Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. X. Further studies on hypoglycaemia and hyperketonaemia in undernourished pregnant ewes and in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Previous Level ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia

Data on blood glucose, ketone, and acetic acid values have been obtained over a period of several years from field cases of pregnancy toxaemia and from cases induced experimentally and their controls. When feed intake is controlled, differences between blood glucose and ketone levels in ewes moderately undernourished in late pregnancy are largely dependent on the number of foetuses. The consistency of these differences often allows accurate diagnosis of multiple and single pregnancies. Differences in blood glucose between undernourished monotocous and polytocous ewes disappear when undernutrition becomes severe or in the early stages of fasting after a period of moderate undernutrition. Differences in blood ketones tend to be maintained even after several days of fasting. The level of blood ketones during fasting depends on the previous level of nutrition of the ewe; blood glucose is unaffected by previous level of nutrition. The frequent presence of persistent normoglycaemia in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia is discussed in the light of data presented; it is concluded that the onset of pregnancy toxaemia often occurs in the presence of normal blood glucose levels. Blood volatile fatty acid (V.F.A.) levels are often high in those cases of pregnancy toxaemia which occur largely as a result of severe under nutrition in late pregnancy, in spite of an almost empty rumen. Only acetic acid was detected in six blood samples examined; this is considered to be of metabolic origin, but there is no consistent relationship with blood ketone level. The usual clinical syndrome of pregnancy toxaemia can be classified as acute or subacute. In the latter, cerebral depression reaches a certain stage of severity which is then maintained, survival is often prolonged, and ewes do not become comatose before death. Cases of pregnancy toxaemia induced by under nutrition alone usually show the acute syndrome. Blood ketones are higher in such cases than in fasted ewes showing no clinical signs; the critical blood ketone level appears to be about 30 mg per 100 ml. Cases induced in previously well-nourished ewes by fasting in association with a severe environmental stress are usually subacute; blood ketones are no higher than in ewes not showing clinical signs and are often considerably below 30 mg per 100 ml. The significance of these observations is discussed.

Perioperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens following overnight fasting and gonadectomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-348
Author(s):  
Danielle N Semick ◽  
Stephanie L Shaver ◽  
Heather N Cornell ◽  
Nancy C Bradley ◽  
Rachael E Kreisler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Prolonged Fast ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if hypoglycemia is an effect of overnight fasting and gonadectomy in kittens, as well as to determine predictors of baseline and postoperative blood glucose. Methods This was a prospective observational study. Seventy-five kittens between the age of 8 and 16 weeks undergoing routine castration or ovariohysterectomy at an animal shelter were included. Two blood glucose measurements were analyzed per kitten after an overnight fast: a baseline reading prior to preoperative examination, and a reading immediately postoperatively. Predictors of the baseline and postoperative blood glucose levels were determined using multi-level mixed-effects linear regression. Results Kittens, when fasted overnight, were not hypoglycemic (<60 mg/dl). No kittens exhibited clinical signs consistent with hypoglycemia. No kittens had a blood glucose <70 mg/dl postoperatively. Postoperative hyperglycemia (>150 mg/dl) was observed in 44% of kittens. The only predictor of fasted blood glucose levels was body condition score. The only predictor of postoperative blood glucose levels was the fasting blood glucose value. Conclusions and relevance Overnight fasting prior to elective sterilization in 8- to 16-week-old kittens did not result in hypoglycemia. Concern regarding hypoglycemia after a prolonged fast in kittens may be unwarranted for short procedures in healthy animals.

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. IX. Metabolic effects of glucose and glycerol in undernourished pregnant ewes and in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia ◽  
Reduction Of Ketones

The rate of utilization of injected glucose by fasted pregnant ewes or ewes with pregnancy toxaemia is much more rapid than by fasted non-pregnant ewes. An apparent relation between the rate of utilization and the number of fetuses was observed; much of the injected glucose may be removed by the foetus(es). The pronounced rise in blood glucose recorded after lambing and when foetuses apparently died in utero is also considered to reflect sudden cessation of high foetal demands for glucose. Intravenous administration of glucose consistently reduced blood ketones in ewes with a moderate hyperketonaemia and showing no clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia. Ketones declined in ewes fasted 1–3 days as soon as blood glucose began to increase at lambing. In ewes with pregnancy toxaemia there was usually no reduction of ketones in response to injected glucose; blood acetic acid levels, if previously high, did not decline; blood citric acid failed to increase. Glycerol given per os to ewes with pregnancy toxaemia always caused a rapid decline in blood ketones, and in acetic acid if the latter was previously high; a, pronounced increase in blood citric acid always occurred. These changes were recorded although no clinical improvement was observed. Glucose administered parenterally over 48 hr appeared to be less efficiently utilized by ewes with pregnancy toxaemia than by fasted pregnant ewes showing no clinical signs. Blood ketones declined to normal levels within 48 hr; in probable contrast to fasted ewes, this is considered to have occurred in the ewes with pregnancy toxaemia only because hyperglycaemia was continuously maintained. These results are considered to support the hypothesis that gluoose metabolism is depressed in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia and that the metabolic abnormalities are consistent with those characteristic of a diabetic-like syndrome.

EFFECTS OF INSULIN, GLUCOSE AND GLYCEROL ON FAT METABOLISM IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC SHEEP

1963 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. REID ◽  
N. T. HINKS
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Diabetic Ketosis ◽  
Glucose Injection ◽  
Severe Diabetes ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia

SUMMARY The effects of insulin, glucose injection and oral glycerol on blood or plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), acetic acid and ketone bodies have been studied in alloxan-diabetic sheep. Insulin (0·5 i.u./kg.) lowered glucose levels only slightly, but induced a prompt and marked fall in FFA and acetate levels; ketones declined steadily after the first hour. The rate of utilization of injected glucose was considerably slower in diabetic than in non-diabetic sheep. FFA levels did not decline after glucose injection, while acetate levels declined slowly. Ketone levels were not affected significantly. Glycerol (180 ml.) per os reduced acetate and ketone levels, while tending to increase FFA values. Blood glucose also increased considerably. These data are consistent with present knowledge of the metabolic lesions in severe diabetes. However, it is concluded that there is impairment of acetate and, probably, ketone oxidation in severe diabetic ketosis. Finally, the metabolic changes recorded are compared with those which occur after insulin, glucose or glycerol administration to ewes showing clinical signs of ovine pregnancy toxaemia following severe and prolonged undernourishment in late pregnancy.

scholarly journals Potency of Swallow Nest Extract (Collocalia fuciphago) as Pancreaprotector Through Oxidative Mechanism in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Induced by Streptozotocin

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Agnes Frethernety ◽  
Satriyandi M ◽  
Francisca Diana Alexandra
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome with characteristics of hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia can lead to the formation of excessive free radical compounds that trigger oxidative stress, especially on pancreatic β cells. Swallow nest contains amino acids which are insulin-forming compounds and glutathione that can act as a major reducing agent and antioxidant defense. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of swallow’s nest water extract as a pancreaprotector through oxidative mechanism in rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by streptozotocin. The rats induced by streptozotocin at a dose of 40 mg/kg BW and then randomly divided into 4 groups. Control groups were given aquades and 3 treatment groups, respectively were administered swallow’s nest water extract at doses of 1, 10, 100 mg/kg BW for 21 days. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured on 7, 14 and 21 day. MDA measured after  the animal is determined  at day 28th.Level of  fasting blood glucose and MDA were analyzed by statistic using Kruskal Wallis test followed by multiple comparisons Mann Whitney test. There was a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level with p = 0.04 in all treatment groups compared the control group. The administration of swallow nest extract significantly decreased MDA pancreas with p value = 0.000 and dose 100 mg/kgBW extract of swallow’s nest significantly decrease pancreatic MDA level. The administration of swallow’s nest water extract shows decrease of fasting blood sugar and has a protective effect on the rats’ pancreas  through oxidative mechanism. Keywords: Swallow's nest extract, MDA

scholarly journals Blood glucose levels in healthy, term, appropriate for gestational age, exclusively breastfed infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Lineus Hewis ◽  
Rulina Suradi ◽  
Taralan Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Prelacteal Feeding ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Current Concern ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Recruitment Period

Objective This study aimed to determine blood glucose levels ofhealthy, term, appropriate for gestational age (AGA), exclusivelybreastfed infants at the age of 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of life,and to investigate the incidence of hypoglycemia in those infants.Methods All healthy, term, AGA infants born in CiptoMangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, who were exclusivelybreastfed during the recruitment period of December 2003 untilFebruary 2004, were included in this study. These infants weresubjected to blood glucose level determination at the age of 6, 12,24, 48, or 72 hours of life, and the clinical signs of hypoglycemiawere monitored.Results Two hundred and fifteen blood samples taken from 137newborns were studied. There was no incidence of hypoglycemiaobserved, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic. The range ofblood glucose levels was between 41 mg/dl and 115 mg/dl. Themeans and the standard deviations (SD) of the blood glucose lev-els of the 6-, 12-, 24-, 48- and 72-hour old infants were 59.7 (11.98)mg/dl, 64.1 (13.51) mg/dl, 65.9 (14.42) mg/dl, 67.0 (14.95) mg/dl,and 78.6 (16.51) mg/dl, respectively.Conclusions The current concern for hypoglycemia in the popu-lation of healthy, term, AGA, exclusively breastfed infants duringthe first few days of life was not proven to exist. Therefore, there isno reason to resort to prelacteal feeding in such infants

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. XI. The role of the adrenals in ovine pregnancy toxaemia

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Adrenal Steroid ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia

Plasma cortisol levels in fed and fasted non-pregnant and in undernourished pregnant ewes were consistently less than 1.5 µg per 100 ml. Most values were considerably above this level in 20 field cases of pregnancy toxaemia, 31 of 52 values being greater than 3 µg per 100 ml. These levels must be regarded as abnormally high in sheep. Pregnancy toxaemia was induced in two experiments by fasting after a period of severe under nutrition and in two by fasting previously well-nourished ewes in the presence of severe psychological stresses. The onset of clinical signs was associated with marked increases above normal in plasma cortisol. In three experiments involving a total of 23 previously well-nourished ewes, 11 of which carried twins or triplets, only one mild case of pregnancy toxaemia was induced by complete fasting in late pregnancy for up to 6 days, in the absence of any additional environmental stress. Pregnancy toxaemia was readily induced in 24 of 38 ewes in three experiments when severe psychological stresses accompanied fasting in late pregnancy. Adrenal hypertrophy, indicating sustained adrenal hyperactivity, was most pronounced in field cases of pregnancy toxaemia induced primarily by sustained under nutrition. Fresh adrenal weights (total of two adrenals) averaged 6.7 g compared to 3.8 g in normal non-pregnant ewes. Mean plasma cortisol levels in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia were significantly correlated with fresh adrenal weight. The suggestions that abnormalities of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia are those of adrenal steroid diabetes, and that cerebral depression may be largely a consequence of a cortisol-induced inhibition of glucose utilization, are discussed in the light of the probable metabolic effects of cortisol in the undernourished pregnant ewe.

Intraoperative Changes in Blood Glucose Levels Increase the Risk of Death in Cardiac Surgery

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hager ◽  
E Giorni ◽  
A Felli ◽  
B Mora ◽  
M Hiesmayr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

2167-PUB: Effect of Low-Available Carbohydrate Diet Containing Okara and Konjac on Blood Glucose Levels in Spontaneous Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2167-PUB
Author(s):  
KOHEI SURUGA ◽  
TSUYOSHI TOMITA ◽  
MASAKAZU KOBAYASHI ◽  
TADAHIKO MITSUI ◽  
KAZUNARI KADOKURA
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels
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