Studies on ensilage. II. Plant maturity effects in the ensilage of ryegrass and clover under laboratory conditions

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Lanigan ◽  
VR Catchpoole
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Lactic Fermentation ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Seasonal Factors ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Ph Level

Laboratory silages made from pure crops of three varieties of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, and Lolium sp., N.Z. H1 strain) differed according to maturity at harvest. When ensiled at a stage of development characterized by first appearance of heads, all varieties tested sustained an initial lactic fermentation which ensured an adequate degree of stability during prolonged storage. Earlier harvesting tended to give less satisfactory results. Species effects, if present, could not be distinguished from possible effects of seasonal factors in this investigation. Experiments conducted with known mixtures of short rotation ryegrass (N.Z. HI strain) and white clover (Trifolium repens) showed that the proportion of the legume which could be added without appreciable ill-effect increased with later harvesting. Major adverse effects of clover additions appeared as increased losses of dry matter in the effluent and a greater tendency to instability in the silage, the latter being demonstrated by destruction of part of the lactic acid accumulated earlier, with consequent rise in pH level during storage.

Storage Problems of Poplar Chips from Short Rotation Plantations with Special Emphasis on Fungal Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Horváth ◽  
Béla Marosvölgyi ◽  
Christine Idler ◽  
Ralf Pecenka ◽  
Hannes Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Fungal Particles

Abstract - There are several problems in storing wood chips freshly harvested from short rotation plantations, which result in quality losses as well as in dry matter and energy losses. The factors influencing the degradation of raw material are examined in this paper with special focus on fungal development. An excessive growth of fungi is connected to dry matter losses and also to an increased health risk during raw material handling. The following factors were measured during 6 months storage of poplar wood chips depending on particle size: box temperature, moisture content, pH-value, appearance of fungi in the storage and the concentration of fungal particles in the air. The results show a close connection between particle size, temperature and attack of fungi. During the storage mesophilic and termophilic species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor and Penicillium appeared. The concentration of fungal particles is the highest for fine chips and decreases in bigger particles. There was a special focus on the investigation of the properties of coarse chips (G 50), which represent a good compromise between handling, storage losses and health risk due to fungal development.

Factors affecting the hydrogen cyanide potential of forage sorghum.

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Wheeler ◽  
C Mulcahy ◽  
JJ Walcott ◽  
GG Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Selection For

The effect of seven factors, namely genotype, plant maturity, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, water stress, light intensity and temperature, on the hydrogen cyanide potential (HCNp) of forage sorghum was studied in three pot experiments. Fivefold differences occurred between genotypes in HCNp, with a breeder's line, X45106, selected for low HCNp having a maximum of 520 mg HCN kg-1 DM (dry matter) compared with 2300 and 2450 mg kg-1 DM for cvs Zulu and Silk respectively. In X45 106, HCNp (mg HCN kg-1 DM) declined curvilinearly with age d (days from sowing) (HCNp=8460- 320d+ 3.1d2) and linearly in Silk (HCNp = 9020 - 110d), but the decline in Zulu was not statistically significant. Nitrogen (equivalent to 200 kg ha-1 of N) increased HCN, (P< 0.001), but more so in full light (100 mg kg-1 compared with 1430 mg kg-1) than in 50% shade (190 mg kg-1 compared with 690 mg kg-1). In one experiment, acute water stress appeared to reduce HCNp, but this was confounded with the strong decline due to aging. In another study, acute water stress had no effect on HCNp. Neither the application of superphosphate nor change in light intensity, nor change in temperature had a direct significant effect on HCNp in these studies. Breeding and selection for low HCNp appears a promising approach to ensuring that sorghum plants will provide non-toxic forage from an early stage of growth.

scholarly journals Comparison of agronomic characters of Festulolium, Festuca pratensis Huds. and Lolium multiflorum Lam. genotypes under high elevation conditions in Turkey

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilknur Akgun ◽  
Metin Tosun ◽  
Suleyman Sengul
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Significant Difference

Prior {Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis) and Elmet (Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis) cultivars were compared with Festuca pratensis Huds. and Lolium multiflorum Lam. genotypes for some agronomical characteristics (green and dry matter yields, crude protein, seed yield, crude ash content) under Erzurum ecological conditions. Analysis of variance and mean separation were performed using the SPSS 11.0 computer program. There was a significant difference among genotypes in every character tested except for green and dry matter yield and crude ash content. Hybrid genotypes had higher plant height, dry and green matter yield, seed yield per plant and crude protein yield except 1000-seed weight. Elmet performed better than Prior except for seed yield per plant.   Key words: Festulolium, Lolium, Festuca, Yield, Crude protein, Crude ash doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1556 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 1-6, 2008 (June)

scholarly journals SEED GERMINATION AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT IN Escobedia grandiflora (OROBANCHACEAE): EVIDENCE OF OBLIGATE HEMIPARASITISM?

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edison CARDONA-MEDINA ◽  
Sandra Bibiana MURIEL RUIZ
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Root Parasitic Plants

<p>Root parasitic plants can be facultative or obligate. Facultative parasites are able to complete their life cycle and their seeds can germinate without a host. <em>Escobedia</em> <em>grandiflora</em> is a poorly studied species in spite of its ancestral importance as dye of foods and medicinal use. The present study evaluates the states of seed, seedlings and mature plants, under presence and absence of possible hosts, for inferring the type of parasitism exhibited by <em>E. grandiflora</em>. Seeds were evaluated using two conditions each of light (12 and 0 hours) and temperature (20 ºC and 25 ºC); percentage germination, and germination speed were determined. The seeds did not require a host to germinate, as is typical of facultative parasitic plants.  Percentage of germination varied between 66 % and 85.3 % and was not affected by light or temperature although germination speed was greater at 25 ºC. Larger seeds had a higher percentage of germination and produced larger seedlings. The seedlings planted without a host did not survive, while those planted with <em>Paspalum notatum</em> had a 45 % survival rate, demonstrating that this is a critical stage of development, even with a host. <em>Escobedia grandiflora</em> plants sowed with grasses began the reproductive stage at the 28<sup>th </sup>week, and those planted with <em>Pennisetum</em> <em>purpureum</em> showed better performance, expressed in more haustoria, higher dry matter of total plant, rhizome and aerial stems. Plants sowed alone lived for more than six months, but they did not produce flowers or fruits. According to the behavior of seedlings and plants, <em>E. grandiflora</em> is an obligate parasite. </p><p><strong>Germinación de semillas y desarrollo de plantas en <em>Escobedia</em> <em>grandiflora</em> (Orobanchaceae): ¿Evidencia de hemiparasitismo obligado?</strong></p><p> </p><p>Las plantas parásitas de raíces pueden ser facultativas u obligadas, las primeras pueden completar su ciclo de vida y sus semillas pueden germinar sin un hospedero. <em>Escobedia</em> <em>grandiflora</em> es una especie poco estudiada, a pesar de su importancia ancestral como colorante de alimentos y uso medicinal. Este estudio evaluó los estados de semilla, plántula y planta adulta, en presencia y ausencia de posibles hospederos para inferir sobre su tipo de parasitismo. En las semillas se evaluaron dos condiciones de luz (12 y 0 horas) y temperatura (20 ºC y 25 ºC), el porcentaje y velocidad de germinación. Las semillas no requirieron la presencia del hospedero para germinar. El porcentaje de germinación osciló entre 66 y 85,3 %  y no fue afectado por la luz o la temperatura, aunque la velocidad de germinación fue mayor a 25 ºC. Las semillas con mayor tamaño presentaron mayor porcentaje de germinación y produjeron plántulas más grandes. Las plántulas sembradas sin hospedero no sobrevivieron, mientras que las sembradas con <em>Paspalum notatum</em>, tuvieron una sobrevivencia del 45 %, evidenciando que este estado es crítico, aún con hospedero. Las plantas de <em>Escobedia grandiflora</em> sembradas con pastos, iniciaron la etapa reproductiva en la semana 28, y aquellas sembradas con <em>Pennisetum</em> <em>purpureum</em> presentaron más haustorios, y mayor materia seca en la planta total, rizoma y tallos aéreos. Las plantas sembradas solas vivieron más de seis meses, pero ellos no desarrollaron flores y ni frutos. Según el comportamiento de las plántulas y las plantas, <em>E. grandiflora</em> es parásita obligada.</p>

scholarly journals Dry matter yield of forage corn in the late milk stage of development depending on the planting dates in the steppe zone of the Crimea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Cherkashyna ◽  
◽  
E.F. Sotchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Sowing Dates

Dry matter yield is an objective indicator of assessing the productivity of corn hybrids grown for silage and green fodder. The aim of the work was to identify optimal planting dates to obtain maximum yield of dry matter at the late milk stage of development for hybrids of corn depending on groups of maturity under rain-fed conditions of the Crimean steppe zone. The sowing dates of the field experiment were on April 5th, 15th, and 25th. We studied hybrids of corn of different groups of maturity. Soil – chernozems southern low-humus. Meteorological conditions in 2016 were characterized by increased moisture availability (Selyaninov Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) 1.46). In 2017, severe drought was noted (HTC 0.34). Moisture availability was insufficient in 2018 and 2019 (HTC 0.79 and 0.78, respectively). In 2016-2019, the best planting date for hybrid ‘Nur’ was April 15th; the dry matter yield in the late milk stage was 6.69 t/ha. For the medium- early hybrid ‘Mashuk 220 MV’, the best sowing dates were April 15th and 25th; dry matter yield was 5.95 and 5.78 t/ha, respectively. Hybrid ‘Mashuk 355 MV’ demonstrated higher dry matter yield on April 5th and 15th (7.12 and 6.99 t/ha). However, the planting date of April 25th led to significant yield decreased (to 6.1 t/ha).

scholarly journals Pasture characteristics of Italian ryegrass and milk production under different management strategies

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcolino Frederico Miguel ◽  
Henrique Mendonça Nunes Ribeiro Filho ◽  
Steben Crestani ◽  
Fabiana da Rocha Ramos ◽  
Tereza Cristina Moraes Genro
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Canopy Light Interception

The objective of this work was to assess the effects of the sward structure of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), during the first grazing cycle, on its morphological and bromatological characteristics throughout the growing season, and on the performance of dairy cows. The treatments consisted of two structures obtained as a function of canopy-light interception: high-light interception (HLI) and low-light interception (LLI), with different pre-grazing heights in the first grazing cycle. Pasture was managed under rotational grazing with a herbage allowance not below 30 kg dry matter (DM) per cow per day. Three grazing cycles, with a grazing interval of 30 days, were evaluated. Pre-grazing herbage mass was greater (2,240 vs. 1,656 kg ha-1 DM), but the proportion of leaf blades was smaller (0.35 vs. 0.43) for HLI swards. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were similar between treatments in the first grazing cycle, but in the second and third ones NDF was greater, and OMD lower, for the HLI swards. Milk yields were greater for cows grazing LLI swards (19.4 vs. 21.1 kg per day). Initial grazing with 90% of light interception promotes greater nutritional value in the subsequent cycles.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Losses and Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Outside Storage of Short Rotation Coppice Willow Chip

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Whittaker ◽  
Nicola E. Yates ◽  
Stephen J. Powers ◽  
Tom Misselbrook ◽  
Ian Shield
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Short Rotation Coppice ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Short Rotation

Dry matter accumulation and partitioning, and seed yield in indeterminate Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet)

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hardy ◽  
C. Huyghe ◽  
J. Papineau
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Lupinus Mutabilis ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Agronomic Potential ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Plant Maturity

Despite the high oil and protein content of the seeds, the agronomic potential of Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, a South American lupin species, is limited because of its low seed yield and its uncertain maturity. Dry matter accumulation and partitioning, and seed yield, of 2 genotypes (early-maturing LM34 and late-maturing LM268) were studied in 2 seasons at 2 densities at Lusignan, France. Total dry matter at harvest was, on average, 680 g/m2. The mainstem and first-order branches mainly contributed to total plant biomass but pods were only produced on the mainstem. On average, across the different crops, the maximum leaf area index (LAI) was 2· 8. The duration of LAI above 2·5 was short and not correlated with the total dry matter production. The partitioning of the dry matter varied according to the genotype. LM34 showed enhanced pod growth, its harvest index (HI) was 0·32, and seed yield averaged 1·28 t/ha. LM268 showed enhanced vegetative growth, both HI and seed yield were lower (0·16 and 1·13 t/ha, respectively), and whole plant maturity was never reached. For both genotypes during the pod filling, no remobilisation of assimilates occurred from stems to pods.

scholarly journals Intercropping cover crops with a poplar short rotation coppice: Effects on nutrient uptake and biomass production

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Silvestri ◽  
Vittoria Giannini ◽  
Daniele Antichi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Short Rotation

The risks of soil erosion and nutrient leaching can be considered appreciable in short rotation coppices especially in the first growth phases because of the absence of any plant cover. The temporary intercropping with legumes or grasses used as cover crops can help to overcome these environmental issues. The present research work aims to evaluate the effects of the introduction of cover crops in a short rotation poplar (Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall) with two-year harvest cycle. The plantation was located in a Typic Xerofluvent, silty-loam soil of the coastal Central Italy. Two different species of cover crops, Trifolium subterraneum L. (TS) and Lolium perenne L. (LP), were compared along with an untreated control, colonised by spontaneous vegetation (CO). Several plant and soil parameters were evaluated: the above ground biomass and nutrient accumulation for the three different soil cover types, the nitrate and water content in two soil layers (0.00-0.30 and 0.30-0.60 m), the poplar yield and nutrient content in branches and leaves. TS returned to the soil about 70 kg ha–1 of nitrogen at the end of its biological cycle, thanks to the high N content (over 2%) and to the noticeable amount of dry matter produced (3.46 t ha–1 of dry matter). This value was considerably higher than those of the LP (23 kg ha–1 of N) or CO (10 kg ha–1). The different amount of nitrogen returned to the soil affected both nitrate concentration in topsoil (0.00-0.30 m) and accumulation of nitrogen in poplar organs. Concerning phosphorous, the differences among treatments were less evident and the amount of P returned to the soil ranged from 2 (CO) to 10 (TS) kg ha–1. However, the effect of soil cover type on P uptake in poplar was still appreciable. Generally, the soil water content was slightly affected by the soil cover types. Indeed, the differences between the cover crops and the control became significant only in the shallowest soil layer and over the summer season. In the first year, LP induced a significant decrease in poplar yield (10.1 t ha–1 of dry matter) in comparison with TS (14.7 t ha–1) and CO (13.4 t ha–1), whereas in the second year there were no significant differences among treatments due to the weak regrowth of cover crops. These results show how to make it feasible a long lasting coexistence between cover crops and SRC, a clever design of agro-forestry systems is therefore needed.

scholarly journals Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing annual ryegrass at two pasture allowances

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1046
Author(s):  
M.F. Miguel ◽  
R. Delagarde ◽  
H.M.N. Ribeiro-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Strip Grazing

ABSTRACT Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare two supplementation levels (0 and 4kg dry matter [DM]/day of a 7:1 mixture of corn silage and soybean meal) in dairy cows strip-grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) at two pasture allowances (PA, low= 25 and high = 40kg DM/d at ground level). The study was carried out according to an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design, using 12 cows and three experimental periods of 12 days. The green leaves allowances were only 4.9 and 8.5kg DM/d at the low and high PA, respectively. The total DM intake and milk production increased in supplemented cows compared to un-supplemented cows at the low PA, but were similar between supplementation levels at the high PA. The PI was unaffected by the PA, whereas the substitution rate was 0.68 in cows at the low PA and 1.35 in cows at the high PA. Corn silage supplementation may improve the total DM intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures, but only at a low PA.

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