evidence of spread of infection in plants maintained for 11 or 25 days after inoculation. The effects of light intensities of 2000, 500 and 125 f.c. on disease development and plant growth were examined in plants which received 100% RH with free water on leaves and were grown for 25 days after inoculation, either in simulated swards or in standard pots. In most treatments a reduction in light intensity from 2000 to 500 f.c. reduced the growth of plants but had no effect on the percentage of diseased leaves, whereas a reduction in light intensity from 500 to 125 f.c. reduced growth and increased the percentage of diseased leaves of plants grown in swards from 30 to 70% and in standard pots from 10 to 35%. There were mortalities among both inoculated and control plants grown under 125 f.c. : in swards, 80–90% of inoculated plants and 30–40% of control plants died, whereas in standard pots 20–30% of inoculated plants and only occasional control plants died. The data show that environmental conditions favourable for the development of the disease were unfavourable for growth of control plants.

Studies on seed pelleting as an aid to legume seed inoculation. I. Coating materials, adhesives, and methods of inoculation

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 638 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Clover Seed

The influence of seed-pelleting techniques on the inoculation and nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was studied in the laboratory and in the field on podzolic soil where clover nodulation following conventional seed inoculation practices was often unsatisfactory. Seed pellets were prepared with the use of 10 different coating materials, three adhesives, and two methods of inoculation. These were sown immediately after preparation or stored for short periods before sowing, and were examined in terms of inoculant survival, nodulation, and plant growth. It was shown that subterranean clover seed pelleted with a lime, blood plus dolomite, or lime plus blood plus dolomite coating attached to the seed with a 45% solution of gum arabic and inoculated by incorporating a commercial peat inoculant within the pellet can be stored for up to 4 weeks before sowing and the viability of the inoculant retained. This is reflected in improved nodulation and in growth of the seedling subsequently produced. Ecological considerations in respect of the establishment of the inoculum in the soil are discussed.

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