Studies in soil fertility with special reference to organic manures. II. Plant growth and nutrition in the field.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
RF Williams
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Rice Hulls

This paper reports a study in crop physiology in which an analysis of plant growth response and nutrient intake under irrigation in the field is used to interpret the effects of rice hulls as an organic manure. An exploratory experiment showed that relatively speaking the main effects of treatment took place quite early in the growth of the crop. For this reason the main experiment was virtually restricted to these early growth stages. The test plant in both experiments was the tomato. It was found that rice hulls can influence the growth of the crop in at least three ways. Seedling emergence may be delayed, early growth may be retarded by temporary shortage of available nitrogen, and growth may be stimulated by increase in available phosphorus. All three effects are modified by the addition of sulphate of ammonia, but in all cases the result is an increase in yield with rice-hull treatment. Mean seedling emergence for the six experimental treatments had a range of 2.8 days, and it is shown that the mean weights of 18-day-old seedlings could have been accounted for by these differences alone. The pattern of response at 18 days remains for at least five weeks and is not without its effect on the final yields. In spite of their low nitrogen content, rice hulls alone had only a transitory adverse effect on the nitrogen status of the soil. It is suggested that this may not have had any direct effect on the rate of dry-matter production, but that there was a temporary deflection of assimilates to favour root growth at the expense of shoot growth. Such an effect would, of course, have an adverse effect on fruit yield. Plant analyses suggest very considerable increases in available soil phosphorus due to rice-hull treatment. Much of this phosphorus appears to have been fixed during the course of the experiment, but Truog values obtained after the experiment indicated that significant effects of treatment were still present. The increases in Available phosphorus were less when sulphate of ammonia was added with the rice hulls.

scholarly journals Nutrient uptake and soil fertility status after harvest of Bt cotton as influenced by graded levels of NPK fertilizers in Alfisol

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2315-2326
Author(s):  
T. V. Jyothi ◽  
N. S. Hebsur
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Soil Fertility Status ◽  
Cu Uptake

Field studies were conducted at farmer’s fields in Jodalli (Kalghatgi taluk) and Pale (Hubballi taluk) villages in 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively to investigate the effect of NPK fertilizers on uptake of nutrients by Bt cotton and soil fertility status at harvest in Alfisol. Among the different treatment combinations, the application of 150:50:75 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 (N3P1K2) recorded significantly (P=0.05) higher nitrogen (132.63 kg ha-1), phosphorus (31.26 kg ha-1) and potassium (128.94 kg ha-1) uptake by cotton. The interaction effect with respect to total micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) uptake remained non significant at all the growth stages. Graded levels of fertilizers failed to exert significant impact on pH and electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon and available micronutrients during both the years of experimentation. The application of 100:50:50 kgN:P2O5:K2O ha-1 (N1P1K1) recorded significantly (P=0.05) highest available nitrogen (150.39 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (37.98 kg ha-1) and available potassium (230.99 kg ha-1) compared to rest of the treatments. The lowest available nitrogen (134.92 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (31.65 kg ha-1) and available potassium (217.63 kg ha-1) were recorded in treatment receiving 150:50:75 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 (N3P1K2).

scholarly journals Effect of Integrated Phosphorus Management on Macro and Micronutrient Status of Soil in Bt-Cotton

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
K. V. S. L. Raj Rushi ◽  
P. Prasuna Rani ◽  
P. R. K. Prasad ◽  
P. Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To evaluate the impact of integrated use of phosphorus on soil fertility in Bt-Cotton. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Place of Study: At College Farm, Agricultural College, Bapatla, Guntur district. Methodology: After the preliminary layout, Tulasi-BG II hybrid of cotton was used as a test crop, with a spacing of 90 cm x 60 cm in the experimental site. Farmyard Manure @ 10 t ha-1 was applied 10 days prior to sowing while phosphorus solubilising bacteria @ 5 kg ha-1 was applied one day before sowing. Phosphorus was applied as per the treatments basally at sowing whereas, the recommended dose of nitrogen and potassium (120 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively) were applied in four equal splits at 20, 40, 60, and 80. Results: The treatments showed no significant influence on available nitrogen and potassium but, comparatively higher values of nitrogen and potassium were observed in organic treated plots. The available phosphorus content was markedly influenced by level of phosphorus as well as components of integration at all the crop growth stages. Highest available phosphorus was recorded on integration of maximum dose of phosphorus with Phosphorus solubilising bacteria (PSB) and Farmyard manure (FYM). The available micronutrient contents in soil did not show any marked difference among the treatments at all the stages of crop growth. Conclusion: Application of phosphorus along with Phosphorus solubilising bacteria (PSB) and Farmyard manure (FYM) can reduce the phosphorus requirement to crops as well as improves soil health.

Response of Sugar Beet to Salinity during the Stages of Seedling Emergence and Plant Growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 1102-1108
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Ting Ting Fu ◽  
Na Sui ◽  
Tong Lou Ding ◽  
Xi Hua Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Ion Accumulation ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Recovery Experiment

The effect of NaCl on seedling emergence, plant growth and ion accumulation for two sugar beet cultivars was evaluated. The result showed that seedling emergence in Tianyan309 was much lower than that in KWS3418 in the initial 6 days. High salinity markedly decreased final seedling emergence in both cultivars, especially in Tianyan309, while salinity had no adverse effect on total seedling emergence after the recovery experiment in both cultivars. Low salinity (86 mM NaCl) had no significant effect on shoot and root dry weights, while 171 and 257 mM NaCl inhibited shoot and root dry weights of two cultivars, especially for KWS3418. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in leaves were increased with increasing NaCl in both cultivars. There was no significant difference between two cultivars in concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the leaves at different concentrations of NaCl, except that Cl- concentration in leaves of Tianyan309 was lower than that in KWS3418 at 257 mM NaCl. The characteristic of Cl- uptake and/or accumulation may relate to different salt tolerance of KWS3418 and Tianyan309.

scholarly journals Evaluating RGB Imaging and Multispectral Active and Hyperspectral Passive Sensing for Assessing Early Plant Vigor in Winter Wheat

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Prey ◽  
Malte von Bloh ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Spectral Unmixing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Vigor ◽  
Red Edge

Plant vigor is an important trait of field crops at early growth stages, influencing weed suppression, nutrient and water use efficiency and plant growth. High-throughput techniques for its evaluation are required and are promising for nutrient management in early growth stages and for detecting promising breeding material in plant phenotyping. However, spectral sensing for assessing early plant vigor in crops is limited by the strong soil background reflection. Digital imaging may provide a low-cost, easy-to-use alternative. Therefore, image segmentation for retrieving canopy cover was applied in a trial with three cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under two nitrogen regimes and in three sowing densities during four early plant growth stages (Zadok’s stages 14–32) in 2017. Imaging-based canopy cover was tested in correlation analysis for estimating dry weight, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen content. An active Greenseeker sensor and various established and newly developed vegetation indices and spectral unmixing from a passive hyperspectral spectrometer were used as alternative approaches and additionally tested for retrieving canopy cover. Before tillering (until Zadok’s stage 20), correlation coefficients for dry weight and nitrogen uptake with canopy cover strongly exceeded all other methods and remained on higher levels (R² > 0.60***) than from the Greenseeker measurements until tillering. From early tillering on, red edge based indices such as the NDRE and a newly extracted normalized difference index (736 nm; ~794 nm) were identified as best spectral methods for both traits whereas the Greenseeker and spectral unmixing correlated best with canopy cover. RGB-segmentation could be used as simple low-cost approach for very early growth stages until early tillering whereas the application of multispectral sensors should consider red edge bands for subsequent stages.

scholarly journals Physical Properties of Whole Fresh-ground Parboiled Rice Hulls for Use as a Horticultural Root Substrate

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 979B-979
Author(s):  
Johann S. Buck ◽  
Michael R. Evans ◽  
Paolo Sambo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Parboiled Rice ◽  
Rice Hulls ◽  
Water Holding

Horticultural root substrates are designed to provide the optimal physical properties for plant growth. These properties include bulk density (g·cm-3), air-filled pore space (% v/v), total pore space (% v/v), water-filled pore space (% v/v), water-holding capacity (% v/v and w/w), and wettability. Whole, fresh parboiled rice hulls were ground to produce four grades with varying particle size distributions. Particle sizes for the four grades ranged from <0.25 to >2.80 mm. Additionally, discrete particle sizes of <0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 2.80, and >2.80 mm were produced. For all grade distributions and particle point sizes, physical properties were determined and contrasted against Canadian sphagnum peat. As the proportion of smaller particle sizes in the distributions increased or as the particle point sizes decreased, total pore space (% v/v) and air-filled pore space (% v/v) decreased, while, bulk density (g·cm-3) and water-holding capacity (% v/v and w/w) increased. Additionally, as the proportion of particle sizes from <0.25–0.50 mm increased, the wettabilty of the whole fresh parboiled rice hull material decreased. Particle sizes ranging from 1.00–2.80 mm possessed the physical properties most suitable for plant growth in containerized greenhouse crop production and were most similar to peat.

Effects of common stubble treatments and sowing sequences on scald disease (Rhynchosporium secalis) in barley crops

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Mayfield ◽  
BG Clare
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Late Growth

Scald disease was absent in barley (Hordeurn vulgare L. cv. Clipper) grown in field plots where nonhosts of Rhynchosporiurn secalis had been grown successively, and from which living hosts of R. secalis had been absent for at least 18 months. In another field experiment, the burning or grazing of barley stubble containing R. secalis reduced the amount of scald disease of barley sown subsequently in the same plots, but only at early and not at later plant growth stages. Application of the fungicide maneb to burnt stubble gave no control additional to that given by burning. However, inoculation of field plots of barley at seedling emergence with differing amounts of R. secalis inoculum produced a corresponding range of levels of scald disease at both early and late growth stages.

scholarly journals Plant growth dynamics and root morphology of little-known species of Chenopodium from contrasted Andean habitats

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alvarez-Flores ◽  
Thierry Winkel ◽  
David Degueldre ◽  
Carmen Del Castillo ◽  
Richard Joffre
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Low Resource

Plant morphology determines the access to soil resources, a feature crucial for early growth in annual species. Plant growth and root traits in little-known species of Andean chenopods were compared with the hypothesis that plants from low-resource habitats show traits that enhance resource capture. Three cultivated Chenopodium populations (two populations of the tetraploid Chenopodium quinoa Willd., one population of the diploid Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) and one population of their wild tetraploid relative Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. were grown in pots under nonlimiting conditions over nine weeks of early vegetative growth. All populations followed the same sequence of biomass allocation and showed similar maximal values of shoot and root relative growth rates (RGR). Population differences in plant biomass, net assimilation rate, total root length, and specific root length were associated with seed mass ranking and species ploidy level. Chenopodium quinoa produced less branched stems and maintained high root RGR for a longer time than the other two species, and the C. quinoa population from low-resource habitat showed a faster main root growth. These results show that C. pallidicaule developed a plant growth syndrome adapted to cold, high-altitude habitats, while C. quinoa from low-resource habitats showed an improved capacity to explore soil at depth in early growth stages.

scholarly journals Straw mulching and nitrogen application altered ammonia oxidizers communities and improved soil quality in the alkaline purple soil of southwest China

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Songhe Chen ◽  
Rencai Gao ◽  
Xiaoling Xiang ◽  
Hongkun Yang ◽  
Hongliang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Purple Soil ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Straw Mulching

AbstractMicrobe-mediated ammonia oxidation is a key process in soil nitrogen cycle. However, the effect of maize straw mulching on the ammonia oxidizers in the alkaline purple soil remains largely unknown. A three-year positioning experiment was designed as follows: straw mulching measures as the main-plot treatment and three kinds of nitrogen application as the sub-plot treatment. We found the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and NH4+-N were increased after straw mulching and nitrogen application in alkaline purple soil, so did the amoA genes abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis revealed that Thaumarchaeote (448-bp T-RF) was dominated the AOA communities, whereas Nitrosospira sp (111-bp T-RF) dominated the AOB communities. The community compositions of both AOA and AOB were altered by straw mulching and nitrogen application in alkaline purple soil, however, the AOB communities was more responsive than AOA communities to the straw mulching and nitrogen application. Further analysis indicated that SOC and AP were the main factors affecting the abundance and community compositions of AOA and AOB in alkaline purple soil. The present study reported that straw mulching and nitrogen strategies differently shape the soil ammonia oxidizers community structure and abundance, which should be considered when evaluating agricultural management strategies regarding their sustainability and soil quality.

scholarly journals Osmotic Stress or Ionic Composition: Which Affects the Early Growth of Crop Species More?

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ludwiczak ◽  
Monika Osiak ◽  
Stefany Cárdenas-Pérez ◽  
Sandra Lubińska-Mielińska ◽  
Agnieszka Piernik
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Ionic Salt

Salinization is a key soil degradation process. An estimated 20% of total cultivated lands and 33% of irrigated agricultural lands worldwide are affected by high salinity. Much research has investigated the influence of salt (mainly NaCl) on plants, but very little is known about how this is related to natural salinity and osmotic stress. Therefore, our study was conducted to determine the osmotic and ionic salt stress responses of selected C3 and C4 cultivated plants. We focused on the early growth stages as those critical for plant development. We applied natural brine to simulate natural salinity and to compare its effect to NaCl solution. We assessed traits related to germination ability, seedlings and plantlet morphology, growth indexes, and biomass and water accumulation. Our results demonstrate that the effects of salinity on growth are strongest among plantlets. Salinity most affected water absorption in C3 plants (28% of total traits variation), but plant length in C4 plants (17–27%). Compensatory effect of ions from brine were suggested by the higher model plants’ growth success of ca 5–7% under brine compared to the NaCl condition. However, trait differences indicated that osmotic stress was the main stress factor affecting the studied plants.

scholarly journals Vegetation Response to Goats Grazing Intensity in Semiarid Hilly Grassland of the Loess Plateau, Lanzhou, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3569
Author(s):  
Hua Cheng ◽  
Baocheng Jin ◽  
Kai Luo ◽  
Jiuying Pei ◽  
Xueli Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Vegetation Community ◽  
Natural Grasslands

Quantitatively estimating the grazing intensity (GI) effects on vegetation in semiarid hilly grassland of the Loess Plateau can help to develop safe utilization levels for natural grasslands, which is a necessity of maintaining livestock production and sustainable development of grasslands. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), field vegetation data, and 181 days (one goat per day) of GPS tracking were combined to quantify the spatial pattern of GI, and its effects on the vegetation community structure. The spatial distribution of GI was uneven, with a mean value of 0.50 goats/ha, and 95% of the study area had less than 1.30 goats/ha. The areas with utilization rates of rangeland (July) lower than 45% and 20% made up about 95% and 60% of the study area, respectively. Grazing significantly reduced monthly aboveground biomass, but the grazing effects on plant growth rate were complex across the different plant growth stages. Grazing impaired plant growth in general, but the intermediate GI appeared to facilitate plant growth rate at the end of the growing seasons. Grazing had minimal relationship with vegetation community structure characteristics, though Importance Value of forbs increased with increasing GI. Flexibility in the number of goats and conservatively defining utilization rate, according to the inter-annual variation of utilization biomass, would be beneficial to achieve ecologically healthy and economically sustainable GI.

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