Fertiliser N and P applications on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 1. Comparative grain yield responses for two different cultivation ages

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Lester ◽  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
Chris W. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Eastern Australia

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the 2 most limiting nutrients for grain production within the northern grains region of Australia. The response to fertiliser N and P inputs is influenced partly by the age of cultivation for cropping, following a land use change from native pasture. There are few studies that have assessed the effects of both N and P fertiliser inputs on grain yield and soil fertility in the long term on soils with contrasting ages of cultivation with fertility levels that are running down v. those already at the new equilibrium. Two long-term N × P experiments were established in the northern grains region: one in 1985 on an old (>40 years) cultivation soil on the Darling Downs, Qld; the second in 1996 on relatively new (10 years) cultivation on the north-west plains of NSW. Both experiments consisted of fertiliser N rates from nil to 120 kg N/ha.crop in factorial combination with fertiliser P from nil to 20 kg P/ha.crop. Opportunity cropping is practiced at both sites, with winter and summer cereals and legumes sown. On the old cultivation soil, fertiliser N responses were large and consistent for short-fallow crops, while long fallowing reduced the size and frequency of N response. Short-fallow sorghum in particular has responded up to the highest rate of fertiliser N (120 kg N/ha.crop). Average yield increase with fertiliser N compared with nil for 5 short-fallow sorghum crops was 1440, 2650, and 3010 kg/ha for the 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha, respectively. Average agronomic efficiency of N for these crops was 36, 33, and 25 kg grain/kg fertiliser N applied. This contrasts with relatively new cultivation soil, where fertiliser N response was generally limited to the first 30 kg N/ha applied during periods of high cropping intensity. Response to P input was consistent for crop species, VAM sensitivity, and starting soil test P level. At both the old and new cultivation sites, generally all winter cereals responded to a 10 kg P/ha application, and more than half of long-fallow sorghum crops from both sites had increased grain yield with P application. At the old cultivation site, average yield gain for 10 kg P/ha.crop treatment was 480 kg/ha for all winter cereal sowings, and 180 kg/ha for long-fallow sorghum. Short-fallow sorghum did not show yield response to P treatment.

Fertiliser N and P applications on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 2. Grain P concentration and P removal in grain from two long-term experiments

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 218 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Lester ◽  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
Chris W. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
P Removal

Within north-eastern Australia’s grain-production region there are few reports outlining nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser effects on grain P concentration and P removal in grain. Two long-term N × P fertiliser experiments with different cultivation durations were conducted, one at ‘Colonsay’ on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland (commencing 1985 after 40 years of cultivation), and the other at ‘Myling’ on the north-west plains of New South Wales (commencing 1996 after 9 years of cultivation). Applications of N and P fertiliser independently influenced both grain P concentration and P removal for a range of summer and winter cereal and legume crops. Generally, if N fertiliser application increased grain yield, the grain P concentration decreased as grain yield increased; however, if grain yield did not respond to N fertiliser, grain P concentration was unaffected. P fertiliser applications typically increased grain P concentration. Wheat and barley grain P concentrations were generally higher in this subtropical region than reported values from temperate regions in Australia. Grain sorghum values were similar to those from subtropical areas overseas, but were greater than reported values from more tropical production zones. Mungbean and chickpea grain P concentrations were consistent with other reported values. Experimental results indicated grain P concentrations for estimating grain P removal in the northern grains region of 3400 mg/kg for sorghum, 3500 mg/kg for wheat and barley, and 4000–4500 mg/kg for mungbean. At both sites, grain P removal was greater with summer and winter cereals than with legume crops. Larger grain yields with N fertiliser application had the largest influence on grain P removal at the Colonsay site, with an additional 23.3 kg P/ha removed from plots with 80 kg N/ha applied compared with nil N over 5 analysed crops from 1998 to 2003. Grain P removal was 20.9, 17.1, and 19.7 kg P/ha in the 3 sorghum crops at this site in this period. Thus, application of P at 10 kg P/ha.crop for this 5-crop study period did not replace P removed. In the predominantly winter-cropped Myling experiment with a shorter duration of cultivation and smaller N fertiliser response, cumulative removal was more influenced by P fertiliser, with 10 kg fertiliser P/ha.crop generally sufficient to provide replacement P. These results support findings of negative P balances recently reported for grain production in this region and suggest a need for further investigation into the implications of a continuing negative P balance on the sustainability of grain production.

Fertiliser N and P application on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 3. Grain N uptake and yield by crop/fallow combination, and cumulative grain N removal and fertiliser N recovery in grain

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Lester ◽  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
Chris W. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
P Application ◽  
Fertiliser Application

The grain N uptake response of an opportunity cropping regime comprising summer and winter cereal and legume crops to fertiliser nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) applications was studied in 2 long-term experiments with contrasting durations of cultivation. At the longer cultivation duration Colonsay site (>44 years at commencement), grain N uptake increased with fertiliser N application in 15 of 17 harvested crops from 1985 to 2003. Grain sorghum on short-fallow consistently responded to applied fertiliser N at higher rates (≥80 kg N/ha) than crops grown on long-fallow where either fertiliser at nil or 40 kg N/ha maximised grain N uptake. Winter cereal response to applied N was influenced by fallow length, generally smaller responses in long fallow years, although in-crop rainfall affected this. Short-fallow crops responded up to 40 or 80 kg applied N/ha, while seasonal growing-season rainfall affected the responses of the double-crop winter cereals the most. Responses to applied fertiliser N at the shorter duration cultivation Myling site (9 years at commencement) generally occurred only under high-intensity cropping periods, or in those crops sown following periods of slower potential N mineralisation. Phosphorus fertiliser application influenced grain N uptake at both locations in some years, with winter cereals, legumes, and sorghum sown following long-fallow generally significant. Cumulative grain N uptakes in both experiments were independently influenced by fertiliser N and P treatments, P having an additive effect, increasing grain yield and grain N removed. Recovery efficiency of fertiliser N in grain, derived from cumulative N fertiliser application and grain N uptake, in general declined as amount of fertiliser N applied increased; however, as N supplies became less limiting to yield, P fertiliser generated higher fertiliser N recovery in grain. At Colonsay, RENG from cumulative uptake and removal was ≥0.48 with fertiliser P application for cumulative fertiliser N input ≤1340 kg N/ha (≈80 kg fertiliser N/ha.crop).

Corrigendum to: Fertiliser N and P applications on two Vertosols in north-eastern Australia. 2. Grain P concentration and P removal in grain from two long-term experiments

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
David W. Lester ◽  
Colin J. Birch ◽  
Chris W. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
P Removal

Within north-eastern Australia's grain-production region there are few reports outlining nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser effects on grain P concentration and P removal in grain. Two long-term N�נP fertiliser experiments with different cultivation durations were conducted, one at ?Colonsay' on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland (commencing 1985 after 40 years of cultivation), and the other at ?Myling' on the north-west plains of New South Wales (commencing 1996 after 9 years of cultivation). Applications of N and P fertiliser independently influenced both grain P concentration and P removal for a range of summer and winter cereal and legume crops. Generally, if N fertiliser application increased grain yield, the grain P concentration decreased as grain yield increased; however, if grain yield did not respond to N fertiliser, grain P concentration was unaffected. P fertiliser applications typically increased grain P concentration. Wheat and barley grain P concentrations were generally higher in this subtropical region than reported values from temperate regions in Australia. Grain sorghum values were similar to those from subtropical areas overseas, but were greater than reported values from more tropical production zones. Mungbean and chickpea grain P concentrations were consistent with other reported values. Experimental results indicated grain P concentrations for estimating grain P removal in the northern grains region of 3400�mg/kg for sorghum, 3500�mg/kg for wheat and barley, and 4000–4500�mg/kg for mungbean. At both sites, grain P removal was greater with summer and winter cereals than with legume crops. Larger grain yields with N fertiliser application had the largest influence on grain P removal at the Colonsay site, with an additional 23.3�kg�P/ha removed from plots with 80�kg�N/ha applied compared with nil N over 5 analysed crops from 1998 to 2003. Grain P removal was 20.9, 17.1, and 19.7�kg�P/ha in the 3 sorghum crops at this site in this period. Thus, application of P at 10�kg�P/ha.crop for this 5-crop study period did not replace P removed. In the predominantly winter-cropped Myling experiment with a shorter duration of cultivation and smaller N fertiliser response, cumulative removal was more influenced by P fertiliser, with 10�kg fertiliser P/ha.crop generally sufficient to provide replacement P. These results support findings of negative P balances recently reported for grain production in this region and suggest a need for further investigation into the implications of a continuing negative P balance on the sustainability of grain production.

Advances in precision agriculture in south-eastern Australia. V. Effect of seasonal conditions on wheat and barley yield response to applied nitrogen across management zones

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Anwar ◽  
G. J. O'Leary ◽  
M. A. Rab ◽  
P. D. Fisher ◽  
R. D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Yield Zone ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Eastern Australia

Spatial variability in grain yield across a paddock often indicates spatial variation in soil properties, especially in regions like the Victorian Mallee. We combined 2 years of field data and 119 years of simulation experiments (APSIM-Wheat and APSIM-Barley crop models) to simulate crop yield at various levels of N application in 4 different management zones to explore the robustness of the zones previously determined for an experimental site at Birchip. The crop models explained 96% and 67% of the observed variability in wheat and barley grain yields, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 310 kg/ha and 230 kg/ha, respectively. The model produced consistent responses to the observed data from the field experiment in 2004 and 2005 where a high and stable yielding zone produced the highest dry matter as well as grain yield, while a low and variable zone recorded the lowest grain yield. However, from the long-term (119 years) simulation, the highest median wheat yield value was obtained on the low variable zone (2911 kg/ha) with high N fertiliser application, while the lowest was obtained on the high variable zone (851 kg/ha). Similarly, the highest barley yields (1880–3350 kg/ha) occurred on the low variable zone using the long-term simulation. In 10–20% of years the highest yield occurred in the high-yielding zones, with the variable and stable zones changing rank with interactive behaviour only under early-sown conditions. Our analyses highlight the problem of using a limited range of seasons of different weather conditions in agronomy to make strategic conclusions as the long-term simulation did not confirm the original yield zone determination. The challenge ahead is to predict in advance the seasons where application of N fertiliser will be beneficial.

CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE CASPIAN SPRAT FISHERIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vasilievna Pomogaeva ◽  
Aliya Ahmetovna Aseinova ◽  
Yuriy Aleksandrovich Paritskiy ◽  
Vjacheslav Petrovich Razinkov
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
North West ◽  
Marine Fishery ◽  
The North ◽  
Current State ◽  
West Part ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Intensive Growth

The article presents annual statistical data of the Caspian Research Institute of Fishery. There has been kept track of the long term dynamics of the stocks of three species of Caspian sprat (anchovy, big-eyed kilka, sprat) and investigated a process of substituting a food item of sprats Eurytemora grimmi to a small-celled copepod species Acartia tonsa Dana. According to the research results, there has been determined growth potential of stocks of each species. Ctenophoran-Mnemiopsis has an adverse effect on sprat population by eating fish eggs and larvae. Ctenophoram - Mnemiopsis is a nutritional competitor to the full-grown fishes. The article gives recommendations on reclamation of stocks of the most perspective species - common sprat, whose biological characteristics helped not to suffer during Ctenophoram outburst and to increase its population during change of the main food item. Hydroacoustic survey data prove the intensive growth of common sprat biomass in the north-west part of the Middle Caspian. According to the results of the research it may be concluded that to realize the volumes of recommended sprat catch it is necessary to organize the marine fishery of common sprat at the Russian Middle Caspian shelf.

Forage and grain yield of grazed or defoliated spring and winter cereals in a winter-dominant, low-rainfall environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison. J. Frischke ◽  
James R. Hunt ◽  
Dannielle K. McMillan ◽  
Claire J. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

In the Mallee region of north-western Victoria, Australia, there is very little grazing of crops that are intended for grain production. The success of dual-purpose crops in other regions in south-eastern Australia with higher and more evenly distributed rainfall has driven interest in assessing the performance of dual-purpose cereals in the region. Five experiments were established in five consecutive years (2009–13) in the southern Mallee to measure the forage production and grain yield and quality response in wheat and barley to grazing by sheep or mechanical defoliation. The first three experiments focused on spring cultivars sown from late April to June, and the last two on winter cultivars planted from late February to early March. Cereal crops provided early and nutritious feed for livestock, with earlier sowing increasing the amount of dry matter available for winter grazing, and barley consistently produced more dry matter at the time of grazing or defoliation than wheat. However, the grain-production response of cereals to grazing or defoliation was variable and unpredictable. Effects on yield varied from –0.7 to +0.6 t/ha, with most site × year × cultivar combinations neutral (23) or negative (14), and few positive (2). Changes in grain protein were generally consistent with yield dilution effects. Defoliation increased the percentage of screenings (grains passing a 2-mm sieve) in three of five experiments. Given the risk of reduced grain yield and quality found in this study, and the importance of grain income in determining farm profitability in the region, it is unlikely that dual-purpose use of current cereal cultivars will become widespread under existing grazing management guidelines for dual-purpose crops (i.e. that cereal crops can be safely grazed once anchored, until Zadoks growth stage Z30, without grain yield penalty). It was demonstrated that early-sown winter wheat cultivars could produce more dry matter for grazing (0.4–0.5 t/ha) than later sown spring wheat and barley cultivars popular in the region (0.03–0.21 t/ha), and development of regionally adapted winter cultivars may facilitate adoption of dual-purpose cereals on mixed farms.

THE RESULTS OF NARROW LEAVED LUPINE VARIETIES EVALUATING FOR ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE TRAITS AND ADAPTABILITY TO THE BRYANSK REGION CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
P. А. Ageeva ◽  
М. V. Matyukhina ◽  
N. А. Pochutina ◽  
O. M. Gromova
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Kaliningrad Region

The narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a valuable legumes crop used as forage and green manure which is adapted to wide spectrum of soil-and climatic conditions; the crop has short domestication history. The protein content in its seeds and in dry matter of green mass varies from 30.0 to 37.0% and from 16.0 to 22.0 % respectively and depends on ecotype and soil-and-climatic conditions. This lupin specie can accumulate to 300 kg/ha symbiotic nitrogen in biomass and assimilates phosphorus and potassium of heavy available soil layers. It is very technological suitable for common used machinery systems. The State List of breeding achievements of Russia recommends the following regions for lupin cultivation: the North, the North-West, the Central, the Volga-Vyatka, the Middle-Volga, the Central Chernozem, the Ural, the West Siberia and the East Siberia. The tests were carried out in 2017-2020 in the All-Russian Lupin Scientific Research Institute which is located in the South-West of the Central region. Ten varieties and breeding lines bred in the Institute are tested. The samples differ by early ripeness and anthracnose tolerance. The average experimental variety grain yield was 2.38 t/ha. The vars. Uzkolistny 53-02, USN 53-236, Bryanskiy kormovoy and SBS 56-15 have the highest yield and adaptivity (103-113 %). The index of year conditions was revealed; 2017 with the index 0.56 was the most favorable for implementation of grain productivity of the tested narrow-leafed lupin varieties. In the ecological varieties testing the soil-and-climatic conditions of Shatilovskaya experimental station (Orel region) were the most favorable for implementation of variety grain productivity (4.0-4.5 t/ha). Grain yield was 3.0-4.0 t/ha in ecological locations which differ in soil-and-climatic conditions: there are Kaliningrad region, Mordovia Republic, Krasnoyarsk region etc.

scholarly journals Contrasting Impacts of Long-Term Application of Biofertilizers and Organic Manure on Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in North China Plain

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amara Cisse ◽  
Adnan Arshad ◽  
Xiaofen Wang ◽  
Fanta Yattara ◽  
Yuegao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Farm Yard Manure ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The effects of long-term incorporation of organic manure and biofertilizers have been investigated on winter wheat in the North China Plain (NCP). The five-year field experiment (2013–2018) has illustrated the responses of grain yield and yield components. Seven fertilization approaches, included pig farm-yard-manure and biofertilizers amendments combined with five NPK% drop levels of chemical fertilizer ratio + organic fertilizer + biofertilizer (0, C+O+B) 25%, CL4; 50%, CL3; 75%, CL1; and 100%, CL0), without fertilizer as control (CK), in NCP during the years 2013–2018. Results showed that the grain yields of CL1 and CL2 were equivalent to CL0 in all growing seasons except 2014/2015. The grain yields of CL4 were 29.9% to 46.6% lower than that of CL0 during 2014/2015, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018. The valuable spike-number, grain number per-spike, and 1000-grain weight showed significant variations among different growing periods. Regression analysis of grain yield and yield components indicated that number grains per-spike showed significant increase in seed yield formation. The 1000-grain weight was the major parameter that influenced yield of moderate and low yielding periods, respectively. The results revealed that application of 30 m3 ha−1 pig farm-yard-manure and 20 kg ha−1 biofertilizers has reduced at least 50% of the NPK fertilization without dropping grain yields in the North China Plain.

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