Relations between yield of wheat, soil factors, and rainfall

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Millington
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer

Data have been collected from wheat plots in long-term rotation experiments on a red-brown earth at Adelaide, South Australia. Measurements were made of the apparent density and total nitrogen status of' the surface soil and of seedling establishment. Variation in grain yield, as well as grain yield response to applied nitrogenous fertilizer, was assessed in relation to these factors both within and between seasons. In particular, soil and plant responses to the amount of rainfall occurring just after sowing hare been examined. It has been shown that there are marked seasonal changes in apparent density associated \ d h the mount of rainfall occurring in the month following sowing. These seasonal changes in apparent density are accompanied by a reduction in seedling establishment and a depression of crop grain yield in years of high post-seeding rainfall. The results suggest that a large part of the reduction in yield in excessively wet seasons on unstable soil.; like the red-brown earth may be ascribed to poor physical conditions of the soil, and not predominantly to the leaching of nitrate.

Fertiliser N and P applications on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 1. Comparative grain yield responses for two different cultivation ages

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Lester ◽  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
Chris W. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Eastern Australia

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the 2 most limiting nutrients for grain production within the northern grains region of Australia. The response to fertiliser N and P inputs is influenced partly by the age of cultivation for cropping, following a land use change from native pasture. There are few studies that have assessed the effects of both N and P fertiliser inputs on grain yield and soil fertility in the long term on soils with contrasting ages of cultivation with fertility levels that are running down v. those already at the new equilibrium. Two long-term N × P experiments were established in the northern grains region: one in 1985 on an old (>40 years) cultivation soil on the Darling Downs, Qld; the second in 1996 on relatively new (10 years) cultivation on the north-west plains of NSW. Both experiments consisted of fertiliser N rates from nil to 120 kg N/ha.crop in factorial combination with fertiliser P from nil to 20 kg P/ha.crop. Opportunity cropping is practiced at both sites, with winter and summer cereals and legumes sown. On the old cultivation soil, fertiliser N responses were large and consistent for short-fallow crops, while long fallowing reduced the size and frequency of N response. Short-fallow sorghum in particular has responded up to the highest rate of fertiliser N (120 kg N/ha.crop). Average yield increase with fertiliser N compared with nil for 5 short-fallow sorghum crops was 1440, 2650, and 3010 kg/ha for the 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha, respectively. Average agronomic efficiency of N for these crops was 36, 33, and 25 kg grain/kg fertiliser N applied. This contrasts with relatively new cultivation soil, where fertiliser N response was generally limited to the first 30 kg N/ha applied during periods of high cropping intensity. Response to P input was consistent for crop species, VAM sensitivity, and starting soil test P level. At both the old and new cultivation sites, generally all winter cereals responded to a 10 kg P/ha application, and more than half of long-fallow sorghum crops from both sites had increased grain yield with P application. At the old cultivation site, average yield gain for 10 kg P/ha.crop treatment was 480 kg/ha for all winter cereal sowings, and 180 kg/ha for long-fallow sorghum. Short-fallow sorghum did not show yield response to P treatment.

The effect of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylommonium chloride (CCC) on the growth and yield of wheat

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (51) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Crop Height ◽  
Commercial Importance

The effect of CCC on the growth of wheat in South Australia was assessed in three years, 1967 to 1969. A significant grain yield response was obtained only in the wet year, 1968, and was attributed to increased grain weight. It is suggested that the delay in heading and leaf senescence which occurred in CCC-treated plants allowed a greater assimilation of water and nutrients, thus producing the heavier grains. The lack of response in grain yield in 1967 and 1969 was probably due to moisture stress during gram filling. CCC reduced crop height significantly in 1968 and 1969, but not in the very dry year, 1967. There was evidence that split applications would be more useful than the single applications used in these experiments. Although CCC can give small increases in yield under some conditions, it is unlikely to be of commercial importance for wheat-growing in South Australia.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Lime and Gypsum Applications on Acid Soils in a Water-Limited Environment: 1. Grain Yield Response and Nutrient Concentration

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Anderson ◽  
Shahab Pathan ◽  
James Easton ◽  
David J. M. Hall ◽  
Rajesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Growing Seasons

Surface (0–10 cm) and subsoil (soil layers below 10 cm) acidity and resulting aluminum (Al) toxicity reduce crop grain yields. In South Western Australia (SWA), these constraints affect 14.2 million hectares or 53% of the agricultural area. Both lime (L, CaCO3) and gypsum (G, CaSO4) application can decrease the toxic effect of Al, leading to an increase in crop grain yields. Within the region, it is unclear if G alone or the combined use of L and G has a role in alleviating soil acidity in SWA, due to low sulfate S (SO4–S) sorption properties of the soil. We present results from three experiments located in the eastern wheatbelt of SWA, which examined the short-term (ST, 2 growing seasons), medium-term (MT, 3 growing seasons), and long-term (LT, 7 growing seasons over 10 years) effects of L and G on grain yield and plant nutrient concentrations. Despite the rapid leaching of SO4–S and no self-liming impact, it was profitable to apply G, due to the significant ST grain yield responses. The grain yield response to G developed even following relatively dry years, but declined over time due to SO4–S leaching. At the LT experimental site had received no previous L application, whereas, at the ST and MT sites, L had been applied by the grower over the previous 5–10 years. For the LT site, the most profitable treatment for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, was the combined application of 4 t L ha−1 with 2 t G ha−1. At this site, the 0–10 cm soil pHCaCl2 was 4.6, and AlCaCl2 was greater than 2.5 mg kg−1 in the 10–30 cm soil layer. In contrast, at the ST and MT sites, the pHCaCl2 of 0–10 cm soil layer was ≥5.5; it was only profitable to apply G to the MT site where the soil compaction constraint had been removed by deep ripping. The use of L increases soil pHCaCl2, resulting in the improved availability of anions, phosphorus (P) in the LT and molybdenum (Mo) at all sampling times, but reduced availability of cations zinc (Zn) in the LT and manganese (Mn) at all sampling. The application of G reduced Mo concentrations, due to the high SO4–S content of the soil.

The effect of soil- and foliar-applied manganese in preventing the onset of manganese deficiency in Lupinus angustifolius

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Hannam ◽  
WJ Davies ◽  
RD Graham ◽  
JL Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Upper South

The efficacy of the application of manganese, either applied to soil or as foliar sprays at three stages of flower development, in preventing the expression of manganese deficiency (ruptured seed coats ('split seed'); delayed maturity ('regreening'); and poor grain yield) in two cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius (cvv. Marri and Illyarrie) was assessed on sandy soils of the upper South East and Eyre Peninsula regions of South Australia. Six experiments were conducted during 1979 and 1980. A single foliar application of manganese (1.7 kg Mn/ha, in 200 litre water) when the upper-lateral shoots were in mid-flower, prevented the onset of the disorder. Applications of manganese to the soil at sowing at rates of up to 11.1 kg Mn/ha were usually less effective. The appearance of 'split-seed' symptoms in mature grain was a more sensitive indicator of manganese deficiency than was grain yield response to manganese fertilization. The degree to which these symptoms appeared increased markedly when the manganese concentration in intact seed became less than 8-10 �g/g dry seed, an observation which is consistent with other studies.

Fertilizer responses with non-irrigated Shiraz grapevines, 1944-1966

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
HW Tulloch ◽  
WB Harris
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Factorial Trial ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
One Year ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

A long-term factorial trial with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers was started at Nuriootpa Viticultural Station, South Australia on the grape cultivar Shiraz in 1944. Results show a significant yield response to superphosphate. Long-term applications of ammonium sulphate resulted in severe reduction of vine growth and yield, and a significant lowering of soil pH. No direct response to potassium sulphate was obtained except in one year, but a positive interaction between potassium and phosphorus occurred in some years. An analysis of the components of yield in 1964 showed that the increase in yield with superphosphate was due to an increase in the number of berries per bunch. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of petioles were determined and related to available reference standards.

Variability in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilization in Long-Term Experiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-412
Author(s):  
Peter Omara ◽  
Lawrence Aula ◽  
Jagmandeep S. Dhillon ◽  
Fikayo Oyebiyi ◽  
Elizabeth M. Eickhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Long Term Experiments

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis versus the M5P Machine Learning Algorithm to Analyze the Yield of Winter Wheat in a Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1779
Author(s):  
Thi Huyen Thai ◽  
Richard Ansong Omari ◽  
Dietmar Barkusky ◽  
Sonoko Dorothea Bellingrath-Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Multiple Variables

To compare how different analytical methods explain crop yields from a long-term field experiment (LTFE), we analyzed the grain yield of winter wheat (WW) under different fertilizer applications in Müncheberg, Germany. An analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear mixed-effects model (LMM), and MP5 regression tree model were used to evaluate the grain yield response. All the methods identified fertilizer application and environmental factors as the main variables that explained 80% of the variance in grain yields. Mineral nitrogen fertilizer (NF) application was the major factor that influenced the grain yield in all methods. Farmyard manure slightly influenced the grain yield with no NF application in the ANOVA and M5P regression tree. While sources of environmental factors were unmeasured in the ANOVA test, they were quantified in detail in the LMM and M5P model. The LMM and M5P model identified the cumulative number of freezing days in December as the main climate-based determinant of the grain yield variation. Additionally, the temperature in October, the cumulative number of freezing days in February, the yield of the preceding crop, and the total nitrogen in the soil were determinants of the grain yield in both models. Apart from the common determinants that appeared in both models, the LMM additionally showed precipitation in June and the cumulative number of days in July with temperatures above 30 °C, while the M5P model showed soil organic carbon as an influencing factor of the grain yield. The ANOVA results provide only the main factors affecting the WW yield. The LMM had a better predictive performance compared to the M5P, with smaller root mean square and mean absolute errors. However, they were richer regressors than the ANOVA. The M5P model presented an intuitive visualization of important variables and their critical thresholds, and revealed other variables that were not captured by the LMM model. Hence, the use of different methods can strengthen the statement of the analysis, and thus, the co-use of the LMM and M5P model should be considered, especially in large databases involving multiple variables.

Advances in precision agriculture in south-eastern Australia. V. Effect of seasonal conditions on wheat and barley yield response to applied nitrogen across management zones

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Anwar ◽  
G. J. O'Leary ◽  
M. A. Rab ◽  
P. D. Fisher ◽  
R. D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Yield Zone ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Eastern Australia

Spatial variability in grain yield across a paddock often indicates spatial variation in soil properties, especially in regions like the Victorian Mallee. We combined 2 years of field data and 119 years of simulation experiments (APSIM-Wheat and APSIM-Barley crop models) to simulate crop yield at various levels of N application in 4 different management zones to explore the robustness of the zones previously determined for an experimental site at Birchip. The crop models explained 96% and 67% of the observed variability in wheat and barley grain yields, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 310 kg/ha and 230 kg/ha, respectively. The model produced consistent responses to the observed data from the field experiment in 2004 and 2005 where a high and stable yielding zone produced the highest dry matter as well as grain yield, while a low and variable zone recorded the lowest grain yield. However, from the long-term (119 years) simulation, the highest median wheat yield value was obtained on the low variable zone (2911 kg/ha) with high N fertiliser application, while the lowest was obtained on the high variable zone (851 kg/ha). Similarly, the highest barley yields (1880–3350 kg/ha) occurred on the low variable zone using the long-term simulation. In 10–20% of years the highest yield occurred in the high-yielding zones, with the variable and stable zones changing rank with interactive behaviour only under early-sown conditions. Our analyses highlight the problem of using a limited range of seasons of different weather conditions in agronomy to make strategic conclusions as the long-term simulation did not confirm the original yield zone determination. The challenge ahead is to predict in advance the seasons where application of N fertiliser will be beneficial.

Nitrogen content of wheat grain as as indication of potential yield response to nitrogen fertilizer

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Examination of results from a large number of experiments in the wheat growing areas of South Australia has shown a relation between grain yield response to nitrogen fertilizer and both grain nitrogen percentage and the ratio. (Yield of grain)/(Amount of nitrogen in grain and straw) of corresponding unfertilized wheat plants. With Gabo, large yield responses to nitrogen fertilizer were associated with grain nitrogen percentages of less than 2.0 per cent N (9.9 per cent protein). Above 2.3 per cent N (11.3 per cent protein) positive responses to nitrogen were small and some negative responses were found. Similar overall trend were shorn by Insignia 49, Sabre and Quadrat. Exponential regression equations were calculated for Gabo allowing prediction of grain yield response at rates up to 46 lb fertilizer N an acre under conditions which result in grain protein contents of 7.5 to 16 per cent. Most profitable rates of nitrogen fertilizer application were also calculated for several different fertilizer-grain price levels. Possible value of the nitrogen content of wheat grain in the selection of regions, soil types, and cultural practices where nitrogen fertilizer may be used is discussed.

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