Studies on fluorosis of sheep. II. The toxicity of water-borne fluoride for mature grazing sheep.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Green It ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Uneven Wear ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Water Borne

Three groups each of 16 mature sheep were allowed to graze on sown pasture for 26 months. One group was given reservoir water, containing approximately 0.3 p.p.m. F, to drink, but the other two groups were offered similar water to which had been added sufficient sodium fluoride to give final concentrations of 10 or 20 p.p.m. F. During the winter months the treated groups drank only 0.5 1. or less of water per day and ingested virtually no fluoride. During the summer months the daily consumption of water by the groups which received 10 and 20 p.p.m. F rose to between 3 and 4 l., and the daily intake of fluoride, expressed as fluorine, to approximately 30 and 60 mg F respectively, equivalent to 0.4 and 0.8 mg F per kg body weight. The overall mean daily intakes of fluoride for the whole experiment by the two groups were 18 and 33 mg F or 0.24 and 0.44 mg F per kg body weight respectively. The ingestion of the amounts of fluoride supplied by drinking water containing as much as 20 p.p.m. F appeared to have no adverse effect on general health, body weight, or wool production of mature sheep over a period of 26 months. A brown deposit was present on the incisor teeth of all sheep throughout the experiment but was more pronounced during periods when the pasture was green; it did not appear to be related to fluoride intake, for it was as severe among the control sheep as among the treated ones. No mottling of the incisors or molars was observed, nor was there any evidence of excessive or uneven wear on these teeth. Ingestion of fluoride brought about increases up to threefold in the fluoride content of the bones and teeth.

Effects of age and state of incisor dentition on faecal output of dry matter and on faecal and urinary output of nitrogen and minerals, of sheep grazing hill pastures

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Field ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
R. G. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Total N ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARYExcretion of D.M., N, Ca, P and Mg in faeces, and N, P and Mg in urine were measured at intervals over 12 months in breeding Scottish Blackface sheep grazing hill pastures. These values were used with data on reproductive performance and body compositional changes, to calculate the energy, nitrogen and mineral balances. The sheep were: 11 6½-year-old with sound mouths (SM), 16 6½-year-old with broken mouths (BM), 16 5½-year-old with all permanent incisors clipped to gum level (CM) and 16 2½-year-old (Y). An energy supplement was given at the end of gestation and during early lactation. All faeces were collected and creatinine was used as an internal marker to estimate urine volume.Faecal D.M. output ranged from 443 to 662 g/day, with highest values in November and lowest in May. Average values for the BM sheep were lower than those for the other groups but when output was expressed as a power function of body weight, the values for the Y sheep were 15% higher than those for the other groups. Faecal excretions of Ca and P in January and February were very low and the values for P were half the expected endogenous faecal loss.Urinary output ofN ranged from 6·0 g/day in February to 22·2 g/day in August and the corresponding urinary urea N: total N ratios were 0·24 and 0·69. Urinary Mg output was highest in late summer and early winter but urinary P showed no consistent trends.The estimated daily intakes of DOM (g) were 936 in November 1969, 599 in January, 414 in February, 1075 in May, 1150 in August and 946 in November 1970.The loss of energy from the body between mating (November) and mid-lactation (June) ranged from 9·5 to 16·8% of the total calculated ME requirements in the Y and BM sheep, respectively. Maintenance requirements averaged 204 kJ/kg body weight/day and the value for the Y sheep was 12% higher than the mean for the older sheep.Nitrogen and mineral balances were calculated for February, May, August and November. The sheep were protein-deficient in winter, not from a shortage of crude protein in the diet but because of its low digestibility (34%). Intakes of Ca and P in winter were low and a real possibility of a P deficiency exists. Estimates of the concentrations of N and of minerals in the herbage consumed by the sheep were made and compared with those obtained for cut herbage from the same pastures. It would appear that the sheep selected herbage of a higher protein content than that of the cut herbage. Herbage selection was greatest in November.

scholarly journals Effect of groundnut meal containing aflatoxin on Cynomolgus monkeys

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. J. Cuthbertson ◽  
A. C. Laursen ◽  
D. A. H. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Aflatoxin B

1. Both male and female Cynomolgus (Macaca irus) monkeys survived for 3 years without apparent ill health when fed on diets containing groundnut meal to provide up to 0·36 μg aflatoxin B1per g diet and thus supplying a mean daily consumption of up to 2 μg aflatoxin B1per kg body-weight. No histological changes attributable to aflatoxicosis were discovered in any of the organs from the monkeys receiving these quantities of aflatoxin.2. Few monkeys survived for more than a month or two when given a diet containing 1·8 μg aflatoxin B1per g, which provided about 50 μg aflatoxin B1per kg body-weight per day.3. No depression in growth rate nor effect on health was noted in those monkeys which survived on diets containing 1·8 μg aflatoxin B1, nor in any of the other monkeys.4. Histological changes were observed in the livers of all monkeys receiving the diet containing 1·8 μg aflatoxin B1per g for more than a month or two, but no abnormalities related to aflatoxicosis could be detected in any of the other organs, except for minor changes in the kidneys of two monkeys.5. No tumours were seen in any of the monkeys, even in those surviving for 3 years on diets providing 1·8 μg aflatoxin B1/g. Thus, no conclusions can be drawn from this work as to the carcinogenicity of aflatoxin in monkeys (still less in man), because the animals were young and little is known of the duration of exposure required to demonstrate carcinogenicity in this species.

scholarly journals Assessment of heavy metals and their estimated daily intakes from two commonly consumed foods (kulikuli and robo) found in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (51) ◽  
pp. 6156-6169
Author(s):  
TY Lanre-Iyanda ◽  
◽  
IM Adekunle ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Control Samples

Most foodstuffs sold in Nigerian outdoor markets are often susceptible to pollution due to poor packaging. As a case study, this work was aimed at the evaluation of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Ni) content of two widely consumed snack foods in the country, namely melon (robo) and groundnut (kulikuli). The Robo and kulikuli used in this study were purchased from Abeokuta. The products procured directly from the source of preparation served as control samples. All together, a total of two hundred and ninety-four samples were collected for both (kulikuli and robo) from seven different motor parks and forty-two samples of both (50% for each) formed the control. Samples were ground to powdered form and subjected to acid digestion. The resulting digests were analyzed for the heavy metal concentrations using calibrated atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Field survey was conducted to assess the average consumption of the two food types by an adult of 70 kg body weight and the daily intake of each was then calculated using standard procedures. Results showed that kulikuli; robo metal concentrations (mg/kg) were 0.23 to 1.25; 0.018 to 0.069; 6.73 to 9.23; 0.07 to 0.47; 13.83 to 33.13 and 16.15 to 53.91 for As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. Estimated daily dietary intake (mg/kg body weight) from the respective robo and kulikuli, for a 70 kg body weight, were 5.71 x 10 -5; 8.57 x 10 -5, 9.57 x 10 -3; 1.1 x 10 -2 , 1.57 x 10 -4; 4.14 x 10 -4 , 8.86 x 10 -4; 1.2x 10 -3 , 2.33 x 10 -2; 3.5 x 10 -2 and 2.76 x 10 -2; 6.5 x 10 -2 for Cd, Cu, Ni, As, Pb and Zn, respectively. Only Pb was above permissible level and based on estimated daily intake, risk factor decreased as Pb > As > Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni.

scholarly journals A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study to Assess Effects of a Daily Pistachio (Pistacia Vera) Afternoon Snack on Next-Meal Energy Intake, Satiety, and Anthropometry in French Women

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Carughi ◽  
France Bellisle ◽  
Anestis Dougkas ◽  
Agnès Giboreau ◽  
Mary Feeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Intervention

Including nuts in the diet improves appetite control and does not lead to weight gain. However, for pistachios, evidence from randomized intervention studies is limited and there are no data on the effect of pistachios on satiety. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of daily consumption of pistachios as an afternoon snack on satiety, self-reported energy, self-reported nutrient intake, body weight, and body composition. This randomized controlled pilot study included two parallel groups of 30 healthy French women, in a free-living setting. For four weeks, groups were instructed to consume either 56 g (1318 kJ) of pistachios or 56 g of isoenergetic/equiprotein savory biscuits as an afternoon snack. Evening energy intake, changes in anthropometric measures, and daily intake of energy and selected nutrients were assessed. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to rate hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption. Satiety effects were not different between groups, as assessed by evening energy intake or VAS scores. Consuming pistachios or biscuits had no impact on body weight. Thiamin, vitamin B6, copper, and potassium intakes were significantly higher in the pistachio group. Consuming pistachios or biscuits as an afternoon snack resulted in similar post-snack food intake and subjective feelings of satiety. A daily pistachio snack for a month did not affect body weight or composition but it did improve micronutrient intake.

Studies on fluorosis of sheep. 1. The toxicity of water-borne fluoride for sheep maintained in pens

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Water Borne

Five groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens on an adequate diet of chaffed hay and crushed grain for 3½ years. One group was given rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium fluoride had been added to give final concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 p.p.m. F. The mean daily intakes of fluoride, expressed as fluorine, by the four experimental groups were approximately 5, 9, 18, and 37 mg. F respectively during the winter months and 7, 13, 27, and 53 mg. F respectively during the summer months. The ingestion of fluoride appeared to have no adverse effect on general health, food consumption, or wool production. The mean weights of all groups were approximately the same throughout the experiment except at the end of 2½ years, when the weight of the group which received water containing 20 p.p.m. F was significantly less, but only at the 5 per cent. level, than that of either the control group or the groups receiving the lowest two intakes of fluoride. Mottling of the incisors and molars was only slight among the sheep which received water containing 5 p.p.m. F. It was more evident in the 10-p.p.m. group and was marked in the 20-p.p.m. group. Selective abrasion of the molars was pronounced in this last group but was also noticeable in the 10-p.p.m. group. Fluoride intake caused the incisors to erupt at an earlier age. Ingestion of fluoride brought about increases of up to twentyfold in the fluoride content of the bones and teeth. The bearing of these results on enzootic dental fluorosis among grazing sheep in Queensland is discussed.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Organochlorine Pesticides, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wild, Farmed, and Frozen Marine Seafood Marketed in Campania, Italy

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1677-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. CIRILLO ◽  
V. VISCARDI ◽  
E. FASANO ◽  
A. FARINA ◽  
R. AMODIO-COCCHIERI
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Annual Fish ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in fresh-catch, farmed, and frozen marine fish marketed in Campania, Italy. Additionally, polychlorobiphenyl congeners were found: six were non–dioxin-like (NDL-PCB) (IUPAC no. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180), and one was dioxin-like (DL-PCB) (IUPAC no. 118). In all, 93% of fresh-catch, 100% of aquaculture, and 74% of the frozen specimens contained PCBs at concentrations varying from 0.12 to 35.11 ng/g, wet weight; NDL-PCBs ranged between 0.12 and 32.44 ng/g. Penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorobiphenyls were predominant. Regarding organochlorine pesticides, hexachlorobenzene was detected in 35% of fresh catch, 36% of farmed, and 46% of the frozen fish specimens, in a range between <0.01 and 3.29 ng/g. Contents of the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomer amounted to 0.12 to 11.00 ng/g. Finally, PAHs were detected in 100% of the specimens. Benzo[a]pyrene was detected in 66% of the aquaculture, 35% of the fresh catch, and 24% of the frozen species, at concentrations varying from 0.03 to 9.18 ng/g. On the basis of annual fish consumption, an average daily intake of NDL-PCBs of 6.02 ng/kg of body weight was estimated. Calculated daily hexachlorobenzene and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane intakes were, respectively, 0.11 and 0.90 ng/kg of body weight per day. The contribution of fish to the daily consumption of the noncarcinogenic PAHs can be considered low; for benzo[a]pyrene, the estimated daily intake is considerably lower than the doses considered carcinogenic for experimental animals by the European Union Scientific Committee on Food.

Voluntary food intake of cattle differing in breed size in a time-controlled feeding system

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTSix breeds differing widely in body size and milk yield were compared for growth and food intake between 24 and 120 weeks of age in a time-controlled feeding system based on Calan-Broadbent electronic feeding gates activated by time clocks to give six meals a day of length 4, 5 or 6 min. The breeds were South Devon, Charolais × British Friesian, British Friesian, Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Jersey. Each breed was represented by 12 animals, with four allocated to each meal length.At every age, voluntary food intake was strongly determined by meal length. For each meal length, and after adjustment for breed size, most breeds closely followed the same intake curve. Thus, when intake was restricted (either slightly or severely) by uniformly limiting the time available for eating, the reduced voluntary daily intake of a breed, like its ad libitum intake, was largely genetically determined by breed size. A time-controlled feeding system thus allowed acceptable breed comparisons under conditions of restricted nutrition.The mean growth rates resulting from a wide variety of different time-controlled voluntary intakes were all adequately explained by a linear equation based on a constant maintenance efficiency and a partial efficiency of growth that declined linearly with degree of maturity in body weight.Eating rate was surprisingly similar for the three different meal lengths. When averaged over breeds, it increased from 1 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per min between 6 and 12 months of age up to about 2 MJ ME per min at 2 years of age. Over this range, eating rate could be expressed as an allometric function of degree of maturity in body weight. In consequence, time-controlled daily intakes could be predicted from eating rate within ad libitum limits, as could the total eating time needed to achieve a given growth rate.

scholarly journals Daily Consumption of Pistachios over 12 Weeks Improves Nutrient Intake, Induces Energy Compensation, and Has No Effect on Body Weight or Composition in Healthy Women (P08-002-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
France Bellisle ◽  
Marc Fantino ◽  
Mary Jo Feeney ◽  
Jennette Higgs ◽  
Arianna Carughi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Energy Compensation ◽  
Simple Carbohydrates

Abstract Objectives Dietary guidelines around the world recommend regular intake of nuts because of their nutrient contribution to the diet and reported health benefits such as cardiometabolic risk reduction. Nuts, including pistachios, are nutrient-dense foods, high in protein, fiber, phytosterols, antioxidants, MUFA and PUFA. Consumers are often reluctant to include nuts in their diet due to weight concerns. However, the macronutrient composition of pistachios may promote satiety between meals and so facilitate energy compensation. In a 12-week intervention in healthy women, we investigated how the daily intake of pistachios affects body weight and composition, energy compensation, satiety, and nutrient intake. Methods In a randomized, controlled, open trial, 60 pre-menopausal women, non-usual consumers of nuts, consumed either 44 g (250 kcal) of pistachios mid-morning (n = 30) or maintained their current eating habits for 12 weeks (n = 30). Pistachios were varietals grown in California, dry-roasted, low salt. Ad libitum food intake (under laboratory and free living conditions) and appetite sensations (Visual Analogue Scales) were investigated at the beginning and end of the intervention. Body weight and composition (DEXA) were compared at the beginning and end of the intervention. Results Daily consumption of 44 g pistachios did not alter body weight or composition. Partial energy compensation occurred at the subsequent meals, mostly via reduced intakes of total and simple carbohydrates and starch, in accordance with decreased hunger and increased satiety sensations following the morning snack. Responses were the same before and after the 12-week habituation to the snack. Intakes of MUFA, PUFA, linoleic acid and micronutrients (thiamin, pyridoxine, copper, manganese, zinc) were significantly higher among women consuming the pistachio snack, in spite of the compensatory changes in intake. Conclusions Daily intake of 44 g pistachios improves nutritional intake without affecting body weight or composition in healthy women. The additional calories provided by the pistachios induced satiety and were compensated by a reduction in caloric intake at other eating events, and so had no adverse effects on weight regulation or body composition. Funding Sources American Pistachio Growers, USA.

Metal Concentrations in Wild-Harvested Phaeophyta Seaweed from the Atlantic Ocean (Canary Islands, Spain)

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 1165-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PAZ ◽  
C. RUBIO ◽  
I. FRÍAS ◽  
A. J. GUTIÉRREZ ◽  
D. GONZÁLEZ-WELLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Daily Consumption

ABSTRACT Seaweeds are being consumed more often worldwide and are a source of essential minerals, fiber, vitamins, amino acids, and various bioactive compounds that have many beneficial effects on human health. However, marine pollution and the high capacity of seaweed to absorb metals may mean this food can also be dangerous to human health. The concentrations of some trace elements (B, Ba, Fe, Ni, Li, and V) and toxic metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) were determined in various species of wild seaweeds in the Phaeophyta group of brown algae from the Atlantic Ocean. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry revealed high concentrations of Al (256 mg/kg dry weight), Pb (3.92 mg/kg dry weight), and Cd (0.20 mg/kg dry weight) in Padina pavonica. Pb contributed the most to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of toxic metals in these samples; 57.2 and 45.3% of the TDI for Pb was found in 5 g of dehydrated P. pavonica and Halopteris scoparia, respectively. This percent contribution is half of the recommended TDI for this metal, which is 34.24 μg/day; therefore, high consumption of these species is discouraged. The maximum TDIs established by various institutions for the other metals were not exceeded from the daily consumption of 5 g of the other dehydrated seaweeds evaluated in this study.

Meat and Meat Products Consumption in Italy: Contribution to Trace Elements, Heme Iron and selected B Vitamins supply

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lombardi-Boccia ◽  
Lanzi ◽  
Lucarini ◽  
Di Lullo
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Consumption Frequency ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Iron Heme ◽  
Daily Intakes

This study was undertaken to estimate the contribution of meat and meat products consumption to the daily intakes of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), heme iron, and selected B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) in Italy. Meat and meat products were selected on the basis of their consumption frequency reported by the most recent nationwide dietary individual survey carried out in Italy (INN-CA study). The daily intakes of total iron and heme iron were 1.65 and 1.13 mg/person/day. Zinc intake was 3.65 mg/person/day. Beef made the main contribution to iron, heme iron, and zinc daily intakes. Copper daily intake was 107.3 mug/person/day, with meat products provided the highest contribution (40 mug/person/day). Daily intake of selenium (7.14 mug/person/day) was provided mainly by poultry consumption. Thiamine intake was 228 mug/person/day, and meat products were the main source (110 mug/person/day). Riboflavin intake was 136 mug/person/day, with both beef and meat products as the main contributors (40 mug/person/day). Niacin intake was 7.53 mg/person/day, and poultry was the main source (2.28 mg/person/day). Meat and meat products were a valuable source of micronutrients, supplying 47, 48, and 24% of zinc, niacin, and thiamin daily requirements, respectively, and over 10% of iron, copper, selenium, and riboflavin daily average requirement values of the italian RDAs calculated for the population involved in the survey (INN-CA study).

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