The development of parotid salivation in the lamb

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Stimulation Of

The development of the parotid gland was studied in lambs reared under the following three dietary conditions: (a) lambs freely grazed with their ewes; (b) lambs hand-reared on milk and hay; (c) lambs hand-reared on milk alone. Weekly measurements were made of the saliva flowing from the cannulated parotids of two anaesthetized lambs from each group, during reflex and electrical stimulation of their glands. The fresh weights of the parotid and submaxillary glands and of the four stomachs were also recorded. Before 4 weeks of age, all the parotid glands were physiologically immature, secreting only 0.1–0.2 g saliva/g parotid tissue/min. The parotids of the grazing lambs developed rapidly from 4 to 6 weeks of age and reached adult capacity of 0.50–0.65 g/g/min between 7 and 10 weeks of age. The parotids of the lambs receiving millr and hay developed more slowly than the grazing lambs, while the parotids of the lambs receiving milk only scarcely developed at all. The histological examination of these glands showed that the parotids of the 2-week-old lambs were immature. Differentiation in the grazing group occurred at 4–6 weeks of age, while no differentiation occurred in the lambs fed milk only. The rate of flow of parotid saliva from all lambs was significantly correlated with the fresh weight of rumen tissue. The parotid gland increased in weight in relation to the rumen weight and not to the body weight.

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE INTESTINES OF POULTRY DURING FODDER INTOXICATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.P. Dolgov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Abramov ◽  
E.V. Kuzminova ◽  
E.V. Rogaleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Beet Pulp

The article presents the data on the study of the influence of mycotoxins combination (T-2 toxin at the concentration of 0.095 mg/kg and aflatoxin B1 in the concentration of 0.019 mg/kg) on the body of quails and the results of pharmacocorrection of toxicosis with a complex consisting of beet pulp and lecithin. Structural changes in the intestines of quais at fodder mycotoxicosis are described. The use of antitoxic feed additives in poultry led to a weakening of the action of xenobiotics, which was confirmed by an increase in the safety of poultry and increase in body weight of quails, a decrease in the clinical manifestations of intoxication, as well as in positive changes in the structure of the intestine of the poultry during histological examination.

Convergence of heterotopic nociceptive information onto neurons of caudal medullary reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1118-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Villanueva ◽  
K. D. Cliffer ◽  
L. S. Sorkin ◽  
D. Le Bars ◽  
W. D. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Background Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thermal Stimulation ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Nociceptive Information ◽  
Noxious Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Recordings were made in anesthetized monkeys from neurons in the medullary reticular formation (MRF) caudal to the obex. Responses of 19 MRF neurons to mechanical, thermal, and/or electrical stimulation were examined. MRF neurons exhibited convergence of nociceptive cutaneous inputs from widespread areas of the body and face. 2. MRF neurons exhibited low levels of background activity. Background activity increased after periods of intense cutaneous mechanical or thermal stimulation. Nearly all MRF neurons tested failed to respond to heterosensory stimuli (flashes, whistle sounds), and none responded to joint movements. 3. MRF neurons were excited by and encoded the intensity of noxious mechanical stimulation. Responses to stimuli on contralateral limbs were greater than those to stimuli on ipsilateral limbs. Responses were greater to stimuli on the forelimbs than to stimuli on the hindlimbs. 4. MRF neurons responded to noxious thermal stimulation (51 degrees C) of widespread areas of the body. Mean responses from stimulation at different locations were generally parallel to those for noxious mechanical stimulation. Responses increased with intensity of noxious thermal stimulation (45-50 degrees C). 5. MRF neurons responded with one or two peaks of activation to percutaneous electrical stimulation applied to the limbs, the face, or the tail. The differences in latency of responses to stimulating two locations along the tail suggested that activity was elicited by activation of peripheral fibers with a mean conduction velocity in the A delta range. Stimulation of the contralateral hindlimb elicited greater responses, with lower thresholds and shorter latencies, than did stimulation of the ipsilateral hindlimb. 6. Electrophysiological properties of monkey MRF neurons resembled those of neurons in the medullary subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) in the rat. Neurons in the caudal medullary reticular formation could play a role in processing nociceptive information. Convergence of nociceptive cutaneous input from widespread areas of the body suggests that MRF neurons may contribute to autonomic, affective, attentional, and/or sensory-motor processes related to pain.

scholarly journals The application of [D-Tle6,ProNHEt9]mGnRH (Lecirelin) with the dopaminergic inhibitor metoclopramide to stimulate ovulation in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Brzuska ◽  
J. Kouřil ◽  
J. Adamek ◽  
Z. Stupka ◽  
V. Bekh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Average Body Weight ◽  
Pituitary Homogenate

The results of reproduction were tested in females of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) after stimulation of ovulation with carp pituitary (4 mg/kg body weight) or with Lecirelin (15 μg/kg) and metoclopramide (10 mg/kg). After administering the synthetic substance eggs were obtained from all females while in the group treated with pituitary homogenate 7 out of 8 hypophysed females spawned. The applied spawning agent did not significantly influence the weight of eggs expressed in grams, but in the case of females treated with carp pituitary homogenate a significantly higher weight of eggs expressed as the percentage of body weight of fish was recorded. The applied stimulators of ovulation did not affect any trait reflecting the quality of eggs. Females used as an experimental material belonged to two categories in respect of body weight: lighter females with average body weight of 2.63 ± 0.36 kg and heavier females with average body weight of 3.91 ± 0.48 kg. It was proved that the weight of eggs expressed either in grams or as a percentage of a female’s weight was significantly related to the body weight of a female (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.05, respectively), as well as the percentage of fertilised eggs and the percentage of living embryos after 28 hours of incubation (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.05, respectively). The interaction between the stimulator of ovulation and the female body weight was significant only for traits reflecting the weight of obtained eggs (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01).  

scholarly journals Utility of Periurethral Electric Stimulation to Reduce Voiding Frequency in Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Forrest ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
A. Bicek ◽  
G. Timm
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Urinary Continence ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Stimulation Of

Urinary continence is maintained through coordination of electrical (nervous) and mechanical (muscles, ligaments and other structures) systems in the body. During micturition, the central nervous system sends a signal to the detrusor and sphincter muscles to coordinate voiding. Pathological problems can undermine either of the two systems and result in urinary incontinence (UI). Thirteen million people in the United States live with UI. Clinical treatments to date are largely mechanical in nature, restoring function through surgical interventions. However, electrically-based treatments, such as electric stimulation, offer a promising alternative. Here we investigate the utility of electrical stimulation of the periurethral neuromusculature to reduce voiding contractions in well-controlled animal experiments. Female Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine cocktail and the bladder was catheterized through a small incision in the bladder dome and was infused with saline. Continuous filling of the bladder triggered related cycles of voiding which was identified through bladder pressure increases and visual urination. The pubic symphysis bone was cut to expose the urethra and a stimulating electrode was placed in the periurethral region. The electrical stimulation parameters were 2.8 mA of current, 200 us pluses, and 20 Hz. The electrical stimulation was done in fifteen minute intervals. Statistically, the rats without electrical stimulation have an average contraction period of 63.1 sec (+/– 31.3 sec) and the rats with electrical stimulation have an average contraction period of 97.2 sec (+/– 43.0 sec). The results showed that the electrical stimulation of the periurethral neuromusculature in the group revealed 54.0% increase in average contraction period and decrease in voiding frequency. Electrical stimulation of the periurethral neuromusculature increases the voiding interval and void volume for the rats. This suggests the existence of an external urinary sphincter to the bladder inhibitory pathway and supports periurethral neuromusculature stimulation as an alternative to spinal nerve stimulation for the treatment of bladder overactivity.

scholarly journals Radioimmunoassay of carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva and sheep tissues

1991 ◽  
Vol 274 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
R T Fernley ◽  
R D Wright ◽  
J P Coghlan
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Saliva Sample ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Vi ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
Submandibular Saliva ◽  
Inter Assay Variation ◽  
Stimulation Of

A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of the secreted carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA VI) in sheep saliva and tissues. The assay can detect as little as 75 pg of CA VI, and the antibody used does not cross-react with CA II or CA III. The intra-assay variation, measured using a saliva sample, was 3.0%, whereas the inter-assay variation was 10.5%. The concentration of CA VI in parotid saliva from normal, resting sheep was 5.6 +/- 3.0 micrograms.ml-1 (n = 42) or 79.4 +/- 35.7 micrograms.mg of total protein-1. With feeding, the CA VI concentrations increased an average of 6-fold. The secretion rate of CA VI from the vascularly isolated neurotomized parotid gland of the anaesthetized sheep was 0.62 +/- 0.40 micrograms.min-1, compared with a rate of 11.7 +/- 7.8 micrograms.min-1 from the parotid gland of normal conscious sheep. Stimulation of the parotid-gland preparation by the muscarinic agent bethanechol increased the secretion rate to 438 +/- 172 microgram.min-1 (n = 8), and electrical stimulation of the secretomotor Moussu nerve increased CA VI secretion rate to 634 +/- 330 micrograms.min-1 (n = 4). Submandibular saliva from anaesthetized sheep contained 6.9 +/- 2.1 micrograms of CA VI.ml-1 (n = 3). The only tissues found to contain measurable amounts of CA VI were the parotid (6.4 micrograms.mg of protein-1) and submandibular (1.8 micrograms.mg of protein-1) salivary glands. The sublingual salivary gland, kidney, lung, adrenal, brain, skeletal muscle, liver, heart, pancreas, small intestine and cerebrospinal fluid did not have a measurable CA VI content.

Modulation of neglect hemianesthesia by transcutaneous electrical stimulation

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Vallar ◽  
Maria Luisa Rusconi ◽  
Bruno Bernardini
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Tactile Perception ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Right Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation on deficits of tactile perception contralateral to a hemispheric lesion were investigated in 10 right brain-damaged patients and in four left brain-damaged patients. The somatosensory deficit recovered, transiently and in part, after stimulation of the side of the neck contralateral to the side of the lesion, in all 10 patients with lesions in the right hemisphere, both with (six cases) and without (four cases) left visuo-spatial hemineglect, and in one left brain-damaged patient with right hemineglect. In three left brain-damaged patients without hemineglect, the treatment had no detectable effects. In one right brain-damaged patient, the stimulation of the side of the neck ipsilateral to the side of the lesion temporarily worsened the somatosensory deficit. These effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation are similar to those of vestibular stimulation. The suggestion is made that these treatments modulate, through afferent sensory pathways, higher-order spatial representations of the body, which are pathologically distorted toward the side of the lesion. The modulatory effect is direction-specific: the defective internal representation of the contralesional side may be either partly restored, improving the disorder of tactile perception, or further impoverished, worsening the deficit. The possible neural basis of this modulation is discussed. (JINS, 1996, 2, 452–459.)

ABSENCE OF GROWTH IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH THYROID HORMONES

1966 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Goodall ◽  
J. B. Gavin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Radiographic Measurements ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Male rats were hypophysectomized at four weeks of age, rested for four weeks, and then were fed a thyroid digest in their drinking water continuously for up to seventy weeks. The digest treatment supplied the equivalent of 1.25μg L-thyroxine per 100 g rat per day approximately. From the body weight curves and radiographic measurements of the skull and mandibles, it was shown that contrary to some previous reports in the literature there was no statistically significant change in the indices of growth or body mass when compared with controls receiving no thyroid treatment. It is suggested that data previously reported by others, indicating a stimulation of growth in hypophysectomized rats by thyroid hormones, may have been derived from animals having minute but still effective pituitary remnants, and somewhat more stringent morphological criteria of hypophysectomy are proposed.

The Effects of Stimulation of Ear Acupuncture Points on the Body's Pain Threshold

1979 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshikatsu Kitade ◽  
Masayoshi Hyodo
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Ear Acupuncture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Radiation Heat ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Body Locus

Six ear acupuncture points, one non-acupuncture ear point, and the body locus Ho-Ku (LI-4) were electrically stimulated in order to compare the effects of stimulation on the body's pain threshold at selected loci on various points on the body by measurement with a radiation heat-type Pain Meter on 5 subjects. The ear points, with the exception of the non-acupuncture ear point, were found to be effective even in peripheral body regions in varying degrees. Ear stimulation did not increase the threshold as rapidly as Ho-Ku. In all cases where the pain threshold was raised, the effect persisted after electrical stimulation had stopped.

Turban tumour with involvement of the parotid gland

1999 ◽  
Vol 113 (8) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jungehülsing ◽  
Matthias Wagner ◽  
Michael Damm
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Hereditary Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Dermal Lesions

AbstractFamilial autosomal dominant cylindromatosis (FADC, turban tumour syndrome, Brooke-Spiegler-syndrome and many more, MacKusick catalogue numbers 123850, 313100) is a rare hereditary disease usually presenting in the second or third decade. With female preponderance dermal cylindromas predominantly arise in hairy areas of the body with approximately 90 per cent on the head and neck. Transformation to malignancy seems to be scarce. Although cylindromas of the skin resemble basal cell adenomas of the salivary gland, there is usually no salivary gland involvement. On the other hand, patients with basal cell adenomas of a salivary gland usually do not show dermal lesions. We report one of the rare cases of FADC combined with multiple basal cell adenomas of the parotid glands and present a review of the literature.

Effects of stimulation of nucleus ambiguus complex on gastroduodenal function

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (3) ◽  
pp. G253-G262 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Pagani ◽  
W. P. Norman ◽  
D. K. Kasbekar ◽  
R. A. Gillis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Gastric Ph ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Pepsinogen Secretion ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility ◽  
Stimulation Of

We investigated the effects of stimulation of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) complex on gastroduodenal motility and gastric secretion in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Motility was measured by use of extraluminal force transducers sutured to the body, antrum, pylorus, and duodenum. Secretion was measured by determining changes in gastric pH, titratable acidity, and pepsinogen activity. Stimulation of the NA complex (right NA in 11 animals and left NA in 8 animals) elicited contractions of the antrum, pylorus, and duodenum, as well as sinus bradycardia and hypotension using stimulus parameters of 133 microA, 50 Hz, and 0.2-ms pulse duration. Both the motility and cardiovascular responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the NA complex were prevented by ipsilateral vagotomy. The optimum stimulus frequency for eliciting increases in gastroduodenal motility was 50 Hz. Frequencies higher than 50 Hz resulted in attenuated motility responses. This was not true of the heart rate response, as sinus bradycardia was maximal at 10 Hz and was maintained to 100 Hz. Electrical stimulation of the NA complex (8 animals) had no effect on pepsinogen secretion or titratable acidity, but produced a small (0.21 pH units) but significant increase in gastric pH. These results indicate that 1) stimulation of the NA complex results in pronounced increases in motility mediated by the ipsilateral vagus nerve, and 2) the pathways mediating these motility responses appear to involve more synapses than the pathways mediating the motor responses to the heart.

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