Comparative effects of summer and winter conditions on the growth of six species of pasture legumes subjected to various nutrient levels

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Millikan
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Magnesium Level ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution

The results of a series of water culture experiments is reported in which the comparative effects of summer or winter conditions respectively on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Dwalganup), red clover (T. pratense L. certified), white clover (T. repens L. 'mother strain' certified), cluster clover (T. glomeratum L.), suckling clover (T. dubium Sibth.), and barrel medio (Medicago tribuloides Desr. strain 173), in a complete nutrient solution and in solutions deficient in either potassium, phosphorus, or magnesium were studied. In the complete nutrient solution, the mean daily increment in dry weight (T+R) for each species was less in winter than in summer. Rates of growth (T+R) of red clover, white clover, cluster clover, and suckling clover were each reduced more by winter as compared with summer conditions than was that of barrel medic, while a similar comparison also showed that white clover and suckling clover were more affected than subterranean clover. For subterranean clover and barrel medic (T+R) differed little as between the summer and winter tests respectively, but (T+R) for red clover, white clover, cluster clover, and suckling clover was significantly depressed under winter conditions. Significant season X species interactions occurred. Differences in seasonal conditions had no effect on the percentage top of five of the species when grown in the complete nutrient solution, but in the sixth species (barrel medic) winter conditions when compared with summer conditions favoured top growth at the expense of root growth (i.e. increased percentage top). Within any species there was no significant seasonal effect on the depression in (T+R) caused by a deficiency of either potassium, phosphorus, or magnesium. Between species certain significant effects were unrelated to seasonal conditions for potassium or phosphorus deficiencies, but with magnesium deficiency significant species x season interactions occurred for (T+R). Within species, the mean effect of potassium deficiency in reducing percentage top in all tests was significant for white clover, barrel medic, and suckling clover, but the season x potassium level interaction was significant for cluster clover only. There were no significant differences between species. Phosphorus deficiency caused a significant reduction in percentage top within all species under both summer and winter conditions, but no significant season x phosphate level interaction occurred. The percentage top of white clover was reduced more than that of subterranean clover in summer, but not in winter. Magnesium deficiency produced a significant reduction in the percentage top of white clover and barrel medic in winter, but not in summer. The season x magnesium level interaction effect was significant for white clover. Several significant species x magnesium level interactions for percentage top were also recorded.

scholarly journals Plasmatic Magnesium Deficiency in 101 Outpatients Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-800
Author(s):  
Hajer Zahra ◽  
Olfa Berriche ◽  
Ramla Mizouri ◽  
Fatma Boukhayatia ◽  
Marwa Khiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Magnesium Level ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Magnesium Status ◽  
Artery Disease

(1) Background: Magnesium deficiency is usually associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals living with T2DM with hypomagnesemia show a more rapid disease progression and have an increased risk for diabetes complications. (2) Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study in the National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology of Tunis in Tunisia, including all adult outpatients (≥18 years old) with a diagnosis of T2DM from 1 September 2018 to 31 August 2019. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of plasmatic magnesium deficiency in a Tunisian population of T2DM and to study the relationship between magnesium status and intake, glycemic control and long-term diabetes-related complications. (3) Results: Among the 101 T2DM outpatients, 13 (12.9%) presented with a plasmatic magnesium deficiency. The mean age was 56 ± 7.9 years with a female predominance (62%, n = 63). The mean of the plasmatic magnesium level was 0.79 ± 0.11 mmol/L (0.5–1.1), and the mean of 24 h urinary magnesium excretion was 87.8 ± 53.8 mg/24 h [4.8–486.2]. HbA1c was significantly higher in the plasmatic magnesium deficiency group than the normal magnesium status group (10% ± 1.3 vs. 8.3% ± 1.9; p = 0.04), with a significant difference in participants with a poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 7%) (100%, n = 13/13 vs. 53%, n = 47/88; p = 0.001). A weak negative relationship was also found between plasmatic magnesium and HbA1c (r = −0.2, p = 0.03). Peripheral artery disease was more commonly described in individuals with low plasmatic magnesium levels than in individuals with normal levels (39%, n = 5 vs. 0%, n = 0; p < 0.001). The mean plasmatic magnesium level in participants without diabetic nephropathy and also peripheral artery disease was significantly higher compared to individuals with each long-term diabetes-related complication (0.8 mmol/L ± 0.1 vs. 0.71 mmol/L ± 0.07; p = 0.006) and (0.8 mmol/L ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 mmol/L ± 0.08; p < 0.001), respectively. (4) Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia was identified in individuals with T2DM, causing poor glycemic control and contributing to the development and progression of diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Effects of pH and aluminium on the growth of temperate pasture species. II. Growth and nodulation of legumes

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
FPC Blamey ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus

Ten temperate pasture legumes inoculated with appropriate rhizobia were grown for 31 days in flowing solution culture. Solution ionic strength was approximately 2700 8M and contained inorganic nitrogen (150 , 8M NO3-) only at the commencement of the experiment. Solution pH was maintained at 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0. Also, five aluminium (Al) treatments were imposed, with nominal Al concentrations of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 8M (2.5, 7.1, 8.3, 11.2 and 24.7 8M Al measured) at pH 4.5. Solution pH <6 . 0 markedly reduced total dry mass (TDM) in all cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) cvv. 'Grasslands Pitau, Huia, G18 and Tahora' and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cvv. 'Grassland Turoa and Pawera', and to a lesser extent in the two subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cvv. 'Tallarook and Woogenellup'. In contrast, solution pH had no effect on the growth of Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland, while Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best at pH 4.5. Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best in solution where the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species {Alm} was maintained at 5.9 8M. The growth of all other species was decreased with Al in solution, a 50% reduction in TDM being associated with c. 6 8M {Alm] for white clover and subterranean clover, and c. 3 8M in red clover and Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland.

The effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense var. redhead), white clover (Trifolium repens var. S 100) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne var. S 23) on the reproductive performance of sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Newton ◽  
J. E. Betts
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The Third ◽  
S 100 ◽  
The Mean

SummaryDuring 3 years, three groups of 20 Scottish half-bred ewes were grazed on perennial ryegrass, white clover or red clover. During this period the two legumes were oestrogenic, in terms of teat-length extension of wethers, but the perennial ryegrass was not. The white clover was only markedly oestrogenic when there was a high proportion of diseased leaves. The mean litter size and lambing percentage of the ewes grazed on red clover was significantly reduced. White clover, although it was oestrogenic, had no effect on mean litter size or lambing percentage. The mean litter size of the ewes on the perennial ryegrass was 2·35, 2·30 and 2·24, on the white clover was 2·20, 2·33 and 2·23 and on the red clover was 1middot;60, 1·67 and 1·78 for the three lambings. Lambing percentage of the ewes on the perennial ryegrass was 175, 225 and 218, on the white clover was 210, 222 and 189, and on the red clover was 160, 128 and 118 for the three lambings. The lambing date of the ewes grazing on the red clover was significantly later at the third lambing.

Quantitative aspects of phytooestrogen metabolism in sheep fed on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cultivar clare) or red clover (Trifolium pratense)

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Shutt ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Free Form ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Studies have been made of the digestion and metabolism in Merino wethers of the isoflavones in subterranean clover (Trtfolium subterraneurn cv. Clare) and red clover (T. pratense). The dietary intake of isoflavones with both clovers was about 9 g per day. With the subterranean clover, the isoflavones were predominantly genistein and biochanin A, and slight teat length increases in the wethers ingesting this clover indicated a low level of oestrogenicity. With the red clover formononetin represented 60% of the isoflavone present and the wethers on this diet exhibited maximal teat length increases indicating a high level of oestrogenicity. Less than 1 % of the daily intake of the isoflavones was excreted as such in the faeces and urine; hence most of these compounds were metabolized or retained in the sheep. The dietary isoflavones were found to disappear rapidly from the rumen, and it was estimated by using marker techniques that the removal of these compounds from the stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) was virtually complete. Equol (7,4'-dihydroxyisoflavan), a metabolite of formononetin, was the predominant phyto-oestrogen in the digesta and excreta when red clover was given. The excretion of 3.9 g/day of this compound, mainly in urine, was equivalent to 70% of the intake of formononetin. It was calculated that about 86% of the equol produced in the rumen was absorbed from that organ; the mean residence time for equol in the rumen was estimated to be 1.7 hr. The isoflavones were present in blood plasma mainly in conjugated forms. Equol predominated with both clovers. The levels of equol were much lower with the subterranean clover than with the red clover diet; the concentrations of the conjugated form were respectively 13 and 300-440 �g/100 ml. Equol in the free form, although not detectable with the subterranean clover, was present at 4-10 �g/100 ml with red clover. The data were considered to be consistent with the conclusion that equol accounts for most of the phyto-oestrogenic activity in sheep fed on clovers containing high levels of formononetin.

Effects of pasture type on the growth and wool production of weaner sheep during summer and autumn

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (126) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Kenny ◽  
KFM Reed
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Persian Clover

The productivity of weaner sheep grazing lucerne, white clover, red clover or Persian clover and pastures sown with subterranean clover and perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot or tall fescue, was measured in summer-autumn trials incorporating four soil types in each of three years. During summer and autumn, the mean growth rate of sheep grazing lucerne, white clover or Persian clover pastures was 50 g/d compared with 1 g/d for sheep grazing perennial grass-subterranean clover pastures. Sheep grazing strawberry clover on reclaimed swampland, and sheep in a feedlot (fed hay and lupin grain) averaged 100 and 75 g/d, respectively. Sheep grazing red clover averaged 45 g/d over years 1 and 2. In year 2, a subterranean clover-dominant pasture was included in the study. Its feeding value was similar to that of the perennial grass-subterranean clover pastures. Sheep grazing legume pastures, and sheep in the feedlot, consistently produced more wool (up to 700 g/head) than sheep grazing the perennial grass-subterranean clover pastures. The concentration of neutral detergent fibre in herbage from legume pastures was frequently lower (P< 0.05) and the concentration of crude protein was frequently higher (P< 0.05) than in herbage from grass pastures. The dry matter digestibility of legume herbage was higher (P<0. 05) than that of grass herbage on only one occasion. Measurements of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre of pasture in December accounted for 67% of the variation in liveweight gain (P<0.01). Ewe weaners grazing red clover pasture exhibited an increase (P< 0.05) in teat length of 3.9 mm in 21d of grazing. Oestrous activity of ewe weaners was related to liveweight gain (r = 0.77). The implications of the results for agricultural systems are discussed.

The effect of growing clover cultivars in association with barley cultivars upon grain yield of the barley crop in the year of sowing and the subsequent year

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Stewart ◽  
K. W. Lynch ◽  
Ethel M. White
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Barley Crop ◽  
Block Experiment

SUMMARYIn 1974 three cultivars of barley of different straw lengths, Mazurka, Julia and Midas, were grown alone and with each of four cultivars of red and two of white clover in a split-plot randomized-block experiment of four replications. Although the barley cultivars differed significantly in yield the barley x clover interaction was not significant and yield of grain was not affected by the presence of the clovers.In the following year the entire experimental area was sown with Mazurka barley. Significantly higher grain yields were obtained on those plots sown with clover in 1974 than in plots where no clover had been sown. In no case was the combined yield of barley from the 2 years on any treatment involving clover lower than that of the mean of the no-clover control plots, although the highest increase in yield, 11% from the S.123 red clover treatment, over the no-clover control was not shown to be significant.

Point-of-sale evaluation of preinoculated and custom-inoculated pasture legume seed

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Gemell ◽  
E. J. Hartley ◽  
D. F. Herridge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pass Rates ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
Pasture Legume

During 1999–2003, 293 samples of preinoculated and custom-inoculated lucerne, subterranean clover, white clover, red clover and miscellaneous species (mainly other clovers) were sourced from commercial outlets and assessed for numbers of rhizobia, seed pellet pH and toxicity, and nodulation in a ‘grow-out’ test. Average rhizobial counts were 8400/seed for preinoculated lucerne, 1380/seed for subterranean clover and <100/seed for white and red clovers and for the miscellaneous species. These counts compared poorly with the average counts of 35 100/seed, 13 800/seed and 10 000/seed for freshly-inoculated lucerne, subterranean clover and white clover, respectively. Thus, overall pass rates of the preinoculated seed were reasonable for lucerne (73%), marginal for subterranean clover (32%) and very low for white clover (3%), red clover (4%) and the miscellaneous species (0%). The ‘grow-out’ tests for nodulation were positively correlated with rhizobial numbers on seed, confirming the use of plate counting of rhizobia to assess quality of pre- and custom-inoculated seed. Many of the seed pellets were toxic to the 2 clover rhizobial strains tested, although the toxicity did not affect numbers of rhizobia on the seed. In light of these results and other data on rhizobial survival on seed, we suggest the current Australian standards for rhizobial numbers on pasture legume seed at the time of sale of 500/seed (very small-seeded legumes with seed numbers >750 000/kg) and 1000/seed (other larger-seeded species, seed numbers <750 000/kg) remain in place. We recommend shelf lives be restricted to 6 months for preinoculated lucerne and the annual medics, to 6 weeks for preinoculated subterranean clover, and to 2 weeks for white clover, red clover and other miscellaneous species. In the long-term, new products and procedures will hopefully enhance the numbers and survival of rhizobia on seed such that the needs of both manufacturers and customers are satisfied.

Small broomrape (Orobanche minor) germination and early development in response to plant species

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle C. Ross ◽  
Jed B. Colquhoun ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
The Pacific

Small broomrape, a holoparasitic weed, was recently introduced to the Pacific Northwest and contaminates a limited number of red clover fields in Oregon. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to evaluate small broomrape response to common crop and weed species in the Pacific Northwest, and to evaluate a quick-screening method for plant species response to the parasite. In greenhouse studies, plants were grown in a hydroponic polyethylene bag system to allow for continuous visibility of their roots and monitoring of small broomrape seed germination and tubercle development. Results of the greenhouse study were validated in a field contaminated with small broomrape. In the greenhouse polyethylene bag study, small broomrape germinated and tubercles developed on alfalfa, arrowleaf clover, carrot, celery, crimson clover, lettuce, prickly lettuce, red clover, spotted catsear, subterranean clover, white clover, and wild carrot. Small broomrape germinated but did not develop tubercles when grown with barley, birdsfoot trefoil, common vetch, creeping bentgrass, cucumber, field corn, red fescue, flax, Italian ryegrass, nasturtium, oats, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, snap bean, sugar pea, sunflower, sweet corn, tall fescue, tomato, and wheat. In the field study, tubercles developed on alfalfa, arrowleaf clover, common vetch, crimson clover, red clover, subterranean clover, and white clover, but small broomrape flower stalks did not emerge in arrowleaf clover or crimson clover. Common vetch was a host for small broomrape in the field study but not in the hydroponic polyethylene bag system, thus, caution is warranted in using the quick screening method to elucidate potential small broomrape host species.

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE GERMINATION OF HERBAGE LEGUMES IN NEW ZEALAND

1987 ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Hampton ◽  
J.F.L. Charlton ◽  
D.D. Bell ◽  
D.J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Fluctuating Temperature

Percentage germination and germination rate (days to 75% germination) of 14 herbage cultivars from 5 legume species were assessed at constant temperatures of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and a fluctuating temperature of 5/1O°C. The percentage germination of white clover, red clover and lucerne was not affected by temperature. Germination of Woogenellup subterranean clover was reduced at 5"C, the germination of Mt Barker subterranean clover was reduced at 2O°C, and the germination of Maku lotus was reduced at 5°C and 5/10°C. Germination rates for all species slowed as temperatures moved away from the optimum, as did the number of days to the start of growth. The species order for germination rate was lucerne, white clover >subterranean clover > red clover >lotus at 10° and 5/1O°C, and subterranean clover (except cv. Woogenellup), white clover, lucerne>red clover>lotus at 5°C. Germination rates differed between subterranean clover cultivars, and also between individual seedlots of subterranean clover, red and white clover and lotus, particularly at 5°C. The implications of these results for pasture establishment are discussed. Keywords: germination rate, pasture establishment

Amelioration of root disease of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by mineral nutrients

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiernan A. O'Rourke ◽  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Tim T. Scanlon ◽  
Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam ◽  
Martin J. Barbetti
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is a key pasture legume across southern Australia and elsewhere. Decline in subterranean clover pastures was first recognised in Australia during the 1960s and manifests as an increase in weeds and a decrease in desirable legume species. While both root disease and poor nutrition contribute to subterranean clover pasture decline, the relationships between root disease and nutrition have not been determined. The objective of this study was to define these relationships. Field experiments were undertaken to determine the nutritional and pathogen status of soils and subterranean clover from three Western Australian field sites. Subsequently, controlled environment experiments were undertaken to determine the relative severities of tap and lateral root disease and growth of plants when soil cores taken from these three field sites were amended with a complete nutrient solution or a range of individual macro- or micronutrient treatments. Application of a ‘Hoaglands’ complete nutrient solution decreased the severity of tap root disease by an average of 45% and lateral root disease by 32%. Amendment with K alone reduced the severity of tap root disease an average of 32%; while the application of N alone reduced the severity of tap root disease by 33% and lateral root disease by 27%. Application of Hoaglands, K, N or Zn increased shoot and root dry weight, while Mo only increased shoot dry weight. This is the first report to show that mineral nutrients can substantially ameliorate root disease in subterranean clover. The results demonstrate that while root disease limits plant growth, improvement in the nutritional status of nutrient-impoverished soils can significantly reduce root disease. There is significant potential to incorporate nutrient amendments into an integrated and more sustainable approach to better manage root disease and to increase productivity of pasture legumes where soils are inherently nutrient deficient in one or more nutrients.

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