Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. I. Experimental design, body weight growth, and the effects of developmental growth and body weight loss on the dressed carcass and the offal

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Seebeck
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Full Body

At the age of approximately 11 months, 19 Angus steers were allotted to two experimental groups, namely, 10 to group A and 9 to group B. Group A animals were grown in pens and fed ad libitum. They were killed, two at each of the following of body weights: 250, 281, 316, 356, 400 kg. Group B animals were grown under similar conditions and killed at the same body weights as corresponding animals in group A; however, they were grown to weights 15% above their killing weights (growing-on phase) and then made to lose weight at 0.5 kg per day by restricting food intake until they reached their planned killing weights (weight loss phase). Huxley's (1932) allometric equation was used in logarithmic form as the basis for covariance analyses of the data. Empty body weight (EBW) increased as a proportion of full body weight as full body weight increased. EBW was higher in group A animals than in group B animals at the same full body weight, reflecting differences in weight of contents of the digestive tract. Dressed carcass weight increased as a proportion of EBW as EBW increased. Dressed carcass weight was higher in group B animals than in group A animals at the same EBW, indicating that the increase in carcass weight that occurred during the growing-on phase was not completely lost during the weight loss phase. During developmental growth, the weights of hide, feet, head, liver, gall bladder, heart, lungs, kidneys, and gut tissue decreased as proportions of EBW. The weight of abdominal fat increased as a proportion of EBW, while the weights of tail, spleen, and blood did not change significantly as proportions of EBW. During body weight loss, the weights of the feet, head, and tail remained close to the weights they had reached at the end of the growing-on phase, although, with the head, this varied considerably with the size of the animal before undergoing body weight loss. All other components lost weight during the weight loss phase. The hide, heart, lungs, and abdominal fat all reversed, approximately, the pattern of development that occurred during body weight growth. The liver, gall bladder, kidneys, gut tissue, spleen, blood, and thymus gland all lost more weight during the weight loss phase than they put on during the growing-on phase. With the liver, kidneys, and gut tissue, the proportion of weight lost varied according to the size of the animal before undergoing body weight loss.

Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. II. Dissected components of the commercially dressed and jointed carcass

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Seebeck ◽  
NM Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

The effects of developmental growth and of body weight loss on the carcass composition of Angus steers, as measured by dissection of butcher's joints, are described. Two groups of steers were used: group A, which grew continuously, and group B, which grew like group A and was then subjected to a period of weight loss before slaughter. Animals in both groups were killed at the same body weights. Statistical analysis consisted of analyses of covariance of weights of components converted to logarithms.The proportions of muscle and bone decreased significantly as carcass weight increased, while the proportions of all fat components (particularly subcutaneous fat and kidney and channel fat) increased. Developmental growth also influenced the distribution of the components in the carcass, particularly muscle, subcutaneous fat, and intermuscular fat. These changes in weight and distribution of components appeared to be detrimental to carcass value per unit weight. During body weight loss, the weights of bone and of connective tissue remained relatively constant, although with bone the rate of change varied significantly with the size of the animal before weight loss. All other components lost weight, approximately reversing the pattern of development during body weight increase (as estimated from the group A animals). The muscle content of the group B animals was, however, significantly lower than in group A animals at the same carcass weight. Kidney and channel fat also tended to be lower in group B than in group A, but this depended on the size of the animal before undergoing body weight loss. When all fat tissues were considered together, group B carcasses were only slightly lower in fat content than group A carcasses at the same carcass weight, and this difference was not statistically significant. Changes in the distribution of dissected components were also shown to occur with body weight loss. The changes in both weight and distribution of the dissected components appeared to be detrimental to carcass value per unit weight.

Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. IV. Chemical components of the commercially dressed and jointed carcass

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Seebeck ◽  
NM Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Chemical Component ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Single Chemical ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

This paper describes a study of chemical components of the carcasses from Angus steers. The left side of each carcass was jointed commercially and each joint was analysed for protein (N x 6.25), water, ash, and fat (ether extract). Two groups of steers were used, viz. group A which grew continuously and group B which grew like group A and were then subjected to a period of weight loss before slaughter. Corresponding animals in both groups were killed at the same body weight. Statistical analysis was by analyses of covariance of the weights of components converted to logarithms. As carcass weight increased, the proportions in the carcass of protein, water, and ash decreased while the proportion of chemical fat increased. When carcass composition was calculated on a fat-free basis, there were significant changes in the proportions of protein, water, and ash as the weight of the fat-free carcass increased during the age range of 12 to 24 months. These are contrary indications to the theory of chemical maturity put forward by Moulton (1923). As carcass weight increased, the weight of each chemical component increased but changes occurred in the distribution throughout the carcass of protein, ash, and chemical fat. The effect of the weight loss treatment on the proportion of each chemical component was independent of carcass weight. When group A and group B animals were compared at the same carcass weight, weight loss led to a significant increase in the proportion of ash and a significant decrease in that of protein. The weight of ash in group B carcasses was estimated to be slightly less than that expected in these animals at their peak of body weight, i.e. before weight loss commenced. There were significant differences between groups A and B in the distribution of the chemical components (particularly protein and fat); these treatment differences in distribution indicate a limitation to the use of chemical analyses of a single joint for predicting whole carcass composition. When relationships between chemical and dissected components were studied, each single chemical component was well related to its corresponding dissected component. For each dissected component except muscle, however, there were significant differences between groups A and B in the equation of best fit, either in slope or in the intercept (difference between adjusted means). Differences of this type limit the use of chemical analysis for estimating dissected components where differences between groups are being studied.

Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. V. Changes in the alimentary tract

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Carnegie ◽  
NM Tulloh ◽  
RM Seebeck
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

This paper describes an investigation of the effects of developmental growth and body weight loss on the alimentary tract of Angus steers. Two groups of steers were used: group A which grew continuously, and group B which grew like group A and were then subjected to a period of weight loss before slaughter. Corresponding animals in both groups were killed at the same body weights. Group A animals (and group B animals before the commencement of weight loss) were fed on a high quality ration ad libitum. During their period of weight loss the group B animals were given a restricted intake of oaten straw. Statistical analysis was by analysis of covariance of the weights of components converted to logarithms. As empty body weight (EBW) increased, the weight of the empty, fat-trimmed alimentary tract (GT), the weight of each component of GT (oesophagus, rumenreticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, caecum, colon-rectum), and the weight of contents in each component of GT decreased as proportions of EBW. Apart from the oesophagus and the caecum, GT and each of its components did not change significantly in weight as the live body weight of the animals increased from 250 to 400 kg. Thus, developmental growth of the alimentary tract had almost finished when the experiment began. The effect of weight loss on the components of the alimentary tract was independent of EBW except for weight of the rumen-reticulum. This component lost weight in all animals but the loss was relatively smaller in the heavier animals than in the lighter ones. When group A and group B animals were compared at the same EBW, the weight of GT in group B animals was significantly less than in the group A animals. However, the components of GT did not all behave in the same way. Thus the weight of the oesophagus was greater, weights of the abomasum and small intestine were less, and weights of the omasum, caecum, and colon-rectum were not significantly changed in group B animals when compared with group A. Also, there was more digesta and its dry matter percentage was less in group B than in group A. The overall loss of weight of GT during body weight loss was an indication that GT was used as a source of protein and energy. The changes in the weights and relative proportions of the components of GT during weight loss were thought to be a reflection of the change both to a poor quality ration and to a reduced food intake.

Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. III. Dissected components of the commercially dressed carcass, following anatomical boundaries

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Seebeck ◽  
NM Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

This paper describes part of an investigation of the effects of developmental growth and body weight loss on the carcass composition of Angus steers. A method of anatomical dissection was used on one half (the right side) of each carcass to find the weights of each carcass component. The results are compared with those obtained from a method of dissecting butcher's joints used on the other (left) half of each carcass. Two groups of steers were used in this experiment: group A, which grew continuously, and group B, which grew like group A and were then subjected to a period of weight loss before slaughter. Corresponding animals in both groups were killed at the same body weights. Statistical analysis was by analyses of covariance of weights of components converted to logarithms. As carcass weight increased, the proportions of muscle, bone, and fascia and tendons decreased, while the proportions of the fat components increased. This result was similar to that obtained. previously by joint dissection, but the changes differed in degree. Distribution of muscle and bone changed significantly as the total weights of these components increased. Distribution of the other components was known only in so far as they came from either the hindquarter or the forequarter; no changes were found in their distribution as their total weights increased. Comparison of group A and group B animals at the same carcass weight showed that body weight loss led to a significant increase in the proportion of bone in the carcass but only a slight decrease in the proportion of muscle. Body weight loss had a differential effect on the proportion of kidney and channel fat in the carcass, the result depending on the weight at which animals were killed. The weight of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat in the group B carcasses did not vary significantly from that of group A carcasses of the same weight. These results were similar to those found by joint dissection but there were differences in magnitude. In particular, the differences in muscle weight between group A and group B carcasses was more pronounced in the joint dissection, where it was statistically significant. Also bone weight from the joint dissection was affected differentially by the weight loss treatment at the different killing weights; however, there was no evidence of a differential effect on bone weight in the anatomical dissection. These differences were ascribed to more accurate separation of tissues in the joint dissection. Distributions of muscle, bone, and fascia and tendon were affected by loss of body weight. Unlike joint dissection, anatomical dissection did not show significant effects on the distribution of subcutaneous fat and intermuscular fat due to the weight loss treatment; these differences between results are ascribed to differences between the units used for assessing these distributions.

Growth patterns in sheep: the effects of weight losses on compensatory growth and feed intake in Corriedale sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Butler-Hogg ◽  
N. M. Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group B

SUMMARYThe growth and feed intakes of Corriedale wether sheep when grown from 30 to 50 kg body weight by five different growth paths are described.Group A (control) grew continuously (fed ad libitum). After reaching ca; 40 kg body weight, group B and C animals lost 21% of their initial body weight over 9 and 18 weeks and at 122 and 63 g/day, respectively, and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight. Group D and E animals were ca. 50 kg body weight when weight loss was imposed and they lost body weight at similar rates (125 and 157 g/day) respectively. Animals in group D lost 34% of their initial body weight over 18 weeks and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight (the same as groups B and C). Group E animals lost 23% of their initial body weight over 9 weeks to begin realimentation at 35 kg body weight. Except during periods of weight loss, animals were fed ad libitum. Compensatory growth was observed in all groups which had lost weight, with early recovery growth rates 1·6–1·8 times higher than control sheep of the same weight.Rate of body-weight loss did not induce any significant differences in response to realimentation but results (groups B and C) suggest that the more rapid the loss, the more rapid will recovery be during realimentation. When sheep at different body weights lost the same proportion of their initial body weights, the heavier sheep (group E) attained final slaughter weight quicker than the lighter sheep (group B). When the proportion of body weight lost to reach a particular lower body weight was varied (groups B and D), the greater weight loss was associated with higher and more persistent growth rates during realimentation.After weight loss, ad libitum dry-matter intake was significantly lower during the first 10 kg of gain during realimentation in all treatment groups (B, C, D, E) than in control group A. There were no differences between treatment groups in recovery of dry-matter intake.Gross efficiency in all treatment groups was higher than in the control group A during the first 10 kg of recovery of body weight, but it then declined rapidly. This increase in gross efficiency was considered to be due to a combination of increased growth rates, reduced feed intakes and lower maintenance requirements. When the complete growth paths from 30 to 50 kg were considered, there were no significant differences in total feed consumed by the sheep following the five different growth paths.

The effect of body-weight loss on the composition of Brahman cross and Africander cross steers

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Seebeck
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Loss Treatment ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Group B

SummaryComparative slaughter was used to assess the effects of body-weight loss on Brahman cross (BX) and Africander cross (AX) steers of the F3 generation with respect to the empty body weight, the hot carcass weight and various offal components. Animals were slaughtered at design weights of 325, 341, 358, 374 and 390 kg, some while during positive body-weight growth (Group A) and others during weight loss from 390 kg at a rate of 0·5 kg per day (Group B).AX animals had less empty body weight (B. B. W.) and dressed carcass weight (H. C. W.) at the same fasted body weight. Weight loss also reduced the amount of E. B. W. at the same fasted body weight but the effect on H. C. E. was not significant.The breeds were very similar with respect to the various components of the offal, except that the AX had heavier heads. The weight loss treatment increased the proportion of the head, tail and feet, because these comparatively bony structures lost relatively little during the weight loss period. The heart was also relatively increased by the weight loss treatment. The liver, gall bladder, kidneys, total gut tissue, spleen and thymus were reduced relative to E. B. W. in Group B animals. The liver showed its most rapid weight loss in the early period of body-weight loss, being the only organ to show any variation in its rate of change during body-weight loss.Body-weight loss caused changes in the distribution of the gut tissue, with a relative loss in the rumen-reticulum and a relative gain in the hind gut.

scholarly journals 1343. Prophylactic Dosing of Baloxavir Acid Eliminates Mortality in Mice Lethal Influenza A Virus Infection Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S410-S411
Author(s):  
Shinya Shano ◽  
Keita Fukao ◽  
Takeshi Noshi ◽  
Kenji Sato ◽  
Masashi Sakuramoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Prophylactic Efficacy ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Single Dosing

Abstract Background Baloxavir acid (BXA), an active form of orally available prodrug baloxavir marboxil (BXM, formerly S-033188), is a novel small molecule inhibitor of cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) of influenza A and B virus, and was recently launched for the treatment of acute and uncomplicated influenza with single dosing of BXM (the trade name XOFLUZA™) in Japan in March 2018. Here, we evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of BXA in mice lethally infected with influenza A virus. Methods T1/2 of BXA in human is more than 10 times longer than that in mice. Therefore, suspension of BXA was subcutaneously administered at 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg in mice to maintain the plasma concentration of BXA as seen in humans, and then mice were intranasally inoculated with a lethal dose of A/PR/8/34 strain at 48, 72, or 96 hours after the administration of BXA. Survival time and body weight change were then monitored through a 28-day period after virus infection. Mice were euthanized and regarded as dead if their body weights were lower than 70% of the initial body weights according to humane endpoints. Results Single dosing of BXA (1.6 mg/kg) completely eliminated mortality in mice, when the mice were administrated the drug at 48, 72, or 96 hours before virus infection (Figure 1). BXA treatment also significantly prevented body weight loss, consistent with the prolonged survival. Conclusion Prophylactic dosing of BXA exhibited significant protective efficacy against mortality and body weight loss in mice following a lethal infection with influenza A virus. The significant prophylactic efficacy observed in our mouse model suggests the potential utility of BXM for the prophylaxis of influenza in human. Disclosures S. Shano, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary. K. Fukao, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary. T. Noshi, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary. K. Sato, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary. M. Sakuramoto, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary. K. Baba, Shionogi TechnoAdvance Research & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary. T. Shishido, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary. A. Naito, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Employee, Salary.

Some observations on high- and low-potassium Chokla sheep given water intermittently under semi-arid conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. More ◽  
P. S. Rawat ◽  
K. L. Sahni
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Group I ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Blood Potassium ◽  
Breeding Groups

SUMMARYNon-breeding groups, I, II and III, each with six high-potassium (HK) and six lowpotassium(LK) Chokla ewes were given water once in 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. In the next summer, seven ewes (4 HK and 3 LK) from each group I, II and III were switched over to a watering schedule of once in 24, 72 and 96 h respectively and were naturally bred. All the animals were maintained on grazing alone.Water deprivation for 72 h caused 18·8 and 19·2% body weight loss in HK and LKewes respectively; an overall average maintenance of weight loss in LK ewes was significantly higher than in HK ewes from the same group. There were significant differences in water intake due to treatments only. The HK and LK ewes from groups I and III showed a similar trend.Pregnant ewes of HK and LK types given water once in 96 h lost 21·7 and 23·8% of their body weights respectively. Corresponding weight loss in aborted ewes were 23·8 and 33·3%. Two ewes, each from 3 LK and 4 HK animals aborted owing to water deprivation for 96 h. The water intake reached 30 and 36·5% of body weight in LK and HK pregnant ewes given water intermittently.The wool attributes of non-pregnant ewes did not indicate a significant influence of blood potassium types. Four out of five ewes of the LK phenotype died during 3 years, irrespective of watering schedule.

The effects of rapid rearing and early calving on the subsequent performance of dairy heifers

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Little ◽  
R. M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Average Body

ABSTRACT1. One-hundred-and-ten British Friesian, British Friesian × Ayrshire or successive backcrosses to British Friesian heifer calves were allocated to three groups. Groups A and B were rapidly reared and fed a barley-beef diet which resulted in mean body-weight gains exceeding 1 kg/day (13 to 39 weeks) and group C was normally reared on summer grazing and hay plus concentrates in winter at a mean body-weight gain never exceeding 0·74 kg/day. Animals in group A were first mated at an average age of 42·9 weeks (body weight, 302 kg). Groups B and C were mated later at average ages of 78·4 and 78·1 weeks (average body weights, 443 and 353 kg respectively). After the first calving all animals were fed and managed as a single group.2. There were no significant differences between the proportion of heifers conceiving at first service in groups A (55·5%), B (66·7%) and C (72·4%).3. There were no differences in the incidence of dystocia at first calving in heifers served by an Aberdeen Angus bull but 12 out of 19 heifers in group A served by a British Friesian bull had dystocia.4. Average 305-day fat-corrected milk yields in the first four lactations in group A (18 animals) were 1959, 2918, 3545 and 3210 kg and in the first three lactations in group B were2450,3216and3310kgand in group C 3863,4694 and 4813 kg. Thus milk yield was significantly lower in all lactations for rapidly-reared animals irrespective of the age at breeding and was further significantly lowered in the first lactation of animals mated early.5. There was a high incidence of laminitis and bloat in heifers reared on the barley-beef diet, but during lactation, there was a lower incidence of mastitis in the lower-yielding, rapidly-reared groups.

The effect of glibenclamide on plasma insulin, plasma somatomedin bioactivity and skeletal growth in hypophysectomized rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Heinze ◽  
M. Ranke ◽  
E. Manske ◽  
U. Vetter ◽  
K.-H. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Epiphyseal Growth Plate ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract. Male rats, body weight 60–75 g, were hypophysectomized. Three days after operation the animals were divided into two groups. Group B received solvent solution and group C 1 mg/kg body weight per day of glibenclamide ip for the following 9 days. Group A consisted on non-operated normal rats. Twenty-four hours after the last injections and after a 12 h overnight fast the body weights of groups B and C were not different, the increase during the 10 days being 10% in both groups. Serum insulin (IRI) was significantly higher in group C than in group B (C: 8.0 ± 0.3 μU/ml, n = 14 vs B: 4.9 ± 1.0 μU/ml, n = 14; P < 0.01, mean ± sem) as was serum somatomedin bioactivity (SM)-porcine cartilage assay — (C: 1.06 ± 0.1 U/ml, n = 14 vs B:0.41 ± 0.01 U/ml, n = 14; P < 0.001). Skeletal growth was determined with the tibia test and by a radiograph of each rat. The width of the proximal epiphyseal growth plate of the tibia was significantly increased in group C compared to group B (C: 204 ± 4.8 μm, n = 12 vs 181 ± 6.5 μm, n = 13; P < 0.005). On the radiograph the area of the right femur was not different between the two groups of animals, while the height and the area of the first lumbar spine were significantly augmented in group C. The results show that glibenclamide stimulates IRI, SM and skeletal growth in hypophysectomized rats. Compared to the glibenclamide treated hypophysectomized animals the normal rats of group A had doubled their body weights. IRI (59 ± 5 μU/ml, n = 4) and skeletal growth (tibia test: 454 ± 5.8 μm) were greatly increased. SM did not differ between group A (1.21 ± 0.35 U/ml and group C. T4 was much lower in group B (0.64 ± 0.09 μg/100 ml, n = 5) than in group A (4.1 ± 0.3 μg/100 ml, n = 6; P < 0.001). It is concluded that a normal SM concentration is not necessarily associated with appropriate growth.

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