The effect of direction of shoot growth on fruitfulness and yield of sultana vines

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
P May
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Vertical Growth ◽  
One Year

Experiments are described in which the effect of training sultana shoots vertically or horizontally was tested. Horizontal training of shoots caused reduction in fruitfulness in all cases, with the exception of one experiment with very vigorous young vines. Vertical growth tended to improve vigour, in which case fruitfulness was greater, but this effect decreased with increasing numbers of vertical canes per vine. Increased yield was obtained in one year out of three in a field trial where the shoots to be used as pruning wood were encouraged to grow vertically. It is concluded that increased fruitfulness will result from measures which improve the vigour of shoots, such as vertical training, preservation of the shoot tip, or prevention of early trailing of the shoot; and that shoots which have grown horizontally should be avoided as pruning canes.

Herbicide Effects on Weed Control and Shoot Growth of Young Apple (Malus sylvestris) and Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Susan B. Harrison ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
One Year ◽  
Broadleaf Species ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Peach Trees

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Virginia to evaluate the following herbicides: alachlor, diphenamid, diuron, metolachlor, napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pendimethalin, and simazine. One experiment involved newly-transplanted apple trees; the others, three in apple and one in peach trees, involved one-year-old trees. Treatments were applied in the spring (mid-April to early-May). Control of annual weed species was excellent with several treatments. A broader spectrum of weeds was controlled in several instances when the preemergence herbicides were used in combinations. Perennial species, particularly broadleaf species and johnsongrass, were released when annual species were suppressed by the herbicides. A rye cover crop in nontreated plots suppressed the growth of weeds. New shoot growth of newly-transplanted apple trees was increased with 3 of 20 herbicide treatments and scion circumference was increased with 11 of 20 herbicide treatments compared to the nontreated control. Growth of one-year-old apple trees was not affected. Scion circumference of one-year-old peach trees was increased with 25 of 33 herbicide treatments.

scholarly journals Productivity and chemical composition of wood tissues of short rotation willow coppice cultivated on arable land

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Szczukowski ◽  
J. Tworkowski ◽  
A. Klasa ◽  
M. Stolarski
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Heat Value ◽  
One Year

In the period 1996–1999 field trial was performed in Obory near Kwidzyn on heavy textured Fluvisols. The experiment was aimed to determine yield, chemical composition, heat value of wood of six genotypes of willow coppice in relation to cutting frequency and on determining the costs and profitability of willow production on arable land for purposes of energy generation. Yield of wood dry matter in one-year cutting cycle amounted to 14.09 t/ha/year 1 and significantly increased to 16.05 and 21.55 t/ha/year when harvesting was performed in two and three years cycle, respectively. The highest yield was found for Salix viminalis 082 form cut in three years cycle and it amounted to 26.44 t/ha/year 1. Stems of Salix sp. cut every three years showed the lowest water content (46.05%), high heat value 19.56 MJ/kg dry matter and the highest content of cellulose (55.94%), lignins (13.79%) and hemicelluloses (13.96%). High yielding potential of Salix sp. and high content of cellulose and lignin in wood make this crop very prosperous as a feedstock for bioenergy production. The highest profit from the willow plantation was obtained in case of harvest every three years at 578.76 EUR/ha/year.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NEWLY DEVISED AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF GRAFTING IN ONE-YEAR-OLD `FUJI' APPLE TREES/ M.2 /MALUS PRUN1FOLIA SEEDLINGS.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 691b-691
Author(s):  
Yong-Koc Kim ◽  
Yong-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Complete Healing ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
One Year

Experiments were carried out to evaluate some newly devised and conventional methods of grafting using `Fuji' apple trees on M.26/M. prunifolia rootstocks. Out of various methods of grafting, the modified inverted-veneer grafting and the inverted bark grafting showed a complete healing of the grafting union leaving no part of xylem tissue exposed in the air. However, owing to the longer period of growth for the trees grafted by the modified inverted-veneer grafting than the inverted bark grafting during the period of one growing season, the modified inverted-veneer gave slightly better shoot growth than the inverted bark grafting. It was clear that the former two methods were superior to the all other grafting methods, i.e., whip-and-tongue grafting, modified veneer grafting, inverted-veneer grafting, bark grafting, and chip budding in the grafting union healing, shoot growth, and tree form performance.

Smart handpumps: technical aspects of a one-year field trial in rural Kenya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Papastylianou ◽  
S. Laranjeira ◽  
P. Thomson ◽  
A. Guazzi ◽  
G.D. Clifford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
One Year

Propagation of Abiesfraseri by softwood stem cuttings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1172-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrell C. Wise ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
One Year ◽  
Collection Date

Effects of collection date, crown position, and indole-3-butyric acid concentration on rooting and subsequent vegetative growth of softwood cuttings taken from 14-year-old Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) Christmas trees were studied. Indole-3-butyric acid levels producing maximum rooting (approximately 50%) varied with crown position and date of severance. Abaxial bending during rooting was greatest for cuttings from the first collection (June 23). Increasing indole-3-butyric acid concentrations decreased abaxial bending of cuttings from the first two severance dates. One year after rooting, plagiotropism was still most pronounced on cuttings collected the first date as a result of active bending of the original cutting segment. Terminal shoot growth was greatest for cuttings from the first and third collections. Lateral budbreak was superior on cuttings collected on the first date. When all factors are taken into consideration, the best combination of rooting and vegetative growth was obtained from upper-crown cuttings which were collected just prior to lignification, wounded, and treated with 1500 ppm indole-3-butyric acid. After one season (one growth flush), rooted softwood cuttings were comparable to 2-year-old plants (two flushes) propagated by hardwood cuttings. The temporal separation of rooting from shoot extension may have been responsible for improving initial vegetative growth.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Shoot Growth and Stored Assimilates after Pruning in One-year-old Apple Trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
Jianbo Xu ◽  
Osamu Arakawa ◽  
Takenori Asada
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

Field trial inoculation of Fraxinus pennsylvanica with Glomus intraradices

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Delisle
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Abandoned Fields ◽  
Zero Growth ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Year ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

One-year-old red ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) seedlings inoculated with the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices were outplanted in abandoned fields and in clearcuts. Survival and growth of seedlings were measured for four years. Mean total heights, mean collar diameters, and mortality did not differ significantly between inoculated plants and the controls or between field-grown and clearcut-grown seedlings. However, the variance components of total height and diameter associated with sites differed significantly from zero. Growth in all cases seemed related to soil wetness. Key words: Glomus intraradices, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, afforestation

scholarly journals Water-use Efficiency of One-year-old Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. `Rainier' on Dwarfing and Standard Rootstocks, under Well-watered and Water Deficit Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 856C-856
Author(s):  
Costanza Zavalloni ◽  
Adriana Nikoloudi ◽  
James A. Flore*
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
One Year ◽  
Exchange Parameters

This study was conducted to determine whether standard and dwarfing sweet cherry rootstocks under water deficit conditions respond differently relative to plant growth and gas exchange parameters, water-use efficiency, and leaf carbon isotope composition. One-year-old potted sweet cherry cv. `Rainier' grafted on the standard rootstock `Mazzard' and on the dwarfing rootstock `Gisela 5' were compared under two different water treatments: 1) well-watered, which received daily 100% of the amount of water lost by ET, and 2) a water deficit treatment, which received 50% of the water applied to the control. Relative shoot growth rate, leaf emergence rate and cumulative leaf area were recorded every three to seven days during the experiment. Leaf net carbon dioxide assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, and WUE were measured daily for the duration of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, leaf samples were collected to determine leaf carbon isotope composition. The growth parameters measured were affected similarly in the two rootstocks indicating a similar degree of sensitivity to water deficit in the genotypes tested. Cumulative leaf area was affected earlier by water deficit than relative shoot growth, and leaf emergence rate. Gas exchange parameters were affected earlier than growth parameters. Overall, WUE was not significantly different between dwarfing and standard rootstocks, and did not appear to increase under water deficit condition, indicating that irrigation should be considered as an important practice in sweet cherry orchards, especially when dwarfing rootstocks are selected.

scholarly journals The Optimum One-year-old Shoot Length to Optimize Yield and Fruit Size of Three Fig (Ficus carica L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1321-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hein J. Gerber ◽  
Willem J. Steyn ◽  
Karen I. Theron
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Yields

The European fig cultivars Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire, and Noire de Caromb were recently introduced to the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Producers struggle to implement effective commercial practices that will optimize yield of quality fruit. A phenological study was conducted to establish the optimum 1-year-old shoot length to maximize yield. The number of fruit, budbreak, and shoot growth on 1-year-old shoots comprising four length categories (‘Bourjasotte Noire’: 10 to 15, 25 to 40, 50 to 65, and 75+ cm; ‘Col de Damme Noire’ and ‘Noire de Caromb’: 10 to 20, 30 to 50, 60 to 80, and 100+ cm) were evaluated. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, all four categories seem to be suited for reproduction in the current season and also provide sufficient new shoot growth to ensure a fair yield the next season. In ‘Col de Damme Noire’, category four seems to be the best 1-year-old shoot length for reproduction both in terms of fruit number and fruit size. However, yield on these shoots may not be optimal the next season, because current-season shoots are too short. It seems that this cultivar will require pruning to stimulate strong new shoot growth that will ensure regular, high yields. In ‘Noire de Caromb’, category one shoots are very productive relative to their length. Categories two and three were also relatively productive, whereas category four was less productive but developed a large number of current-season shoots similar in length to category one that should be productive the next season. These results will allow us to develop pruning strategies to ensure an optimal balance between current-season yield and the development of new fruiting wood to ensure regular, high yields. It also suggests that the three cultivars studied will require differential application of horticultural practices to attain regular, high yields of large fruit.

scholarly journals Manual and Chemical Branch Inducement in Fall- and Spring-planted `Empire' Apple on Two Rootstocks

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Ouellette ◽  
C.R. Unrath ◽  
Eric Young
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Mountain Site ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
One Year ◽  
Thin Band

One-year-old unbranched `Empire' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on Malling 26 EMLA and Malling–Merton 111 EMLA rootstocks were planted in Nov. 1991 or Mar. 1992 at an eastern Piedmont or mountain site of North Carolina. In Mar. 1992 and 1993, trees were dormant-headed and then subjected to one of five branch-inducing techniques: 1) control—untouched, 2) notching—removing a thin band of bark above each lateral bud, 3) leaf removal—periodic removal of immature apical leaves, 4) bending—placing at horizontal and setting upright in summer, or 5) renewal—setting a lateral branch upright as the new leader. The second year (1993), half of the trees were periodically sprayed with Promalin (GA4+7 + BA). At the Piedmont site, notching, leaf removal, and bending resulted in more branching than the control after 1 year. At the mountain site, leaf removal was considerably less effective in inducing branches. Bending produced asymmetric trees and, at the mountain site, considerably reduced terminal shoot growth. Planting date had little influence on branching. Two years after planting, notched trees were significantly larger and had twice as many branches as other trees. Promalin increased branching on current-season growth and, when combined with leaf removal, resulted in the most uniform distribution of branches along the length of the central leader. Using notching or Promalin produced a tree structure suitable for high-density plantings. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), gibberellins A4 + A7 (GA4+7).

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