The life cycle of Babesia bigemina (Smith and Kilborne, 1893) in the tick vector Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 802 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Riek
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Larval Attachment ◽  
Multiple Fission ◽  
Bovine Erythrocytes

The protozoan Babesia bigemina, a cause of tick fever in cattle, is transmitted in Australia by Boophilus microplus. Its development in the lumen of the gut of the tick during the first 24 hr after ingestion remains uncertain. It is believed, however, that most of the forms in the bovine erythrocytes are destroyed, and that only certain oval or spherical bodies survive and develop. These could be gametocytes. Invasion of the epithelial cells of the gut occurs about 24 hr after repletion, and subsequent multiplication of the parasite in these cells is by means of multiple fission. This leads, by about 72 hr, to the production of mature vermicules, which are released into the haemolymph. They measure about 11 µ by 2.5 µ, with a range of 9–13 µ by 2.0–2.9 µ. By about the fourth day, some of the vermicules invade the cells of the Malpighian tubules and of the haemolymph, and a secondary cycle of multiple fission gives rise to vermicules indistinguishable from those that had been produced in the epithelial cells of the gut. Others invade the ova of the tick, and subsequently undergo a similar cycle in the gut cells of the developing larva. The final cycle takes place in the salivary glands of the nymph, and the forms infective to the vertebrate host appear 8-10 days after larval attachment. Multiplication in this cycle is also by multiple fission, but it differs in detail from the preceding cycles. The resultant forms measure 2.2–2.7 µ by 1.0–1.5 µ, and are very similar to the pyriform bodies observed in bovine erythrocytes. Not all ticks develop an infection after engorging on a reacting animal. Infection of the invertebrate host depends, to some degree at least, on the parasite density in the blood of the bovine host. Also, cattle reacting to a tick-transmitted infection are more infective for the tick than those infected by blood inoculation. The vermicule is able to withstand low temperatures, but the earlier developmental stages in the female tick are inhibited by environmental temperature below 20°C. The distinctive characteristics of the vermicule could make this form of value in studies on the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis.

Life cycle of Babesia argentina (Lignières, 1903) (Sporozoa : Piroplasmidea) in the tick vector Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Riek
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Density ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Adult Tick ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Larval Attachment ◽  
Multiple Fission ◽  
High Parasite Density ◽  
High Parasite

Babesia argeutina, a protozoan parasite causing tick fever of cattle in Australia, is transmitted by Boophilus microplus. Its development in this invertebrate vector is very similar to that recorded by Riek (1964) for Babesia bigemina. Many of the parasites occurring in the bovine erythrocytes are destroyed on ingestion but the early development in the lumen of the gut is uncertain. By about 36 hr, blunt, cigar-shaped forms, 7.2–1 3.8 µ by 2.6–5.6 µ, invade the epithelial cells of the gut and subsequent development is by means of multiple fission. This leads, by about 96 hr, to the production of mature vermicules which measure about 15.8 µ by 3.0 µ, with a range of 14.3–16.9 µ by 2.8–3.5 µ. At about this time vermicules enter the mature ova of the tick, and a further cycle of multiple fission in the gut cells of the developing larva gives rise to vermicules similar to those produced in the adult tick. The final cycle takes place in the salivary glands of the larva, and the forms infective to the vertebrate host appear 2–3 days and longer after larval attachment. Multiplication in this cycle is also by multiple fission and gives rise to comparatively small numbers of infective forms measuring about 1.5 µ by 1.0 µ. Not all ticks develop an infection even after engorging on blood with a high parasite density. Certain 'strains' of Boophilus microplus seem to be more susceptible to infection than others. Heavy mortalities occurred in many ticks after ingesting blood with a parasite density of 5% or higher.

scholarly journals Single cell transcriptome atlas of mouse mammary epithelial cells across development

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhupinder Pal ◽  
Yunshun Chen ◽  
Michael J. G. Milevskiy ◽  
François Vaillant ◽  
Lexie Prokopuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Cell Transcriptome ◽  
Single Cell Transcriptome

Abstract Background Heterogeneity within the mouse mammary epithelium and potential lineage relationships have been recently explored by single-cell RNA profiling. To further understand how cellular diversity changes during mammary ontogeny, we profiled single cells from nine different developmental stages spanning late embryogenesis, early postnatal, prepuberty, adult, mid-pregnancy, late-pregnancy, and post-involution, as well as the transcriptomes of micro-dissected terminal end buds (TEBs) and subtending ducts during puberty. Methods The single cell transcriptomes of 132,599 mammary epithelial cells from 9 different developmental stages were determined on the 10x Genomics Chromium platform, and integrative analyses were performed to compare specific time points. Results The mammary rudiment at E18.5 closely aligned with the basal lineage, while prepubertal epithelial cells exhibited lineage segregation but to a less differentiated state than their adult counterparts. Comparison of micro-dissected TEBs versus ducts showed that luminal cells within TEBs harbored intermediate expression profiles. Ductal basal cells exhibited increased chromatin accessibility of luminal genes compared to their TEB counterparts suggesting that lineage-specific chromatin is established within the subtending ducts during puberty. An integrative analysis of five stages spanning the pregnancy cycle revealed distinct stage-specific profiles and the presence of cycling basal, mixed-lineage, and 'late' alveolar intermediates in pregnancy. Moreover, a number of intermediates were uncovered along the basal-luminal progenitor cell axis, suggesting a continuum of alveolar-restricted progenitor states. Conclusions This extended single cell transcriptome atlas of mouse mammary epithelial cells provides the most complete coverage for mammary epithelial cells during morphogenesis to date. Together with chromatin accessibility analysis of TEB structures, it represents a valuable framework for understanding developmental decisions within the mouse mammary gland.

scholarly journals Applying Machine Learning to Predict the Exportome of Bovine and Canine Babesia Species That Cause Babesiosis

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Goodswen ◽  
Paul J. Kennedy ◽  
John T. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Significant Disease

Babesia infection of red blood cells can cause a severe disease called babesiosis in susceptible hosts. Bovine babesiosis causes global economic loss to the beef and dairy cattle industries, and canine babesiosis is considered a clinically significant disease. Potential therapeutic targets against bovine and canine babesiosis include members of the exportome, i.e., those proteins exported from the parasite into the host red blood cell. We developed three machine learning-derived methods (two novel and one adapted) to predict for every known Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia canis protein the probability of being an exportome member. Two well-studied apicomplexan-related species, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, with extensive experimental evidence on their exportome or excreted/secreted proteins were used as important benchmarks for the three methods. Based on 10-fold cross validation and multiple train–validation–test splits of training data, we expect that over 90% of the predicted probabilities accurately provide a secretory or non-secretory indicator. Only laboratory testing can verify that predicted high exportome membership probabilities are creditable exportome indicators. However, the presented methods at least provide those proteins most worthy of laboratory validation and will ultimately save time and money.

Exosomes: Ultrastructural evidence in epithelial cells of Malpighian tubules

Micron ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 34-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Giglio ◽  
Ida Daniela Perrotta ◽  
Pietro Brandmayr
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence

scholarly journals Biological parameters of cattle ticks fed on rabbits

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Zacarias do Amaral ◽  
Márcia Cristina de Azevedo Prata ◽  
Erik Daemon ◽  
John Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Successive Generations

With the objective of encouraging the use of rabbits as alternative hosts for the cattle tick, four rabbits were infested on the ears and back. From the second day of infestation the developmental stages were observed. e duration of larval engorgement and changes were estimated between six and eight days in the region of the back and between 've and seven days in the pinna. e nymphal engorgement and changes occurred at approximately 10.80 ± 2.65 days in the dorsal and 11.00 ± 2.52 days in the ear, with the engorgement of adults and copulation occurring at 7.03 ± 2.45 days, on the dorsal region and 8.55 ± 1.82 days in the region of the pinna. e parasitic period ranged from 21 to 29 days (back) and from 23 to 30 days (pinna). e engorged females of the back and ear weighed on average 34.43 ± 18.73 and 36.30 ± 18.10 mg, respectively. e nutritional and reproductive e/ciency indexes were 17.38 ± 14.27 and 26.85 ± 17.13% (back) and 17.42 ± 12.22% and 30.70 ± 19.80% (pinna). Although not appropriate to maintain successive generations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, rabbits can be used for di:erent stages of engorgement of the ixodid, allowing experimental studies.

scholarly journals Babesia bovis and B. bigemina DNA detected in cattle and ticks from Zimbabwe by polymerase chain reaction

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Smeenk ◽  
P.J. Kelly ◽  
K. Wray ◽  
G. Musuka ◽  
A.J. Trees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Polymerase Chain

From blood collected from 94 cattle at 12 locations in the eastern and northeastern areas of Zimbabwe, DNA was extracted and analysed by polymerase chain reaction with primers previously reported to be specific for Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis. Overall, DNA of Babesia bigemina was detected in the blood of 33/94 (35 %) cattle and DNA from B. bovis was detected in 27/58 (47 %) of cattle. The prevalence of DNA of B. bigemina was significantly higher in young animals (<2 years) (23/46) than in animals over 2 years of age (10/48; (chi)2 = 8.77; P < 0.01 %). Although tick sampling was not thorough, Boophilus decoloratus could be collected at 7/9 sites sampled and Boophilus microplus at 4/9 sites. Of the 20 B. decoloratus allowed to oviposit before PCR analysis, 1 (5 %) contained DNA that could be amplified with primers for B. bigemina while 12 (60 %) were positive with primers for B. bovis. Of the B. microplus allowed to oviposit, 11/16 (69 %) were positive for B. bovis DNAby PCR and 2/16 (12 %) were positive for B. bigemina.

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