The development of rumen function in the lamb.

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Wardrop ◽  
JB Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

A series of experiments is presented, describing the development of the rumen function in grazing lambs and the effects of' diet on the rumen development of artificially reared lambs. In grazing lambs the volume of the abomasum contents showed little change with age. The volume of the rumen contents increased with age, and the rate of' this increase was most marked from 3 weeks of age onwards. The volume of the rumen contents, relative to both the liveweight and the volume of the abomasum contents, was constant from 8 weeks of age onwards. The rumen volatile fatty acids (V.F.A.) concentrations in grazing lambs increased from birth and reached adult levels at 8 weeks of age. The total quantity of V.F.A. present in the rumen at a given time, relative to liveweight, increased up to 8 weeks of age but from this age onwards was approximately constant. The rumen ammonia nitrogen (N) concentrations in grazing lambs were high for the first few weeks after birth, but showed a continuous fall, reaching adult levels at 5 weeks of age. The quantity of ammonia N present in the rumen at a given time, relative to liveweight, increased up to 8 weeks of age and then remained approximately constant. The rumen volumes, V.F.A., and ammonia N concentrations were normal only in lambs that had been fed roughage. When lucerne chaff was fed to young lambs, the digestibilities of the dry matter, crude protein, and crude fibre were high, irrespective of whether the previous diet had been milk or chaff. The ad libitum dry matter intake from roughage, relative to the liveweight, increased up to 8 weeks of age and then remained approximately constant. When roughage was fed to lambs which had been reared on 'milk' (a preparation from dried cows' milk) only from birth to 9 weeks of age, the rumen V.F.A. concentrations rose immediately and levelled off at adult levels within 1 week.

Effect of intraruminal infusion of urea on the response in voluntary food intake by sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Six mature Merino sheep received three treatments in a randomized block design experiment. The treatments were: chopped oaten hay diet at 90% of ad libitum intake without urea (L); the ciet offered at the same level as for L with urea infused into the rumen at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (LU); and the diet offered at 90% of the ad libitum intake achieved with urea infused at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (HU). Sheep given HU consumed 37% more (P < 0.01) organic matter (OM) than those fed L or LU, but the apparent digestibility of OM did not vary (59.2-61.8%) between treatments. The addit onal food consumption was associated with c. 20% increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of OM in the reticulorumen and significantly higher (by 10-35%; P < 0.05) fractional outflow rates of most dietary and microbial constituents of digesta. The fractional digestion rate of potentially digestible plant cell walls was not affected by urea, but the flow of microbial non-ammonia nitrogen from the abomasum was enhanced (L, 7.0; LU, 8.2; HU, 12.5 g day-1; P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the stimulatory effect of urea upon food intake was associated with the provision of additional microbial protein for digestion in the intestines, rather than changes in the rate or extent of organic matter fermentation in the reticulorumen.

Prediction of the voluntary intake of grass silages by beef cattle. 1. Linear regression analyses

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

ABSTRACTData on individually recorded silage dry-matter intake (SDMI), concentrate dry-matter intake (CDMI) and live weight of steers and data on silage composition including toluene dry matter (TDM), pH, total nitrogen (N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) obtained from experiments conducted at three sites were used to obtain simple and multiple linear regressions of SDMI on other variables.Live weight accounted for a high proportion of the variation in intake but this effect could generally be removed by scaling intake by live weight raised to the power of 0·75 (M0·75). CDMI was the most important factor affecting scaled intake in mixed diets. TDM, NH,-N and VFAs all had important effects on SDMI. The relationship of SDMI with TDM was curvilinear suggesting that there is little to be gained in intake terms from wilting to TDM above 250 g/kg. The effect of NH3-N appeared to be related more to its correlation with VFAs than with any other nitrogenous constituent while the VFAs appeared to have a direct effect on SDMI. The effects of N and pH on SDMI were generally small. DOMD and NDF had relatively little effect on SDMI. Significant differences in intercepts between sites were found for most relationships although common slopes were often found.

The effect of sucrose on the utilization of straw plus urea diets by sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Rumen Nitrogen

An experiment was carried out on sheep to investigate the effect of supplementary energy, in the form of sucrose, on the intake and utilization of a diet of oat straw supplemented with urea. The sucrose supplement had no significant effect on the dry matter intake, although there was a tendency for the intake of straw to decline with an increase in the sucrose supplement. There was no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter or crude fibre, but the digestibility of crude fibre tended to decrease when the sucrose supplements were fed. This may explain an increase in faecal nitrogen excretion, which was reflected in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the apparent digestibility of nitrogen on the diets supplemented with sucrose. There were no significant differences between the diets in rate of passage, rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen, nitrogen balance, body weight gain, rumen pH, or concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. It was concluded that the lack of a supplement of readily available energy was not a limiting factor in the sheep's utilization of the diets used.

scholarly journals Alfalfa Protein Concentrate as a Less Ruminally Degradable Protein Source for High-Producing Dairy Cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
C.D. Lu ◽  
NA. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen

Ten multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 105-day continuous feeding trial to compare soybean meal (SBM) and alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) as supplemental protein sources for high-producing dairy cows. Dairy cows with an average milk production of 35.2 kg/day were paired and randomly assigned to one of the treatments. A double reversal design was employed With 35 days per period. The comparison between treatments was made during the last 21 days of each period. Experimental diets, containing 60% corn silage and 10% alfalfa hay, were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (crude protein. 15.6%; net energy tor lactation, 1.60 Mcal/kg DM). Fifty percent of dietary nitrogen was provided by test proteins. Animals were fed four times daily. Chromie oxide boluses, 50 g/day were used to estimate digestion coefficients. Ruminal protein degradability in viva (%) and in situ(%)were 56.8, 68.3 and 47.3. 35.3 for SBM and APC, respectively. Dry matter intake (kg/day) was 19.1 and 18.6 for cows fed SBM and APC. respectively. Rummal parameters cows fed SBM vs APC were, pH. 6.6 vs 6.7, ammonia nitrogen(mg/dI) 10.8 vs 6.2(p less than 0.01); total volatile fatty acids (mM), 86.3 VS 84.6(P LESS THAN 0.05), acetate (%) , 50.8 vs 64.9 (p less than 0.01); propionate dry matter , 65.3 vs 61.8; crude protein . 67.6 vs 61.1 (P less than 0.05 ) neutral detergent fiber , 51.1 vs 52.5 ; acid detergent fiber, 47.7 vs 49.0 . A slightly higher (P more than 0.05 ) amount of milk was produced by cows fed APC(28.6+_ 3.5 vs 28.2+- 3.8 kg/day). Each additional gramof undergradable intake protein provided by APC continued to a 5- gram increase in 4% fat-corrected milk production.

Beef production from silage 3. The effect of supplements of hay and dried grass on the performance of beef cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
R. M. Tetlow ◽  
B. G. Gibbs ◽  
Margaret Gill
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth of perennial ryegrass was cut between 7 and 9 June and ensiled with formic acid at 2·5 1/t. The regrowth was cut on 24 July; part was dried at high temperature (dried grass), the remainder was left to dry in the field (hay). The dried grass (DG) and part of the hay were ground and pelleted, the hay being pelleted alone (PH) or with the addition of formaldehyde at 20 g/kg crude protein (PHF). The remainder of the hay was offered in the chopped form (CH). The four supplements (CH, PH, PHF, DG) were offered at two levels, 6·5 (L) and 130 (H) g dry matter per kg live weight to 54 British Friesian steers (initial live weight, 110 kg) receiving the silage ad libitum.2. The silage had a high pH and a high proportion of the total nitrogen was in the form of ammonia, indicating poor fermentation. The solubility of nitrogen in the supplements was highest (262 g/kg total nitrogen) in CH, progressively less in PH and PHF and lowest (122 g/kg total nitrogen) in DG.3. Total dry-matter intake was highest with DG at the higher level of inclusion. Dry-matter intake was significantly higher for PH and PHF than for CH (P < 0·001). However, intake of digestible energy did not differ between hays. Live-weight gain was increased from a low level of 0·24 kg/day (silage alone) by all supplements, but this effect was greater with DG than with the hays (P < 0·001). Level of supplementation increased live-weight gain from 0·54 to 0·74 kg/day.4. Supplements of dried grass gave higher live-weight gains than did hay made from the same sward. However, the results indicate that supplementation of badly preserved silage with grass hay of good quality can produce acceptable levels of performance of up to 0·70 kg/day in 4-month-old steers. Processing of the hay had little effect on animal performance.

Supplementation of rice straw with dry leucaena

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effects of supplementation with three levels (5, 10 and 15% of DM offered) of dry leucaena on the voluntary intake and digestion of rice straw by sheep were studied. These effects were compared with those of a supplement of urea and sulfate. In all cases, the rice straw was supplemented with minerals.Total dry matter intake (DMI) increased linearly with the level of leucaena, but there was no affect on intake of straw. Nor did supplementation with urea and sulfate affect straw intake. Neither of these supplements affected the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM).There were significant linear relationships between DM1 and the amounts of total digesta or DM in the reticulo-rumen (RR). The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the RR also increased with the amount of leucaena offered, as did the concentration of ammonia N in rumen fluid.While the flows of digesta constituents increased linearly with the amount of leucaena in the diet, there were no significant effects of dietary treatments on the fractional outflow rates of NDF from the RR. The fractional digestion rates of NDF in the RR were also not affected by supplementation. The intake of nitrogen, the amount of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) and apparent nitrogen retention all increased with the amount of leucaena given. In contrast, supplementationwith urea and sulfate increased N intake, but DCPi was not increased to the same extent as with leucaena. The proportion of NAN flowing through the abomasum which was of microbial origin was lower (0.66 v. 0.73) when 15% leucaena was in the diet than with straw alone or straw plus urea and sulfate.

scholarly journals Effects of garlic supplementation on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
M.R. Kekana ◽  
D. Luseba ◽  
M.C. Muyu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Garlic Powder

Garlic contains secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties that can alter nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, similar to other antimicrobial products. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of garlic powder and garlic juice on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production. The treatments consisted of control with no additives, garlic powder, and garlic juice at 0.5 ml and 1 ml. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were determined after 48 hours incubation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined at 12 hours and 24 hours incubation. The cumulative gas production was recorded periodically over 48 hours. The in vitro dry matter disappearance decreased with 1 ml of garlic juice compared with control. The crude protein degradability in garlic powder and garlic juice was lower than in control. Volatile fatty acids increased in all treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids were significantly different, especially propionate, whereas the acetate to propionate ratio was reduced by garlic juice, and ammonia nitrogen was reduced by garlic powder and 0.5 ml of garlic juice. The cumulative gas production increased significantly with both levels of garlic juice. The addition of garlic juice at 0.5 mL/100 ml could enhance the production of propionate, and reduce the acetate to propionate ratio, implying that the supply of hydrogen for methanogens was limited.

Milk production from silage 2. The influence of the digestibility of silage made from the primary growth of perennial ryegrass

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
P. M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cultivar Endura) was cut on 23 May (high digestibility) and 23 June (low digestibility) and ensiled with an additive consisting of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin to supply 30 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein. The silages were given ad libitum, together with 6·3 kg dry matter per day of a barley/soya bean supplement, to 24 British Friesian cows over weeks 4 to 18 of lactation.2. The delay in cutting the primary growth led to an increase in grass yield from 3·78 to 6·94t dry matter per ha but a depression in the content of digestible organic matter in the silage dry matter from 748 to 639 g/kg. However, the effect of the digestibility of the silage on the digestibility of the total diet by the cows was small. The silages contained low levels of fermentation acids and ammonia-nitrogen.3. The digestibility of silage did not influence silage dry-matter intake in early lactation but in mid lactation the intake of the low-digestibility silage declined whilst that of the high-digestibility silage increased slightly.4. Cows given silage of high rather than low digestibility produced significantly more milk (high, 28·0 v. low, 24·7kg/day, P < 0·01 ) of lower fat content (high, 36·1 v. low, 41·0 g/kg, P < 0·01 ) but higher protein content (high, 31·5 v. low, 29·4g/kg, P < 0·05). Cows given silage of low digestibility lost more live weight than cows given silage of high digestibility but the effect was not significant.

The effect of two feeding levels of diets containing field-cured or frozen Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), on digestibility and rumen metabolites in sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tagari ◽  
D. Ben Ghedalia ◽  
Y. Shtern
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid Concentration ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
High Level ◽  
Awassi Lambs

SummaryA digestibility and metabolism experiment was carried out to study the effect of two levels of feeding Rhodes grass-concentrate mixed diets when the grass had been preserved as hay or as frozen grass. Twenty Awassi lambs were used.The method of preserving the Rhodes grass did not affect the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or nitrogen-free extract. However, the digestibility of energy and crude fibre was lower with the hay treatments.A consistent trend towards higher digestibility of the diets' constituents was observed with the high level of feeding.Acetic acid concentration in the rumen was lower with the hay than with frozen grass. Feeding the high level resulted in higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen.A highly significant effect of the level of feeding on the C2/C3 ratio was observed; the high level of feeding resulted in a lower C2/C3 ratio

The utilization of roughages by sheep and kangaroos

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Forbes ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Ad Libitum

The utilization of good-quality and poor-quality roughages (lucerne hay and oat straw) by red and grey kangaroos, Megaleia rufa and Macropus giganteus, compared with sheep was investigated by means of digestibility trials in individual metabolism cages. On average the kangaroos ate slightly less per unit metabolic body weight than the sheep when fed ad libitum, but the differences were not significant. They digested a similar percentage of lucerne dry matter but digested straw much less well, mainly because of their poor ability to digest crude fibre. When nitrogen intakes were low, with the straw diet, the kangaroos retained nitrogen less well than sheep although the digestibility of the crude protein was similar for kangaroos and sheep. The kangaroos appeared to have relatively low energy and nitrogen requirements, probably because of their low metabolic rate, and their weight losses were similar to sheep on the poor-quality diet despite much lower digestible dry matter intakes per unit metabolic body weight. There were no differences between red and grey kangaroos in dry matter digestibilities, nitrogen metabolism, or rate of passage.

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