The effect of lateral movement of water in soil on infiltration measurements

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Marshall ◽  
GB Stirk
Keyword(s):  
Correction Factor ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
Small Test

The effect of lateral movement on minimum infiltration capacity was examined using small flooded plots of various sizes without buffer zones and using small sprayed and flooded plots surrounded by wetted buffer zones. When no buffer zones were used, the minimum infiltration capacity of a given soil decreased with increasing size of plot and there was a corresponding increase in the fraction of applied water remaining beneath the plot at the conclusion of the trial. An expression for the relation between plot size and lateral movement is discussed. Although buffer zones around flooded plots effected some reduction in lateral movement, the measurements were subject to considerable error and the method was considered unduly cumbersome for routine work. In a spray infiltrometer procedure, a sprayed buffer zone surrounding a small test plot was found to be effective on the soils examined. When all data from flooded plots with and without buffer zones were examined, it was found that the minimum infiltration capacity of a soil varied inversely with the fraction of applied water remaining beneath the plot a t the conclusion of a trial. When the minimum infiltration capacity was multiplied by the corresponding value of this fraction, the effect of lateral movement was reduced considerably. It is shown that results from small plots then approximate more closely to those to be expected from large ones and there is also a reduction in variability due to causes other than variation in size of plot. Limitations in the use of this correction factor are discussed fully and the general limitations of infiltration data derived from small plots are briefly considered.

scholarly journals Housing and population sprawl near tailings storage facilities in the Witwatersrand: 1952 to current

2015 ◽  
Vol Volume 111 (Number 11/12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie A. Kneen ◽  
Matthew E. Ojelede ◽  
Harold J. Annegarn ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Gold Extraction ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Quality Dispersion ◽  
Storage Facilities

Abstract Mining, tailings storage facilities (TSFs), dust pollution and growth in residential housing development are synonymous with the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Encroachment of housing onto land close to TSFs, i.e. areas rendered marginal because of the dust hazard and risk of structural failure, has continued unabated for decades, intensifying human exposure to windblown mineral dust. Recent research indicates that the finer milling used for modern gold extraction results in aeolian dust emanating from the TSFs which contributes to a higher proportion of inhalable particles in the source material. Air quality dispersion modelling, validated by ambient aerosol monitoring campaigns, indicates that episodic dust events generate particulate matter (PM10) and, specifically, quartz dust concentrations that are unhealthy at distances of up to 2 km downwind from TSFs. This contribution documented residential development from 1952 to 2011 (using historical aerial photographs, census data from 2001 and 2011 and ancillary information) to determine the population exposed to dust emanations from the TSFs. Using the images, land use was classified into residential areas, TSF footprints and open areas, onto which a series of 500 m buffer zone contours were superimposed. The resulting statistics were used to assess the populations exposed to dust hazard within the defined buffer zones. Overall, housing development has experienced a growth of approximately 700% since 1952 at a rate of 14% per year. Analysis of recent monitoring campaign data has confirmed multiple occurrences of quartzrich inhalable dust in residential settings at levels that exceed occupational health standards, extrapolated to values for population exposure.

scholarly journals Geopolitical Discrimination of Some Countries as Exemplified by Ukraine: Difficulties and Perspectives

2018 ◽  
pp. 666-670
Author(s):  
Olha Bohomolets
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
International Power ◽  
Post War

The article studies the history and the current stage of Russia’s aggression to-wards countries with lower military potential. The collapse of the post-war system of international relations and collective security has become apparent: the aggression of Russia against Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine has testified to the fact that there are no longer any tools to protect countries subjected to discrimination from super powers. Today discrimination affects not only people or social groups, but also some countries. Such countries are not capable of pursuing an independent policy as to major centres of international power they have to deal with. Peculiar to these countries are uncompetitive economy, low quality of life and undeveloped civil society, they hence become a target for “vital interests”, namely bidding by so-called super powers. “Giants” are attracted by the geographical location of a possible “victim”, access to the sea, transit facilities, natural resources, especially energy, low-cost labour, etc. It is often that “discriminated” countries become grounds for ignition of burning or frozen conflicts provoked by powerful neighbours’ influence, or are exposed to open aggression and become subject to occupation or hybrid war. This has all started after the Second World War, when super powers of the USSR and China, on the one hand, and the United States, Great Britain, Australia, and others, on the other, have made Korea fall into two states. In addition, there was subsequently a division of Germany, the Caribbean crisis…However, such conflicts then were not that wide-ranging, since the post-war collective security system was quite effective. Things, though, have changed dramatically in recent decades. One of the largest global players − Russia – has decisively begun to create around itself a buffer zone formed of countries, where it fuels frozen conflicts and in such a way keeps them under the radar and hinders their integration into the Western world. Initially, Russia ignited a conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, supporting Armenia and assisting it to invade a considerable part of the territory in Azerbaijan, and then initiated the war in Transnistria by virtually occupying part of Moldova’s territory and asserting itself there on the pretext of deploying a peacekeeping mission. Later, there was a war in Abkhazia and then − in South Ossetia aiming to detach part of Georgia’s territory. And lastly, the turn of Ukraine has come… Regrettably, Ukraine is a typical and another example of a country that has fallen victim of multifaceted interests of the leading global players − Russia, the United States and the EU, and has faced all possible forms of discrimination. Keywords: war in eastern Ukraine, military aggression, geopolitics, conflicts, buffer zones.

scholarly journals Nest characteristics and populations of Tapanuli Orangutans in the conflict areas, Batangtoru Landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Kuswanda ◽  
R. HAMDANI HARAHAP ◽  
HADI S. ALIKODRA ◽  
ROBERT SIBARANI
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Canopy Area ◽  
Cash Compensation ◽  
Production Forests

Abstract. Kuswanda W, Harahap RH, Alikodra JS, Sibarani R. 2020. Nest characteristics and populations of Tapanuli orangutans in Batangtoru Landscape, South Tapanuli District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3398-3406. Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) has been threatened to extinction due to conflicts with humans. Information on the orangutan characteristics in conflict areas at the Batangtoru Landscape is needed. Our research aimed to analyze the characteristics of nests, nest trees, and estimation of orangutan populations in conservation forests and buffer zones to develop conflict mitigation strategies in the Batangtoru Landscape, South Tapanuli District. A line transect method was used to count orangutan nests on 49 transects, starting from June 2019 to January 2020. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, frequency tables, Spearman correlation (rho), and the equation by (van Schaick et al. 1995). Tapanuli orangutans make nests at the height of 14.01 meters (90% CI = 13.37-14.67 meters), and most use the main stem as nest support. Tree nests of 35 species (17 families) were identified, with the highest frequency in (Durio zibethinus Murray), especially in the buffer zone. Correlation between nest tree diameter, tree height, and canopy area was significant (p <0.01, n = 83). The estimated orangutan populations in conflict areas were 155 individuals (95% CI = 121-187), and the highest was found in Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve buffer zones. Mitigation strategy of human-orangutan conflict that needs to be realized is the non-cash compensation guaranteeing the community does not disturb orangutans on their land. The compensation forms can be the provision of seedlings and fertilizer for plants, agricultural machinery, knowledge to land management, and orangutan ecotourism development. Nest and feed trees enrichment can be carried out in production forests bordering with conservation area.

scholarly journals Vegetated Buffer Zone Restoration Planning in Small Urban Watersheds

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3000
Author(s):  
Yucong Duan ◽  
Jie Tang ◽  
Zhaoyang Li ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Runoff Simulation ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Restoration Planning

Vegetated buffer zones (VBZ) are accepted worldwide as a low impact method to avoid non-point source pollution and restore the balance of river ecosystems. Strongly influenced by industrialization and urbanization, urban river ecology is seriously damaged, and restoration is tricky. This study established a complete buffer zone construction framework suitable for the small urban watershed, and its feasibility is verified in a small watershed in Northern China. First, common plants in the study area were selected to test their ability to purify pollutants, and plant combinations were optimized. Secondly, according to the field investigation, the reference buffer zone was determined, and its sewage interception capacity was tested through a runoff simulation experiment. Then, based on GIS and Phillips time and hydraulic models, the normal buffer width of the study area was obtained; 60 m for mainstream and 40 m for tributaries. By optimizing the vegetation scheme and delimiting an efficient buffer zone, the land occupation can be reduced by 17%. Finally, combined with the characteristics of different river sections, an elaborate VBZ restoration scheme is designed from the aspects of vegetation, planning, and zoning. Generally, this research will provide government and land managers scientific and practical ideas and technologies to formulate a land management policy for urban river buffer zones in order to find a balance between aquatic ecological protection and urban land use planning and optimize the allocation of construction funds.

scholarly journals Distribution and abundance of baling twine in the landscape near Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nests: implications for nestling entanglement

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Seacor ◽  
Kayhan Ostovar ◽  
Marco Restani
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Pandion Haliaetus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Yellowstone River ◽  
Power Company ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
High Road

Polypropylene baling twine used by Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) during nest construction creates a risk of entanglement for nestlings and adults on the yellowstone River, Montana. In 2013, we evaluated the abundance of twine in 2-km-radius buffer zones centred on 38 nests for three categories of road density. We found more twine per kilometre along roads in low (n = 19) and moderate (n = 13) road density nest buffer zones than in high road density nest buffer zones (n = 6). The estimated total amount of twine found along roads in nest buffer zones ranged from 0 to 2602 m and did not differ among road density strata. The percentage of Osprey nests containing twine was highest in low (63.2%) and moderate (61.5%) road density nest buffer zones and lowest (33.3%) in high road density buffer zones, which reflected a gradient from rural and suburban to urban landscapes. The estimated total amount of twine within a nest buffer zone did not predict whether a nest contained twine. The amount of twine found in seven nests destroyed by wind or power company personnel ranged from 0 to 206 m and was not correlated with the amount of twine found in their buffer zones. During the 2012 and 2013 breeding seasons, four of 120 nestlings (3.3%) became entangled in twine: two were cut free and fledged normally, one died, and one was euthanized. The abundance of twine in the environment surrounding nests and its slow rate of biodegradation mean that vigilance by citizen scientist nest monitors and assistance from power companies are the only short-term solution to reducing mortality resulting from entanglement.

Observations on the dispersal of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Strong Winds

Dispersal of the larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.) was studied in connection with problems of controlling and eradicating this pest and bovine babesiosis in New South Wales. Larval ticks were recovered by pressing flannelette-covered boards on to the pasture or litter surface, or sampling with cattle. Many of these larvae were capable of completing parasitic development.Strong winds were an important factor in determining the distance travelled, as the longest journeys in pasture were for the most part in the directions in which the larvae would have been carried by recorded strong winds. Much of the dispersal is accomplished when larvae are transferred from one grass blade to another moving in the wind, but a great number of airborne larvae were captured on tanglefoot-covered traps. Movement by wind was clearly demonstrated over short pasture, up to 100 ft and possibly as far as 260 ft from the point of hatching. In long grass one larva travelled 83 ft, but in scrub and forest the greatest distance travelled was 15 ft. Many larvae that travelled long distances were capable of completing development on cattle.Tick larvae could be transported by casual hosts and then dropped in a viable condition. A horse carried larvae for 900 ft, a rat and cockerels 100 ft, a magpie in flight 600 ft, and a pigeon in flight half a mile. A horse dipped six days earlier in ethion dropped live and viable larvae after transporting them 150 ft.Security has been improved against the movement of larvae from the Cattle Tick Research Station, Wollongbar, New South Wales, to neighbouring properties, and from Queensland into New South Wales, by widening existing buffer zones to 330 ft. Inspectoral staff are now required to spray themselves and their horses before re-entering New South Wales from the buffer zone.

scholarly journals Land characterisation for soil-based constructed wetlands: Adapting investigation methods to design objectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Petitjean ◽  
N. Forquet ◽  
J.-M. Choubert ◽  
M. Coquery ◽  
M. Bouyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Natural Wetlands

Buffer zones between wastewater treatment plants and receiving water bodies have recently gained interest in France. These soil-based constructed wetland (SBCW) systems receive treated wastewater and may have various designs aiming to mimic ‘natural’ wetlands. Research is needed to assess the treatment efficiency of such systems. To this aim, a comprehensive study is carried out to understand the fate of water, conventional pollutants (suspended solids, organic carbon, ammonium, and phosphates), micro-pollutants that are refractory to up-stream biological treatment, and pathogens. Special attention must be paid to understand the fate of the infiltrated treated wastewater in the field where systems are built, in order to ensure their long-term operation and to protect the underground water bodies. To address these issues, we propose a comprehensive strategy combining successive steps using either geological or hydrological methods. It provides the following prominent information for a proper design of SBCW: (1) the number and the location of the different soil layers; (2) the infiltration capacity of each layer; (3) the water table depth. The paper presents a successful application of the proposed strategy to evaluate the fate of the infiltrated treated wastewater before the implementation of a semi-industrial scale SBCW in Bègles (France). Moreover, methods used for long-term efficiency assessment are introduced.

Buffering Borobudur for socio-economic development

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Nagaoka
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group Interviews

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that there was a non-Eurocentric approach being attempted at Borobudur in the 1970s and 1980s. From the case of Borobudur, this research aims to provide lessons for better management practices by clarifying the development of the buffer zone concept and its potential impact on communities. Design/methodology/approach – The paper will examine an empirical literature study using topographic maps, contracts between Governments of Indonesia and Japan, documents concerning the Park Project and local newspapers as well as a sequence of one-to-one and group interviews with the key persons who were involved in the Park Project including villagers at Borobudur. Findings – The development of the Borobudur Archaeological Park began in 1979 and marks an important shift in thinking about buffer zones from a monument-centric approach to the consideration of the wider context and approaches to community participation in the context of international heritage management. Originality/value – There has not yet been a detailed study concerning the progression of the Borobudur Park establishment and implementation of the buffer zone concept per se, and its impact on local community members. Furthermore, crucial management planning documents for the establishment of the Borobudur Archaeological Park have yet to be analysed by scholars. One of the documents is entitled the Updated Former Plans and Schematic Design for Borobudur and Prambanan National Archaeological Parks Project (Updated Plan). The Updated Plan is in principle not disclosed to the public and can only be viewed with permission of the Indonesian authorities thereby lessening opportunities for research to be undertaken on how the Japan International Cooperation Agency Master Plan was modified and the Park Project was executed in the 1970s and 1980s. The author opportunely received permission to access to the Updated Plan by the authorities on 23 November 2012, which made this study possible to pursue.

scholarly journals Implementation of the Concept of Conservation Ar ea Buffer Zone in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
S Nadhira ◽  
◽  
S Basuni
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Study Results

Conservation area buffer zones are recognized to provide ecological, social, and economic benefits in supporting conservation areas' integrity. Nevertheless, little is known hitherto about the development dynamics of conservation area buffer zones in Indonesia. Therefore, a study concerning theory, policy, and management of the conservation area buffer zones in Indonesia is necessary to analyze its performance, identify problems in its implementation, and formulate its evidence-based development policy. This study aims to identify and analyze issues in implementing the concept of conservation area buffer zone as well as recommend policy formulation to accelerate the development of conservation area buffer zones in Indonesia. This study is an exploratory research through a literature review with semi-systematic approach. It finds that there are only nine out of 530 (1.7%) conservation areas in Indonesia with a formally established buffer zone. This condition is mainly due to the absence of buffer zone institutions at the regional government levels. Meanwhile, the management of supposedly buffer zones has been conducted through various projects for strengthening the functions of buffer zones by conservation area managers, either in the form of land-based or non-land-based projects. This study results in recommendations for all interested parties to urge the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Ministry of Home Affairs to promulgate and renew the regulations concerning the procedures of establishing and managing conservation area buffer zones. Moreover, regarding the institutional aspect, there is a need for a particular structure in both ministries to address community empowerment issues at the site level.

scholarly journals Optimum Plot Size for Field Trials of Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Miyasaka ◽  
Charles E. McCulloch ◽  
Graham E. Fogg ◽  
James R. Hollyer
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Colocasia Esculenta ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
Maximum Test

Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) is a root crop widely grown in the Tropics. To determine the optimum plot size for taro field trials, fresh and dry weights of individual corms were collected from two field trials conducted under flooded culture and two conducted under upland culture. For a given maximum test plot with a single border row surrounding inner measured plants, all possible combinations of smaller plot sizes were investigated. A plot size was defined as a given number of adjacent plants. A strong linear relationship was found between the natural logarithm of variance of yield and the natural logarithm of plot size. Expressed on the non-log-transformed scale, the point of maximum curvature in this relationship indicates a sudden decrease in advantage to larger plot sizes and is taken as optimum. Calculating maximum curvature mathematically, optimum plot size was 21 inner plants (5.7 m2) for the second flooded trial and 18 inner plants (4.9 m2) for the second upland trial. Another method of estimating optimum plot size minimized the cost per unit of research data by using the index of degree of correlation between neighboring plots. In three of four trials, the optimum plot size ranged from 16 to 24 inner plants (4.3 to 6.5 m2). In this second method, we calculated a non-linear relationship between plot size and outer border plants to estimate the fixed and per-unit cost of a single border row surrounding the inner measured plants. Both methods of calculating optimal plot size sometimes resulted in estimates that exceeded the maximum test plot size for particular field trials, indicating limitations of each method and the importance of managing field trials to ensure uniformity across treatments. No evidence of spatial autocorrelation was found in the corm yield of taro, indicating that the two methods used were adequate in calculating optimum plot size. In addition, we conducted an analysis based on statistical power but found that plot size did not materially affect the power to detect differences between treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of optimum plot size for field trials of taro.

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